confirmed him as governor of Egypt, and elevated him to the rank of a pacha of three tails. He soon restored the distracted country to order. He assimilated his army and navy to those of Europe, and subjected them to European discipline. He attached regular bands of military music to each of his regiments, with European instructors, who teach the Arab musicians to play on European instruments, the marches and airs of England, France, and Germany. A short distance from Cairo, he has established a permanent military hospital, and placed it under European surgeons; and has formed a school of medicine and anatomy, in which not only botany, mineralogy, and chemistry are taught, but human bodies are publicly dissected by students who profess the Mohammedan religion. At Alexandria, he has a naval school, in which Mohammedan students are instructed in the several branches of geometry, trigonometry, mechanics and astronomy; and a dock-yard, under the control of an European naval architect, in which, besides frigates and other vessels of smaller dimensions, four ships of the line, three carrying 110 guns upon two decks, and one of 130 guns, have been recently built. He has encouraged the formation of regular insurance offices, has improved all the canals in the country, introduced steam-boats on the Nile, patronized two Englishmen, who have been employed in boring for water in the desert, has encouraged the growth of indigo, cotton, and opium, has established schools for the instruction of all orders of his people, has sent, at a great expense to himself, young men, both of the higher and lower ranks, to England and France, for the purpose of acquiring useful knowledge. He has constituted a public assembly at Cairo, who hold regular sittings for forty days in each year, and publicly discuss, for his information, the interests and wants of his different provinces. He patronizes the publication of a weekly newspaper in Arabic and Turkish. And, finally, he protects all Christian merchants, both in war and in peace. Egypt is an interesting station for missionary labors. The pacha has subdued all the southern nations, even to the frontier of Abyssinia; and these countries can now be visited with considerable security. The vernacular tongue of Egypt is the Arabic, which is spoken by almost all the strangers, as Armenians, Jews, Greeks, and Turks, and it is spreading in the countries which the pacha has brought under his government. The Mohammedans in the cities, are, in general, more to be trusted than the Christians, and as they are the predominant party, they show less fraud and cunning, and have less of the spirit of slavery. They may be divided into the learned, merchants, shop-keepers, craftsmen, and the servile class. The Bedouins are a well-shaped, fine-looking race of people, and generally answer to the description given of Ishmael, in Genesis. The pacha has induced a large number of them partly to settle themselves in villages. The Copts are the remnants of the old Egyptians. They consider themselves almost exclusively as the accountants of the pacha. They are generally represented as a stupid and perfidious people, enormously addicted to brandy drinking. The Syrians, who are generally Greek catholics, are merchants, accountants, and craftsmen. Some of them fill high stations in the service of the pacha. They are said by Mr, Lieder to be the French of the east. The Greeks are artisans, architects, shop-keepers, and coffee men, and resemble the Syrians. The Armenians are the most respected and opulent part of the oriental Christians in Egypt. They and the Jews are the bankers of the country. The Europeans are in general extremely deficient in moral character. The Jews are the same in character and manner of living, as in Europe. It ought not to be inferred from the preceding remarks, respecting the enlightened policy of Mohammed Ali, that the moral state of the people is essentially improved. Swearing, lying, adultery, stealing, and other similar vices, are fearfully prevalent. Mr. Lieder, a Christian missionary, who has resided several years in Egypt, says that, "among all the different denominations of oriental Christians, as Greeks, Armenians, Maronites, Greek Catholics, Armenian Catholics, Roman Catholics, Syrians and Copts, he had not met with one truly converted man." From missionary labors, considerable results have followed. The Holy Scriptures have been widely diffused in the various languages, They have been received, in many instances, with eagerness and gratitude. Several hundred children have been taught to read, and a flourishing school for poor children established at Cairo, Jews in Europe. A society has existed for a number of years in England, which has labored with considerable vigor and success, in attempting to impart to the Jews scattered over Europe and Western Asia, the blessings of Christianity. To show the spirit and extent of their labors, we make a few extracts from a report. "There are now 30 boys in the school, six having gone out and the same number having been admitted during the year; and 37 girls, two having gone out and two others having been received in their place, This small number is owing to the restriction which it was thought necessary to adopt during the past year; but there are sev eral applicants, who have been waiting some time for the admission of their children. "The present number of missionaries in immediate connection with the society is 34: there are, besides, 4 agents employed by the local committees in Calcutta and Madras, making a total of 38; of whom, 13 are converted Jews. There are also 5 individuals employed as school-masters at Dantzic and in the grand duchy of Posen; amounting to the number of FORTY-THREE missionary agents engaged in promoting the cause of the society. "There are at least six millions of Jews in the world. They have been, for ages, neglected, despised, and persecuted. Your society found them living in great ignorance and moral degradation-having very little knowledge of their own Scriptures, and none whatever of those of the New Testament. Many had fallen into the prevailing infidelity of the age. "During the last few years, there has been a great increase of scriptural knowledge among them: many Jews are now well acquainted with the doctrines of the New Testament. By means of the society, the pure Scriptures have been introduced into a great many Jewish schools, where formerly only the talmud was read. Many thousands of Jews have, for the first time, heard the word of the gospel; and though a faithful missionary has often to encounter opposition and disappointment, yet, on the whole, there is great encouragement in preaching