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party of seven assistants, one armed with a suggests in the most careless off-hand way bow, another with a bill, and the rest with imaginable, as if he were proposing some other unnamed weapons, came suddenly upon arrangement connected with a party of the little flock of worshippers. The constable pleasure, that he should have authority to approached first and demanded their books, get rid of the poor wretches, consigning them which, having learnt that he really was the to the flames at Hammersmith, a little seclud constable, they delivered up to him. He ed village a mile from his house at Fulham, then brought up his body of assistants. Some" for then," he says, "I can give sentence of the party fled; but, out of the forty, against them here in the parish church very seven-and-twenty were arrested. The justice quietly and without tumult, and having the of the peace for Islington not being at home, Sheriff present-as I can have him-he, the prisoners were marched off to the Old without business or stir, can put them to Bailey, to the house of Sir Roger Cholmley, execution in the said place." The reason he who was or had been Chief Justice of the assigns why he should be allowed to have King's Bench. Sir Roger having sent for this private burning of half-a-dozen of his the assistance of the Recorder of the City of fellow-creatures is, that "otherwise the London, committed two-and-twenty of the thing [] will need a day in Paul's, and persons apprehended to Newgate, where they with more cumbrance than now it needeth." lay unnoticed for about six weeks. Two of The Bishop did not exactly obtain his rethese unfortunates died in their wretched quest: perhaps Gardiner, the Lord Chanprison. On the 14th of June seven others cellor, espied a too bare-faced illegality in his of them were brought before Bonner, and friend's request but Bonner was allowed to after several examinations were consigned to go as near to his suggested course as possible. the stake, and were all burnt in Smithfield The six prisoners were duly taken to St. on the 27th of June. They were the last of Paul's, on the 11th of July. Sentence of the noble band who there gave their solemn condemnation was there given against them and unflinching testimony during the reign of Mary. Thirteen out of the twenty-two still remained in Newgate. Six more of them were selected for prosecution as soon as the batch of seven had been disposed of. After examination before the Bishop's Chancellor, the proceedings against the six were adjourned until the 11th of July, when their sentence was to be pronounced. It would seem that after examination they were confined first in The whole letter, in its original uncouth Bonner's coal-house, attached to his residence orthography, stands as follows. I have conat St. Paul's—a miserable shed, commonly jecturally supplied several passages, of little used as a place of confinement for ecclesias- importance, now decayed, but have placed all tical prisoners and afterwards at his palace my additions within brackets. I have also at Fulham. Whilst in Bonner's custody-extended the contracted words.

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if there is any faith to be put in their testimony he himself personally chastised them. Stephen Cotton, whose name appears in the first imperfect paragraph of this letter, distinctly states in a letter of his published elsewhere, "I have been twice beaten, and threatened to be beaten again by the Bishop himself." (Foxe, viii. 525.) It was whilst the six were still in Bonner's palace that he wrote the letter to which I have already alluded, the third paragraph of which clearly relates to these six persons. He says, they are still in his house, " pestering the same and doing much hurt many ways"; and he

in the presence of Sir Edward Hastings and Sir Thomas Cornwallis, two officers of the Queen's household. On the day following, the Lord Chancellor sent his writ to the Sheriff of Middlesex, to burn them — not at Hammersmith, but almost as near the Bishop's Palace - at Brentford — where the holocaust was accomplished on the 14th of July, 1558.

ut of h

our flock Stephen Cotton

commissioners yesterday advertised you per, by whom also I made a sute to be of may doo me much good, but never to my churche [1] take myself indeed for one almost spent, and woold be glad [if seeing I] some wayes hurted mychurche in the tyme of the worship[full Duke] of Somersette, I might by the good helpe of your grace onto the [Queen's] maiestie, do it some good again, and my sute is soo consonont to lawe subiecte beyng faythfull is suffered, that is to [and] iustice that if I may be soo suffered as eny saye to sue, and be sued, I nothing dowte I shall

by lawe obtayne. And in very dede if I were an scribbles in haste upon the subject with heretike and in the tyme of that houghty Duke a listless carelessness which indicates the most and Dukes that were in the late tyme, I should not fayle to have my lyving encreased, assuring your grace of my fidelitie, that I do spende a great deale moor then is my lyvelede, wherein thoughe I doo playe the foole, yet suche is the place that I am in that I can not otherwyse doo, beseeching therefore your grace most humblie ye wilbe the healpe and meane for me to the moost gracious good queen that when the Lord Darcye and other by unlawfull accones did vsurp with. ..........Great Darcie Sudmyster and other thinges belonging to my churche, I may with her grace's favour entre upon theym lawfully again, saying I never did any acte wherby in lawe I have forgonne theym.

