influence of Locke's treatise on education was direct and wholesome; and to this day, among sensible customs and traditional opinions that help to the well-being of an English or an American home, there are generally some that may be traced back to the time when Locke's treatise on education was a new book with a living power over many of its readers.

In 1695 Locke published a book on "The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures," the result of his endeavor to turn aside from contending systems of theology and betake himself to the sole reading of the Scripture for the understanding of the Christian religion. Out of the same spirit came his study of St. Paul in "A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians. To which is prefixed, An Essay for the Understanding of St. Paul's Epistles, by consulting St. Paul himself." This was published in 1705, the year after his death. In 1706 appeared some posthumous works of his, the chief being an essay "Of the Conduct of the Understanding," the self-education of the man in learning to make right use of his mind, which has its natural place between the " Essay concerning Human Understanding" and the "Thoughts concerning Education."

CHAPTER X.

SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: HISTORIANS, BIOGRAPHERS, DIARISTS, AND ESSAYISTS.

1. Lord Clarendon.-2. Samuel Pepys.-3. John Aubrey.-4. Anthony à Wood. — 5. Gilbert Burnet.-6. Roger North.-7. John Strype.-8. Humphrey Prideaux.-9. John Evelyn.-10. Sir William Temple.-11. Marchamont Needham; Roger L'Estrange.-12. Jeremy Collier.-13. Gerard Langbaine.

1. Edward Hyde was made at the coronation of Charles II. Earl of Clarendon, having been Lord Chancellor since 1658. After his fall, in 1667, he went to France, and died at Rouen, in December, 1674. His "Brief View of the Pernicious Errors in Hobbes's Leviathan" appeared two years after his death; but his "History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, begun in the Year 1641," was first published at Oxford, in three folios, in 1702-4. Still later, in 1727, appeared in folio "A Collection of several Tracts of the Right Honourable Edward, Earl of Clarendon," containing his "Vindication" from the charge of high treason that closed his political career; "Reflections upon several Christian Duties, Divine and Moral, by way of Essays," all written after his fall; a "Dialogue on Education," and a complete set of "Contemplations and Reflections on the Psalms of David." The manuscripts of Clarendon's own "Account of his Life, from his Birth to the Restoration in 1660," and a Continuation from 1660 to 1667, written for the information of his children, were given by Clarendon's descendants to the university of which he had been chancellor, and were first published at Oxford in 1759. The "Continuation serves at the same time as a continuation of the History of the Rebellion, Clarendon's life being as inseparable from the events in which he played a leading part as his history is inseparable from the bias of mind which determined his career.

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The un

forget that Pepys The liveliest im

2. Many details of life in the reign of Charles II. are brought near to us by the diary of Samuel Pepys (b. 1632, d. 1703), the son of a tailor. He went to St. Paul's School and Cambridge, married at twenty-three a girl of fifteen, and was helped up in life by the patronage of Sir Edward Montagu, afterwards Earl of Sandwich, to whom he was related. He became, as Clerk of the Acts, a busy and useful member of the Navy Board, not unmindful of profits to be made in his position, but watchful over the best interests of the navy. This was his position during the years in which he kept his amusing" Diary." It extends from January, 1660, to May, 1669. guarded small-talk of the diary, a mixture of simplicity and shrewdness, which entertains us while it gives life to our knowledge of the past, should not make us was a sensible and active public servant. pression of the fire of London is that given us in his "Diary," from Sunday, the 2d of September, 1666, when a maid called Mr. and Mrs. Pepys up at three in the morning "to tell us of a great fire they saw in the city; so I rose and slipped on my night-gown, and went to her window, and thought it to be on the back side of Mark-Lane at farthest," through all the work, misery, and confusion of the week, to the next Sunday, the 9th, when at church they had "a bad, poor sermon, though proper for the time; nor eloquent, in saying at this time that the city is reduced from a large folio to a decimo-tertio." Pepys's Diary," in six manuscript volumes, was among the books and papers bequeathed by him to Magdalene College. It was first published by Lord Braybrooke, in 1825.

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3. John Aubrey (b. 1626, d. 1697), who, in 1646, by his father's death, inherited estates in Wiltshire, Surrey, Herefordshire, Brecknockshire, and Monmouthshire, had a taste for antiquarian gossip, but was so credulous and superstitious that his records are worth little. His "Miscellanies upon Various Subjects," first published in 1696, are an amusing gathering of superstitious notes upon Day-Fatality, Apparitions, etc. Aubrey left behind him a work on "The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey." He lost his property, by litigation and otherwise. Anthony à Wood, after twenty-five years' acquaintance, said of him, spitefully: "He was a shiftless person, roving and magotie-headed, and sometimes little better than crased; and,

being exceedingly credulous, would stuff his many letters sent to A. W. with folliries and misinformations."

