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COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY

Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England

[Printed in the United States of America]
Published May, 1909

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JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D., Missionary in Bombay, India.

HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

RUDOLF ANSTEIN (†),

Late Pastor in Basel.

FRANKLIN CARL ARNOLD, Ph.D.,

Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
WILHELM BAUR (†), Th.D.,
Late General Superintendent in Bonn.
GEORGE JAMES BAYLES, Ph.D.,
Writer on Civil and Ecclesiastical Law.

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH,

D.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Semi

nary.

KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg.

IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BEN

ZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic.,
Librarian, University of Halle.

RUDOLPH MICHAEL BINDER, Ph.D.,
Lecturer in Sociology, New York University.

EMIL BLOESCH (†), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Theology, Bern.

HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th. Lic.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE
BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity,

Paris.

GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH,

Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Assistant Librarian, University Library, Marburg.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.

PERCY HOLMES BOYNTON,
Secretary of Instruction in the Chautauqua Institution,
Chautauqua, N. Y.

JOHANNES FRIEDRICH THEODOR
BRIEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic.
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL,
Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.

KARL BURGER (†), Th.D.,

Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor in Munich. HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D., Formerly Corresponding Secretary of the Methodist Missionary Society.

WALTER CASPARI, Ph.D., Th.Lic., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Erlangen.

JACQUES EUGÈNE CHOISY, Th.D.,

Pastor in Geneva.

FERDINAND COHRS, Th.Lic.,
Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany.

AUGUST HERMANN CREMER (†), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of
Greifswald.

WALTER EWING CRUM, M.A.,
Coptic Scholar, London.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM CUNO (†), Th.Lic.,
Late Pastor at Eddigehausen, Hanover.

SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

MORTON DEXTER, M.A.,
Congregational Clergyman and Author, Boston.

DEODAT DISSELHOFF,
Pastor at Kaiserswerth, Germany.
BERNHARD DOMBART (†), Ph.D.,
Formerly Gymnasial Rector, Ansbach, Germany.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.,
President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.
HENRY JAY DUCKWORTH, D.D.,
Secretary of Education for the Ohio Central Christian Con-
ference.

LUDWIG ALFRED ERICHSON (†), Ph.D.,

Th.D.,

Late Preacher at St. Thomas', Strasburg, Germany.

HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D.,

Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopedia Britannica Company, New York.

THEODOR FOERSTER (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Halle. CHRISTIAN HENRY FORNEY, D.D., LL.D.,

Editor of the Church Advocate, Harrisburg, Pa.

RUDOLF FOSS (†),

Late Councilor in Grosslichterfelde, Germany. GUSTAV WILHELM FRANK (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Dogmatics, Symbolics, and Christian Ethics, University of Vienna.

EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG, Th.D.,

Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, University of Leipsic.

JOHANN FRIEDRICH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Munich.

THEODOR GEROLD, Th.D.,
President of the Consistory, Strasburg.

JOHANNES ABRAHAM GERTH VAN
WIJK (†), Th.D.,

Late Reformed Church Clergyman at The Hague, Holland. CHRISTIAN GEYER, Ph.D.,

Clergyman in Nuremberg, Germany.

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A., Former Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary. WILHELM GOETZ, Ph.D.,

Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich, Germany.

CASPAR RENÉ GREGORY, Ph.D., Dr.Jur., Th.D., D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Extraordinary Professor of Church History, University of Heidelberg.

KARL RUDOLF HAGENBACH (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Basel. ADOLF HARNACK, M.D., Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur.,

General Director of the Royal Library and Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editor-inChief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopädie. HERMAN HAUPT, Ph.D.,

Professor and Director of the University Library, Giessen.
CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG HEINRICI,
Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.
ERNST HENKE (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,
Late Professor of Theology, University of Marburg.
HERMANN HERING, Th.D.,
Professor of Philosophy of Religion and Homiletics, University
of Halle.

JOHANN JAKOB HERZOG (†), Ph.D.,Th.D.,
Late Professor of Reformed Theology, University of Erlangen.
PAUL HINSCHIUS (†), Dr.Jur., Th.D.,
Late Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Berlin.
KARL HOLL, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.
GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph.D.,
Professor of Institutional History, University of Nebraska.

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Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Kiel. FRIEDRICH EDUARD KOENIG, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn. JULIUS KOESTLIN (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle. THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN KOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen. HERMANN GUSTAV EDUARD KRUEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Giessen. JOHANNES WILHELM KUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Greifswald.

MAXIMILIAN ALBERT LANDERER (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Tübingen. WILLIAM HENRY LARRABEE, LL.D.,

Plainfield, N. J.