supreme indifference. The consignment of half-a-dozen human beings to the most frightful torture was a "thing" merely to be got over with as little fuss as possible. It was not worth the trouble of "a day in Paul's." A man of really kindly feeling would have avoided the neighborhood of such a scene, horror-struck; Bonner endeavors to bring it as near as possible to his own home. The letter reflects light also on the character of Pole and Gardiner. Bonner would not have dared to write to them on such a subject in a style so nonchalant, if he had not known that the tone was familiar to them, and not

"Further may it please your grace concernyng these obstinate heretikes that doe remayne in my house, pestering the same, and doyng moche hurte many wayes, some order may be taken disagreeable. The desire to do "the thing" with theym, and in myn opinion, as I shewed your grace and my lord chanceler, it shuld doo well to have theym brent in Hammersmythe, a myle from my house here, for then can I giff sentence agaynst theym here in the parishe churche, very quietly and without tumult, and having the shireff present, as I can have hym, he without busynes or stirre [can] put theym to execution in the saide place, when otherwise the thinge [will need a] day in Paules and with moor comberance, then now it nedeth. And [so mo]st humblie I take my leave of your grace, beseeching the same [that I may] be advertised with spede of your pleasure. Scribled in haste [this** day of] July 1558.

"Your graces most humble bedesman
"and servant

"EDMOND LONDON." We have here an apt illustration of the dyer's hand taking the very color in which The long course of the hideous which had now lasted for

it works. persecution

three years

-

had brought the actors in that

terrible iniquity to think lightly of the lives which they sacrificed. Bonner writes

snugly and to avoid "a day in Paul's" may
be referable to two feelings. A "scene"
such as generally took place at a públic con-
demnation may have been disagreeable to the
polite and externally amiable prelate. He
knew the estimation in which he was popu-
larly held, and could not have desired to in-
crease the adverse feeling; —or, it may have
been that he saw the rising popular indig-
nation beginning to surge dangerously around
him, and that he desired to avoid it as much
as possible. Both feelings may have operated
upon the mind of Bonner. Either way, it
goes to show what an amount of real cruelty
may exist under a covering of external polite-
ness.
It shows, also, the justice of the popu-
lar judgment of Bonner's character, expressed
in a line to be remembered for its truth, if it
cannot be admired for its elegance :

CARNIFICIS nomen debetur jure BONERO.
B.

THE UNHOLY ALLIANCE: an American View of | sia must possess the Ottoman Empire, which she the War in the East. By William Giles Dix. New York: Norton.

will hold by a better title than that by which England holds Gibraltar. Is this title, asks Mr. AN argument in behalf of Russia, based on Dix, "as immaculate as the record of an angel's the ridiculous assumption that the Czars are the orison?" Side by side with his modern instance champions of Christianity. Mr. Dix is humorous of English perfidy Mr. Dix arrays evidence of and sarcastic by turns, and winds up with a con- our former barbarism, and alludes, with irresistiflagration of bombast on the results of some ap-ble sarcasm, to Stonehenge and the Druids. proaching catastrophe. The principal figure of the scene, as far as we can make it out, is an "immortal arch," under which symphonies will roll. Before this end can be accomplished, Rus

Where was the Plato, where the Demosthenes of the Britons? In this vein of imagery Mr. Dix rhapsodizes through two hundred and fifty pages. - Athenæum.