4. Anthony à Wood was born in 1632, at Oxford, opposite Merton College, where he afterwards was educated. He was admitted B.A. in 1652, M.A. in 1655, and then began a perambulation of Oxfordshire. He was inspired by Leland's collections in the Bodleian. His chief pleasures thenceforth were music and the study of Oxford antiquities. As he says in his own account of his life: "All the time that A. W. could spare from his beloved studies of English history, antiquities, heraldry, and genealogies, he spent in the most delightful facultie of music, either instrumental or vocal." In 1669 he had written, in English, his "History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford," which was translated into Latin under the superintendence of Dr. Fell, who altered and added at discretion. As Anthony à Wood had not a sweet temper, and was accustomed to speak his mind roughly, he did not take this very kindly. The book appeared, in Latin, in 1674. His chief work, "Athenæ Oxonienses; an Exact History of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the University of Oxford: to which are added the Fasti, or Annals of the said University," was first published, in two folios, in 1691-2. After the second volume appeared he was cited before the Vice-Chancellor's Court for two libellous accusations of corruption against the late Chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon. The book was burned, its author expelled, and gazetted as an infamous libeller, a year before his death in 1695.

5. Gilbert Burnet, born in 1643, studied at Aberdeen. In 1669 he was Divinity Professor at Glasgow. In 1674 he settled in London, and became preacher at the Rolls Chapel. In 1677 Burnet published "Memoirs of the Lives and Actions of James and William, Dukes of Hamilton, etc., in Seven Books," upon which he had been at work in Scotland; and in 1679 appeared the first of the three volumes of his "History of the Reformation of the Church of England," which agreed so well with the feeling of the time against Catholicism that he received for it the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, with a desire that he would go on and complete the work. The second volume fol

Burnet was regarded

lowed in 1681; the third not until 1715. by the Stuarts as an enemy, because he showed his sympathy with Lord William Russell during his trial and before his execution. Burnet was abroad, and much with the Prince and Princess of Orange, during the reign of James II. He came over with William as his chaplain. In 1690 he was made Bishop of Salisbury. He had published, in 1686, at Amsterdam, "Some Letters containing an Account of what seemed Most Remarkable in Switzerland, Italy," etc. They are five letters addressed to the Hon. Robert Boyle. The information in them is compactly given, and their tone is very strongly Protestant. Burnet published, in 1692, "A Life of William Bedell, D.D., Lord Bishop of Kilmore, in Ireland, with his Letters," and "A Discourse of the Pastoral Care." He died in 1715, leaving in manuscript the "History of His Own Time," which was first published in 1724-34.

6. Roger North, sixth son of Dudley, Lord North, was born about 1650, and died in 1733. He was a strong partisan of the Stuarts, and was attorney-general under James II. He is chiefly remembered for two books that abound in anecdote of his own time. One of these is an abusive review of Dr. White Kennett's "History of England," and is entitled "Examen, or an Enquiry into the Credit and Veracity of a Pretended Compleat History of England." This was not published till 1740. His other notable book is "Lives" of his three brothers, the Lord-Keeper Guildford, Sir Dudley North, and Dr. John North. This was not published till 1742-44.

7. John Strype, born at Stepney in 1643, was educated at St. Paul's School and Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1669 he was presented to the living of Theydon Boys, which he resigned for that of Low Leyton, in Essex. He lived to the age of ninety-four, and was incumbent of Low Leyton for sixty years. He was an accurate student of church history and biography, and began, in 1694, with a folio of "Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer." In 1698 appeared his "Life of Sir Thomas Smith," and in 1701 his "Life and Actions of John Aylmer, Bishop of London." Many other works of a similar kind followed.

8. Humphrey Prideaux was born in 1648, at Padstow, in Cornwall; was educated chiefly at Westminster School and Christchurch, Oxford. In 1676 he wrote an account of the Arundel Marbles. Then he obtained the living of St. Clement's, Oxford, and in 1681 a prebend at Norwich. In 1697 he published a "Life of Mahomet," and in 1702 was made Dean of Norwich. His principal work is "The Old and New Testament Connected."