MORITZ LAUTERBURG, Professor of Practical Theology, University of Bern. KARL LUDWIG LEIMBACH (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Provincial Councilor for Schools, Hanover, Germany.

LUDWIG LEMME, Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg.

EDUARD LEMPP, Ph.D.,

Chief Inspector of the Royal Orphan Asylum, Stuttgart,
Germany.

BRUNO LINDNER, Ph.D.,
Professor of Aryan Languages, University of Leipsic.

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HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

MARTIN VON NATHUSIUS (†), Th.D., Late Professor of Practical Theology, University of Greifswald. ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary (Baylor University), Waco, Texas.

THEODOR JULIUS NEY, Th.D., Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Speyer, Bavaria. FREDERICK CHRISTIAN NIELSEN (†), D.D.,

Late Bishop of Aarhus, Denmark.

CONRAD VON ORELLI, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel.

CHARLES PFENDER,

Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Paris. FREDERICK DUNGLISON POWER, M.A., LL.D.,

Pastor of Garfield Memorial Church, Washington, D. C.

ERWIN PREUSCHEN, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Pastor at Hirschhorn-on-the-Neckar, Germany.
HERMANN RAHLENBECK,
Pastor in Cologne.

K. RÉVÉSZ,

Senior of the Reformed Church, Kaschau, Hungary.

GEORG CHRISTIAN RIETSCHEL, Th.D., University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Leipsic.

HENDRIK CORNELIS ROGGE (†), Th.D., Late Professor of History, University of Amsterdam. EUGEN SACHSSE, Th.D.,

Professor of Practical Theology, University of Bonn. HUGO SACHSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Dr.Jur., Professor of Ecclesiastical Law, University of Rostock.

FERDINAND SANDER,

Councilor for Schools in Bremen, Germany. ELIAS BENJAMIN SANFORD, D.D., General Secretary of the National Federation of Churches and Christian Workers.

THEODOR SCHAEFER, Th.D.,

Head of the Deaconesses' Institute, Altona.

DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D., Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

PHILIP SCHAFF (†), D.D., LL.D., Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

ADOLPH FREDERICK SCHAUFFLER,

D.D.,

President of New York City Mission and Tract Society. CHRISTOPH THEODOR GOTTLOB VON SCHEURL (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor in Nuremberg.
REINHOLD SCHMID, Th.Lic.,
Pastor in Oberholzheim, Württemberg.

HEINRICH SCHMIDT (†),

Late Professor of Theology, University of Erlangen.
KARL SCHMIDT, Th.D.,

Pastor at Goldberg, Mecklenburg.

THEODOR SCHOTT (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Librarian and Professor of Theology, University of

Stuttgart.

JOHANN FRIEDRICH RITTER VON SCHULTE, Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Law, University of Bonn.

VICTOR SCHULTZE, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Greifswald.

LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D.,

Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock.

OTTO SEEBASS, Ph.D.,

Educator, Leipsic, Germany.

REINHOLD SEEBERG, Th.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.

EMIL SEHLING, Dr.Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen.

CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN,

Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on The New International Encyclopedia, New York.

ALBERT B SIMPSON,

President Christian and Missionary Alliance. ARTHUR HENDERSON SMITH, M.A., American Missionary, P'ang Chuang, China.

ROBERT WALTER STEWART, B.Sc., B.D., Glasgow, Scotland.

JOSEPH JAMES SUMMERBELL, Editor of The Herald of Gospel Liberty, Dayton, Ohio. KARL THIEME, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Leipsic. ERNST PETER WILHELM TROELTSCH, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg. PAUL TSCHACKERT, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen. JOHANN GERHARD WILHELM UHLHORN (†), Th.D.,

Late Consistorial Councilor, Hanover.

SIETRE DOUWES VAN VEEN, Th.D., Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Utrecht.

MARVIN RICHARDSON VINCENT, D.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Criticism, Union Theological Seminary, New York. JOHANNES WEISS, Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg. AUGUST WILHELM ERNST WERNER,

Th.D.,

Pastor Primarius, Guben, Prussia.

FRIEDRICH LUDWIG LEONHARD WIEGAND, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Greifswald. SAMUEL WELLS WILLIAMS (†), LL.D., Late Professor of Chinese Language and Literature, Yale College. JOSEPH DAWSON WILSON, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Reformed Episcopal Seminary, Philadelphia, Pa.

RICHARD PAUL WUELKER, Ph.D.,
Professor of English Philology, University of Leipsic.

OTTO ZOECKLER (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald.

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