It must reluctantly be added that the circumstances attending the funeral of King Edward will probably be regarded with some amount of sorrow by loyal Indians. The first British Emperor of all India was carried to his last resting-place without a single adequate representative of his three hundred millions of Indian subjects following behind his coffin. The four orderly officers who walked in the procession through London on May 20 were not, in the eyes of Indians, men of sufficient importance solely to represent the Indian Empire in such a ceremonial. Indians of exalted rank, and one at least of vast influence, were present in London on the day of national mourning, and it is much to be regretted that they were not included in that portion of the final obsequies which took place in the metropolis. Australia, Canada, and New Zealand were thus represented, but only after strong protests had begun to arise in Canada. There seems to have been no one to plead the cause of India, and so she shared with South Africa the fate of being unrepresented upon a great Imperial occasion which had deeply moved her. That she also shared the fate of the great pro-consuls, the great officers of the law, the heads of the Church, and the senior members of the diplomatic and civil executive services, does not make the omission any the less unfortunate. It is no answer to say that "there is no room for the highest officers of State if they have no military or naval standing or definite attachment to the Court." These officers, too, are "King's men," and so are the feudatories of the Crown in India. They symbolize "the might and majesty of the Crown and Empire" just as much as the Army and the Navy. No one who moved freely amid

the throng in London upon that sad Friday could fail to become aware that there was a widespread feeling, unrecorded by the daily press, that the procession did not symbolize the Empire as it should have done, and that most of the great men of the late reign were invisible. Though some of them were present in St. George's Chapel, that part of the ceremony was practically private, and it was on the solemn progress through London that the attention of the Empire was riveted. King and nation alike are conscious of the expanding Imperial destinies of the British Empire, but the Court officials have not yet outgrown the traditions of Pumpernickel. If there was no precedent for such a change, a precedent should have been created. It is not long since there was no recent precedent for burying a King of England in the daytime.

That King George is assured of a continuance of that loyalty which India has offered in the past to the British Crown is beyond question. His Majesty enjoyed great popularity in India during his tour of 1905, and Queen Mary's gracious kindliness and sympathetic interest in Indian affairs left an ineffaceable impression. King George's speech on his return, when he spoke of the need for more sympathy in our relations with the Indian peoples, woke an echo in every Indian heart. His words are everywhere remembered with the deepest gratitude, and with some expectancy. Whether his Majesty will attain the same degree of direct personal influence in India which his revered father exercised so successfully, it is far too early to judge. Very much will depend on the choice of the next Viceroy. To the peoples of India the influence of Cabinets and Ministries count for very little. The Viceroy of India is the King's man, they regard him as the choice of the King, and in their own way they will

take the stamp of man sent out to be an indication of the attitude of their new King-Emperor towards them. The

The National Review.

extreme importance of this point should be carefully remembered in the selection about to be made.

Asiaticus.

Koch was a great man, and his career, typical of the modern age, was of unusual interest in several of its aspects. He was a pioneer in the new science of bacteriology, an inventor of methods, a patient investigator and brilliant discoverer; we are only at the beginning of the changes that the work with which he was associated may bring to the human race, and it requires imagination rather than judgment to predict its future. From the first bacteriology has been international in character, and began with a position that most other sciences have reached only partly and with difficulty. No doubt there have been rivalries and patriotic jealousies, but international co-operation has been extensive: the leaders have been intimate personally or by correspondence, the exchange of students has been constant, and the circulation of literature free. Most striking of all, the newspaper press of the world has taken a keen interest in bacteriology and bacteriologists, displaying its wonderful qualities in characteristic fashion, seizing on novelties with rapacious alertness and confident ignorance, exasperating differences of opinion into disputes, blurring and megaphoning results. In all these aspects of the new science Koch's vivid personality has taken a large place, advancing knowledge and the means of knowledge, inspiring and consorting with his colleagues of all the nations, and emblazoned in the double-leaded headlines of the press.