From The Athenæum. Iment, and even a quiet party on their way

The Life of Sir William Pepperrell, Bart., to dine with a neighbor could never be sure the only Native of New England who was of not being tomahawked on the way. By created a Baronet during our Connection with the Mother Country. By Usher the hearth at which such a boy grew there Parsons. Boston (U. S.), Little & Co. was, of course, no lack of stirring story. THE father of America's solitary baronet was a hard-working Welchman, who emigrated to the Isle of Shoals, and there, amid storms and struggles, plied the calling of a humble fisherman, rose to the condition of a general merchant, and bequeathed to his son the fortune and position of a gentleman. The future baronet was born at Kittery Point, in 1696, at which time there was more jollity in Maine than prevails there at present. Here is a sample of social manners as they existed when Will Pepperrell was young:

"The launching of vessels was, in those days, attended by all persons of both sexes living in the vicinity, who expected an ample supply of good cheer, rum for the men, and wine for the fairA barrel of each was the allowance on

er sex.

"Cradled amid the dangers of savage warfare, the very neighborhood, and ever and anon lightand while the lurking foe was prowling about ing upon unsuspecting victims, his young mind must have become familiarized to tales of horror. While nestling in his mother's arms, we may well imagine him often listening to the recital of what she had seen and heard of exciting incidents and dire alarms in her day, how her neighbor and intimate friend, major Charles Frost, was waylaid and shot while returning from church, how her neighbor, Mr. Shapleigh, was killed, his son taken captive, his fingers bitten off, and the bleeding vessels seared with a hot

iron, how her intimate friend, Mrs. Ursula the Waldron family, and while awaiting their arCutts, after spreading her hospitable board for rival to dinner, was pounced upon by lurking savages, and herself and field laborers tomahawked and scalped, how twenty-one persons were killed or taken captive at Sandy Beach (Rye), only three or four miles distant, how another party came there and killed fourteen and captured four others, and burnt the village, -and how numerous massacres and savage cruelties were perpetrated only a few miles distant, at Cocheco, Oyster River, and Salmon

this occasion. The bottle was attractive and probably indispensable in all gatherings for mutual aid, whether log-rolling, corn-husking, rafting of timber, or raising of houses, and a militia company could drill only under the excitement of a treat from the captain. Even at ordinations the reverend divines must have a glass to quicken the fervor of their devotions. In a bill of expenses incurred on such an occasion, in the viPepperrell received a better education by cinity of Kittery Point, there are charged eight quarts of rum and two of brandy, for the clergy coming early in contact with the world than

And still worse, funerals were

Falls."

and council. if he had been sent across the ocean to colmade an occasion for circulating the intoxicating lege. He had the "raising" suitable for cup, where the sighs and tears of sympathizing the objects he had in view; and he was enfriends were awakened by the customary bever-gaged in trade before some lads have gone age, spiced rum. We have before us several bills for funeral expenses, incurred in the early through their accidence. He engaged in it part of the last century, in which this is men- to some purpose, and with great success; betioned. One of them specifies the ingredients came a popular representative, a councillor, thus: Five gallons of rum, ten pounds of sua military man, and a chief justice! He gar, and half-a-pound of allspice, to make spiced rum.' With such a network of temptations never imported slaves, but he was served by spread over society, it is wonderful that any es- his own, and occasionally dealt in the transcaped that all were not rendered confirmed fer of that article. He had as much taste inebriates; but the Pepperrells, it is believed, for warlike pursuits as for those of the countalways remained temperate." ing-house; prospered by following both, and was beloved by all his kinsmen until they discovered that his father had left him nearly sole heir to a very large property.

Among such a population, the majority of whom prayed as heartily as they drank, and accounted good fellowship to be in nowise inconsistent with a devout spirit, young Will was strictly trained to the observance of all good rules save those of etymology and syn

tax.

He was, however, a precocious boy, and at an early period became the amanuensis of a sire who had risen from the hard condition of a fisherman to that of princely merchant and judge. They were times of excite

DCIV. LIVING AGE.

VOL. XI. 48

Nothing troubled therewith, yet not lacking liberality to needy relatives, the prudent gen. tleman married wisely, was hailed father by a son and daughter, and was, in one respect, very like young Norval's father, “whose constant care was to increase his store." Pepperrell was a "warm man" of the mature age of eight-and-forty when; having.

