These four approaches are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 2 arrays the individual offices and several programs within Conservation along the continuum described above. The position of each Office along this array explains, in part, why their technology transfer approaches differ.

Technology transfer approaches can also be arrayed along a continuum based upon the degree to which targeted audiences are small in number and well defined versus numerous and

decentralized.

Where the market is centralized, cooperative R&D tends to be conducted with individual firms through subcontracting. cooperative ventures, non-disclosure agreements.

Where the market is decentralized, there is an emphasis on working through existing networks that serve the industry such as trade organizations and professional societies.

Since each of the individual Offices within Conservation differ in terms of the nature of their R&D and targeted audiences, it is natural that their technology transfer emphases should also differ. Economic feasibility is the critical element of the Office of

Industrial Programs' technology transfer strategy.

Audiences and

technology transfer activities are chosen on the basis of documented

energy and cost savings results. Process users and product

manufacturers are targeted for economic and technical results

developer of a near-term technology has the necessary resources and expertise to market the technology, it is seen as the appropriate firm to commercialize the technology. Researchers are the targeted audience of results concerning longer-term technologies.

While cooperative R&D is an aspect of all Conservation programs, the Office of Transportation Systems specifically seeks cooperative arrangements with the potential manufacturers of new

transportations systems and components. This strategy is effective in part due to the well-defined audiences the transportation programs address:

the major A:nerican automobile manufacturers,

battery manufacturers, electronic component manufacturers, and ceramic materials manufacturers. Since the potential manufacturer's input is an integral part of the development of the technology, the chances for its commercialization are enhanced.

The Office of Energy Utilization Research supports R&D in generic areas which underpin the energy end-use sector technologies. Its programs represent very different approaches to technology transfer. The Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Program seeks to expand the generic knowledge base of emerging technological areas. Joint research teams made up of researchers from DOE conservation programs and private industry provide guidance and evaluation of ECUT R&D, while program bulletins are used for widespread distribution of R&D results to researchers and potential end-users in a variety of fields. The Inventions and Innovation Programs seek to promote the development of promising energy-related inventions or innovative concepts, particularly from individuals and small businesses. penetration of the resulting technologies is enhanced through a strong emphasis on commercialization education and technical assistance.

Market

The Office of Buildings and Community Systems addresses the diversity and fragmentation of their targeted industries through well-defined technology transfer strategy on both the Office and program levels.

Within the individual technology programs, transfer