Koch was in private practice as a country physician when, in 1876, the bacteriological investigations which

had engaged his leisure brought him his first great triumph. The mortality from anthrax amongst sheep and cattle had been a great source of loss to agriculturists, and Koch from the swarm of bacteria that multiply in every culture infected with animal matter succeeded in isolating a special bacillus, growing pure cultures of it, and proving by means of inoculation that it was the active principle of the disease. The identification of a tangible and definite cause was the first step towards the methods of prevention which in every civilized country have led to a wondrous diminution in losses from this disease, and have paved the way for its extermination by concerted international regulations. It raised Koch at once to the front rank of bacteriologists, and the Prussian Government, with a prompt action that any Government might envy, made a place for him in the public sanitary service which enabled him to give all his time to research. Important in itself, the detection of the cause of anthrax was even more important in that it established a criterion of proof for the causation of bacterial diseases. special microbe had to be detected in the diseased body; it had to be grown on an artificial-culture medium; it had to be separated from the microbes associated with it until a pure culture, grown on an absolutely sterile medium and containing only the suspected organism, had been obtained; and, finally, the disease had to be conveyed to a healthy animal by inoculation with the pure culture. For some years Koch devoted himself to the perfection of the

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technical methods by which such results can be obtained, and some of the most useful steps in the modern routine investigation of a disease, such as the replacement of liquid "broths" by solid jellies and the growth of cultures on thin flat plates, are due to him.

A few years later, in 1882, he detected, isolated and succeeded in growing the tubercle bacillus, a piece of work that was technically a more difficult achievement, and that aroused still deeper general interest, as tuberculosis is the greatest plague of the human race. About a year later, having been sent by his Government to investigate Asiatic cholera in Egypt and India, he added to his fame by identifying and isolating the now well-known "comma" bacillus of cholera.

A multitude of conditions are requisite for the establishment of a disease in a living organism, just as qualities of soil, favoring temperature, sunlight and moisture are requisite for the growth of a crop. But in the cases of anthrax, tubercle and cholera it is now finally established that the bacilli discovered by Koch are the fundamental causes, the agents by which infection is conveyed, the specific organisms in the absence of which the diseases do not exist. They are the seeds of the diseases, in the practical and biological significance that grains of barley are the seeds of the barley-crop. Knowledge of the existence of such specific causes of disease is now a common. place, but it is due to Koch's brilliant proof of particular cases, and invention of suitable general methods, that it has come, and it is a knowledge which, translated into practical measures, transforms public hygiene into an exact science and gives a sure hope of the final triumph of the human race over these enemies.

As to his studies of the tubercle bacillus there were two questions of grave

importance, in both of which science was served badly by the press, the exuberant personality of Koch and the exuberant methods of the press acting and reacting upon one another in a completely harmful way. The purveyors to the public assured Koch that he had supplied what the public demanded -immediate, definite and final results of vast practical importance. Koch certainly encouraged them, and went a long way towards believing that he had done what the megaphones assured him he had done. The first matter was the relation of human to bovine tuberculosis. Tubercle is very prevalent amongst domesticated animals, and it had come to be believed that tuberculous meat and milk were a principal source of human infection. In almost every country preventive measures were afoot; the great industries of the farmer, butcher and dairyman were threatened with costly and elaborate restrictions. Suddenly the press resounded with Koch's discovery that human and bovine tuberculosis were distinct; the inference was drawn that human beings could not be infected by tuberculous meat or milk and that human consumption was not communicable to cattle. The threatened trades rejoiced; legislation was arrested, and here and elsewhere costly commissions began long and arduous experiments to investigate Koch's pronouncement. Even now the matter is not finally settled, and the publicity which it has attained has tended to harden the opposing views. It is certain there are types of bacilli characteristic respectively of birds, of bovine animals, and of human beings. These types are more than mere culture-medium effects, the results of growing identical seed in different soils. The bacillus typical of one group does not very readily infect a host of another group, but all three forms have been found in the same animal, intermediate types exist, and ap

parently it is possible for infection to spread from any of the sources.

The second great case of the maleficent action of the press concerned the serum known as tuberculin. Early in 1890 it was announced to the world, no doubt again as the result of the action and inter-action of Koch and the newspaper men, that his investigation of the life-history of the tubercle bacillus had enabled him to prepare a curative serum.

The notoriously hopeful disposition of consumptive patients made the effect of this premature statement disastrous. From every country there came a rush of patients for the new remedy. Never was so bright a dream dreamed by so many with a more pitiful awakening. For Koch's tuberculin did not cure; its effect was negative or even in many cases harmful. And yet it was not the nostrum of a quack or the blind lead of a bungler. It was a preparation of dead tubercle bacilli in a neutral fluid, and it produced a definite reaction when injected into a patient affected by tuberculosis. In a slightly modified form it has come to be of practical utility, not as a curaThe Saturday Review.

tive agency but as a means of diagnosis; and the results of its application are accepted as the standard test for the presence or absence of tubercle in cattle. Moreover, the theory that underlay tuberculin has a definite place in the history of one of the most promising sides of modern medicine: the preparation and application of preventive serums. The greatest curative agency is the resisting power of the living tissues, and these can react to the presence of foreign organisms by a quickened resistance. There is a struggle in the body of the patient between the damaging effects of the microbes of the disease and the power of resistance excited by the presence of these organisms. How if the organisms or products of them could be introduced in such a form that they had lost their power of doing harm and still retained their power of exciting the tissues to resistance? Koch did not succeed with tuberculin, but his work has led to very notable successes by others, and has laid the foundation of a method the results of which afford almost indefinite promise.