the gospel to this people: they often listen with great attention: they regard missionaries as their friends; and a spirit of inquiry is very widely diffused. One striking proof of their desire for God's word, is their willingness to purchase it, of which the accounts from some of the missionary stations afford continual proof: only to allude to one instance :-A missionary sold 81 Hebrew Bibles, 53 Psalters, and 5 Pentateuchs, besides giving away a few Hebrew New Testaments, to the JEWS OF ALGIERS, during a short visit to that newly opened sphere of labor. "The Rev. J. J. Banga, has been obliged to try the effect of a temporary residence in the warmer climate of the South of Italy. The Rev. P. J. Oster continues to travel with much activity through different parts of France: in some instances he found a decided blessing in the majority of cases he encountered indifference and skepticism; and, on some occasions, was even in danger of personal violence. : "Mr. R. Bellson, who is of the Jewish nation, has already commenced his labors in Holland; having previously visited Cassel, his native town, where he has testified of the truth as it is in Jesus to his unbelieving brethren. Mr. W. Davenport is to join Mr. Bellson at Rotterdam. Mr. West has been for some months in Holland, chiefly at Rotterdam; where he has been much favored in obtaining access to many of the Jews: great numbers have heard the truth. "Mr. J. Stockfeld continues to prosecute his labors, from Cologne, in the district of the Lower Rhine; chiefly directing his efforts to the circulation of the Scriptures, and to their introduction into Jewish schools, in which he has proved eminently successful. Mr. C. C. Petri resides at present at Lippstadt, where he will be shortly joined by Mr. J. E. Hiscock. Cassel has been visited by Mr. R. Bellson, whose own Jewish relatives reside in that city. Mr. J. C. Moritz continues to reside at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he has continual opportunities of preaching the gospel, and distributing the Scriptures among the Jews; especially among the foreign Jews, who come to Frankfort for purposes of traffic, or are passing through on their journeys elsewhere. "The schools in Prussian Poland, and the labors of the missionaries (Rev. J. G. Wermelskirch, Mr. J. Graf, and Mr. J. Hartmann) were suspended, on account both of cholera and of the political convulsions in the neighboring country. The Rev. A. Gerlach, at Thorn, found his labors, in common with his brethren in this part of Europe, much interrupted by the military precautions which the troubles of Poland rendered necessary. He continued to travel among the Jews during the whole of last summer, in East and West Prussia, and in the north of Prussian Poland. The Rev. J. G. Bergfeldt has continued his labors at Koenigsberg, under circumstances of much trial: at one period, his intercourse with the Jews was entirely suspended. "In Warsaw, the Rev. A. M'Caul, the Rev. F. W. Becker, the Rev. R. Smith, and Messrs. J. Lange, J. Waschitscheck, and H. Lawrence continued to go among the Jews so long as it was practicable or allowable to do so; although the excitement of military preparation by no means tended to open a way for their quiet exertions. Mr. Smith and Mr. Lawrence are engaged in superintending the Warsaw institution for affording employment for destitute inquiring Jews it is in no respect dependent on the society for its support. Upwards of forty Jews have been in the Institution since January, 1830: the greatest number at one time has been seventeen; the smallest, which is at present, seven. : "At Lublin, the situation of your missionaries (Rev. G. Wendt, Rev. L. Hoff, and Mr. Rosenfeldt) was very peculiar, and their deliverances have been most remarkable: the cholera morbus prevailed most alarmingly around them, and when this abated, their part of the country became the scene of warfare and bloodshed." Portugal. On the 23d of April, 1826, Don Pedro (IV. of Portugal) granted a constitution to his people, establishing two chambers, and in other respects resembling the French charter. On the 2d of May, he abdicated the throne in favor of his daughter, Donna Maria, he remaining king during her minority, on condition of her marrying her uncle Miguel. But a party secretly favored by Spain, was formed in Portugal, which aimed at the overthrow of this constitution, which had been sworn to by the queen, by the two chambers, and all the magistrates, and even by Miguel himself. This party proclaimed the prince absolute king of Portugal. Spain assembled an army on the frontiers. England sent over 15,000 troops to the aid of the queen. They occupied the most important points, and Spain was forced to yield. In July, 1827, Pedro named his brother Miguel, regent of the kingdom, with all the rights established by the charter. On the 26th of February, 1828, Miguel took the oath to observe the charter. But the absolutists soon began to speak of his entire right to the throne. His ministers were all appointed from that party, except Villa Real. On the 1st of March, acts of personal violence were offered to some constitutionalists, and on the 14th, the cortez was dissolved. Near the end of June, the constitutional forces were defeated in a battle fought near Lisbon. Miguel now turned his attention to the consolidation of his power, and assumed the royal title. Cruelty marked his measures, and the prisons were filled with victims. Madeira and the Azores were reduced to subjection, with the exception of Terceira. For some time, Portugal was the prey of political and religious bigots. In 1830, it was estimated that the number of prisoners confined for political causes was above 40,000. In May, 1831, Miguel was compelled by a British fleet to yield to some demands for redress of grievances suffered on the part of the British. A similar humiliation was inflicted by the French in July. In August, an insurrection of the troops broke out against Miguel; it was temporarily suppressed, after some bloodshed. On the 9th of July, 1832, Don Pedro, with his forces, amounting to about 7,500, landed in Portugal, and immediately proceeded to Oporto, which he entered without opposition. On the 23d, the forces of Pedro and Miguel met near Coimbra, and a battle was fought, in which the former, with about 8,000 men, defeated the latter with 12,500. The war continued, with various alternations, till the summer of 1833, when Pedro began to gain decided advantages over his brother. On the 23d of July, Count Villa Flor, marching from St. Ubes, met and totally routed the forces of Miguel sent from Lisbon. On the receipt of this intelligence at Lisbon, the Miguelite forces, |