Mr.

the

achieved fortune, it was now given to him to cluding warehouses, containing naval stores and accomplish fame. The French had exhibited a large quantity of wine and brandy. The smoke, an inclination to go to war with us, and they or royal battery, frightened the enemy, who supdriven three-fourths of a mile toward the grand soon realized what they intended. The cir- posed the whole army was coming on them in cumstance afforded Pepperrell an opportuni- that direction, and spiking the cannon, and ty to be a hero; he was not slow to avail throwing the powder into a well, they fled in boats himself of it, and he was among the first to to the town, nearly a mile distant. The next morning, Vaughn, on his return to camp in comdiscover that if the French were to be over-pany with thirteen men, not knowing of the panic come in America, the necessary preliminary he had occasioned, crept to the top of Green step was the reduction of their great strong-Hill, which overlooked the grand battery, for hold, Louisburg. But caution was necessary and strength. He was surprised to see that the purpose of learning something of its situation "To obtain the opinion of the General Court flag was gone, and that no smoke issued from on this subject, the governor, early in January, the chimneys of the barracks. He hired one of requested its members to take an oath of secrecy his party, a Cape Cod Indian, to enter into the respecting a proposition he was about to lay be- fort and open the gate. Vaughn then took posfore them. This was something new in colonial session, and wrote to General Pepperrell I legislation, but was complied with, and the plan entered the royal battery about nine o'clock, and of attacking Louisburg was now submitted to am waiting for a reinforcement and a flag.' A their consideration. Secrecy was observed for red coat was, however, used as a temporary subsome days, but the affair then accidentally leaked | stitute, which a solder carried in his teeth, and out. A pious old deacon, a member of the legis- nailed to the top of the flagstaff. The French lature, was so filled with the matter, that he soon discovered their mistake, and sent a hunwas overheard at his private devotions, invoking dred men in four boats to retake the battery. Heaven for its smiles on the enterprise. The But Vaughn, with his small band, amidst the boldness of the proposal at first astonished every fire from the city, alone upon the open beach reone. It was referred to a committee, who re-sisted their landing till he was reinforced, when ported against it, and thus the whole affair was supposed to have received its quietus."

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the French, perceiving a detachment from Pepperrell approaching, retired and left the English in possession of the battery."

at the end of it-the more glorious that it was gained over a gallant enemy who deserved all the honors of war that were cheerfully granted him. As for the victors,

Ultimately, however, the enterprise was determined on, and "Colonel William Pep-weeks' continuance, with a glorious victory There was a bloody struggle of some seven perrell," whose purse as well as exertions had been devoted to the furtherance of success, was placed at the head of a respectable ·Colonial force. The celebrated Whitefield was one of his advisers on this occasion, and a number of that apostle's followers enlisted "A banquet was prepared by Pepperrell for under the Colonel; and, as "a proof of the the officers. Several chaplains were present, and the senior one, old Parson Moody of York, the prevailing religious feeling," says the author, uncle of Mrs. Pepperrell, was of right called upon one of them, a clergyman, carried upon his to crave the blessing. Moody's friends were anxshoulder a hatchet for the purpose of destroy-ious lest he should disgust the guests by a prolix ing the images in the French churches." performance, such as he often indulged in; but Into the details of the siege it is not nec-gest that brevity would be acceptable. They his temper was so irritable that none would sug essary to enter; but a few of the incidents were agreeably disappointed and highly gratified are worthy of notice. The Colonial troops by his performing in the following manner : were under the command of the now "Lieutenant-General Pepperrell," with whom a naval force co-operated under Warren. A landing having been effected, Pepperrell lost no time in commencing the siege, the opening of which was highly auspicious.

“The same afternoon, May 1st, he despatched Colonel Vaughn with four hundred men to the town to reconnoitre, who led his troops through the woods quite near to the garrison, and gave three cheers, and at nightfall marched circuit

ously around Green Hill, that overlooked the garrison, to the north-east part of the harbor. Here they set fire to ten or twelve buildings, in

thee for, that time will be infinitely too short to "Good Lord! we have so many things to thank do it; we must therefore leave it for the work of eternity. Bless our food and fellowship upon this joyful occasion, for the sake of Christ our Lord, Amen.'

It was for his services at this siege that Pepperrell became "Sir William;" but the pious baronet attributed the happy result to the divine interposition alone, "in answer to the prayers that were offered up daily by the people throughout New England, and weekly in meetings of most of the religious societies specially convened for the purpose.'