A few days afterwards the game began with the familiar opening. Mr. Jameson, without knowing it, being merely a pawn in the game, was moved along two squares to King's fourth in the orthodox way. Lord Bermondsey was breakfasting in his chambers in St. James's Street when his man brought him in his letters, and among them one from Andrew Jameson, solicitor, of Lincoln's Inn Fields, which ran as follows:

My Lord, I am instructed by Miss Violet England, of 34 Blank Street, W. C. to take proceedings against your Lordship for breach of promise to

marry. Before issuing a writ I shall be obliged if your Lordship will intimate whether it is your Lordship's intention to defend the case. I can hardly believe from the letters and evidence that my client has placed before me that your Lordship will wish to take that course. My client has instructed me to demand as damages £10,000, and perhaps the most convenient course will be for your Lordship to give me the name of your solicitors with whom I can negotiate in this matter or who will, if necessary, accept service.

I remain, your Lordship's
Obedient Servant,
Andrew Jameson.

"Hurrah!" shouted Alec. "Capital! I wonder why Circe started on 10,000l. I thought it was to be 5,0001. How ever the game has begun. Now to see what the Pig has to say."

Within an hour he was at 21A Leadenhall Street, the City office of Mutch, Twining & Slack. One of the things that annoyed Lord Bermondsey about the Pig was that he always kept him waiting. True it was that Mr. Slack asked him into his room to wait his guardian's convenience, but Mr. Slack was a conveyancer, with a thin freckled face and red hands, and his conversational powers with a peer were limited to the words "Oh, indeed!" expressive of admiring surprise at Lord Bermondsey's most commonplace commonplaces. This "waiting to come on" always made Alec feel nervous and irritable, and by the time a deferential small boy, with a piece of paper, called for him and carried him like a captive into the presence of the Pig, he felt that he and the Pig had already fought one round with each other and the Pig had come up smiling whilst he was winded. He was the more impatient to-day, for his whole life and happiness depended on the interview that was to come. And the more he tried to keep calm and collected the more nervous and fidgety he grew. At last the inevitable boy came, and away he sped in his wake through dusty channels of law to a green baize door behind which sat his guardian and enemy, the Pig.

"Good morning, my Lord," said the great man, rising deferentially from a mass of papers on his wide table and coming forward to greet him. "Why such an early visit?"

"I've had a very unpleasant letter, sir," said Lord Bermondsey, handing him Jameson's communication and turning away his face as he did so.

Lord Bermondsey was not an artist, and truth was with him an hereditary hobby.

The Pig looked at him curiously, and then sat down and read the letter slowly.

"Andrew Jameson," he said reflectively, “a very honest gentleman. The young lady is in safe hands. Well?" He looked at Lord Bermondsey interrogatively.

Alec was at a loss how to begin. "What am I to do?" he stammered feebly.

"The first thing is, have you promised marriage?"

Lord Bermondsey nodded his head. "Then we can't fight. Of course you are tired of the girl?" he asked, rather contemptuously.

Alec flushed up and half started from his chair, and then, remembering the game, said solemnly, "You may take it from me that it is all over between

us."

"Did she care for you at all?" asked the Pig lightly.

"I believe so," muttered Alec. "Pity," said the Pig sympathetically, "Pity. What sort of a girl is she? One of those fast, sentimental, underbred beauties I suppose."

Alec could have knocked him over, but he contented himself with an earnest and eloquent description of Circe's beauty and discretion, and a noble tribute of praise to the honor and character of her mother. The Pig watched him carefully, and when he had run down took up Jameson's letter and reread it carefully.

"I had better see Jameson, and have a talk with him. If your view of the girl and her mother is correct we shall readily settle. The girl will not want to go into the box, and I should say she will jump at a thousand."

"It isn't enough," said Alec eagerly.

"Not enough!" repeated the Pig. "Not enough. Your Lordship wants it settled as cheaply as possible I suppose."

"I want to do the right thing," said