There

"Sir William was surrounded by numerous relatives, requiring aid, which, added to his expensive style of living, drew heavily on his fortune, already diminished by the Louisburg expe dition. He was ambitious, however, to maintain a style of living suited to his elevated rank. He was head of the council, chief justice on the bench, colonel in the royal army, and a Baronet, all which necessarily drew many distinguished visitors to his house, whom it was his choice as well as duty to greet with an elegant reception. His walls were hung with costly mirrors and paintings, his sideboards loaded with silver, his cellar filled with choice wines, his park stocked with deer, a retinue of servants, costly equipage, and a splendid barge with a black crew dressed in uniform,-all these, especially after his return from Europe, were maintained in baronial style."

was great jealousy in New England, when it to return to his plough. He went home to was reported that the keys of Louisburg had maintain the state belonging to his rank: been surrendered, not to the Colonial General, Pepperrell, but to the English Commander, Warren. Although this was not the case, the impression produced by the report to that effect was so lasting as to still rankle in the minds of many of those who took a part against the Crown in the Revolutionary War. The colonists thought more of this than they did of the defective commissariat, whereby the lives of the gallant men appear to have been as recklessly sacrificed as those of England's fighting men have been in later times. Meanwhile, Sir William remained in command at Louisburg until the spring of 1745. "Sir William Pepperrell remained at Louisburg until late the following spring. The place was kept under martial law, and a council or court was held two or three days in each week for trying delinquents, Warren and Pepperrell acting as judges. The record of their court is still preserved, and is a curiosity. Among other complaints before the court, was one against Capt. Piercy, who was charged by three complainants with drinking 'Long life to the Pretender,' which, at that time, was deemed high treason. Piercy was arraigned before the court, and the charge and affidavits being read in a solemn tone, the question was put, What is your defence, sir?' in reply to this charge of treason, in drinking long life to the Pretender. May it please your Honors,' said the captain, the complainants entirely misunderstood me. I drank long life to the potatoes!" The captain's defence was deemed satisfactory."

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Here is our baronet at church. It is Sir Roger de Coverley “with a difference:”

66

He passed much time at the house of Rev. Mr. Morrill, and always attended meeting when here on Sunday. His dress was usually in the expensive style of those days, of scarlet cloth trimmed with gold lace, and a large powdered wig. When strangers were present at meeting, it was common to solicita contribution, the avails of which were the perquisites of the minister. Pepperrell would sometimes, it is said, throw a guinea into the box, in token of friendship and regard for the worthy pastor."

Sir William was not a mere selfish trader, or a dignitary with heavy purse but with slight sympathies for the honor of his flag. He was usefully employed during the subseHere is a word as apquent years of war. plicable as ever to the question of the age.

The French war reflected little honor on the British arms until Pitt was placed at the helm of government. Whatever was achieved during four years, from 1754 to 1758, was the work of provincial troops, and all the defeats and disasters were chargeable to the incapacity or dogged obstinacy of British commanders. When Pitt, with discerning eye, saw that American valor was equal, and skill superior, to British regulars against allied French and Indians, with all their experience in military tactics, he elevated them to an equal rank, and gave the command of the armies to younger and more enterprising generals. Amherst, Wolfe, Johnson, and Bradstreet soon turned the tide in favor of the British armies, and achieved the conquest of Canada."

Mr. Usher Parsons remarks that the military service rendered by the four thousand colonists who fought at Louisburg was the rehearsal, as it were, of the more serious drama enacted in the War of Independence. The same old drums that marched into the French fortified town rallied the patriot troops in their march to Bunker's Hill. Pepperrell's batteries were planned by Col. Gridley, who laid out the one where General Warren fell; and when Gage erected his mud breastworks across Boston Neck, the Americans marked sneeringly that they were nothing compared with the stone walls of old Louisburg." The sneer was, no doubt, all the more angry of quality as it was recollected that the Mother Country had been tardy in Louisburg was restored to the French, reimbursing the Colonial Government for its it was, ultimately, again taken by the Engoutlays, and had treated the Colonial troops lish and dismantled. This was a consolation most unjustly with regard to prize-money. to the now active country gentleman, Sir WilTheir chief, however, was not a Cincinnatus, liam, of whom there is something suggestive

66 re

but

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