himself, he protested that, although few things delighted him so much as new discoveries in art or nature, yet he would rather lose half his kingdom than be privy to such a secret; which he commanded me, as I valued my life, never to mention any more.

**

A strange effect of narrow principles and views! that a prince possessed of every quality which procures veneration, love, and esteem; of strong parts, great wisdom, and profound learning, endowed with admirable talents, and almost adored by his subjects, should, from a nice, unnecessary scruple, whereof in Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity put into his hands that would have made him absolute master of the lives, the liberties, and the fortunes of his people. Neither do I say this with the least intention to detract from the many virtues of that excellent king, whose character, I am sensible, will, on this account, be very much lessened in the opinion of an English reader: but I take this defect among them to have arisen from their ignorance, by not having hitherto reduced politics into a science, as the more acute wits of Europe have done. For, I remember very well, in a discourse one day with the king, when I happened to say there were several thousand books among us written upon the art of government, it gave him (directly contrary to my intention) a very mean opinion of our understandings. He professed both to abominate and despise all mystery, refinement, and intrigue, either in a prince or a minister. He could not tell what I meant by secrets of state, where an enemy, or some rival nation, were not in the case. He confined the knowledge of governing within very narrow bounds-to common sense and reason, to justice and lenity, to the speedy determination of civil and criminal causes; with some other obvious topics, which are not worth considering. And he gave it for

• The rejection of this proposition of Gulliver, to make the sovereign of the Brobdingnags absolute over his people by means of physical force, is intended to convey a censure upon the designs attributed to George I. by the Tories, of intending, by means of standing armies, to make himself independent of his people and subvert their liberties. "It is scarcely necessary," observes Dr. Cooke Taylor, "to expose the fallacious reasoning of this passage. Everybody knows that wars have been less sanguinary since the invention of gunpowder than they were before, and that every improvement in the art of destruction has been followed by a saving of human life. Swift, however, knew that the glories of Marlborough's campaigns were the chief source of the popularity of the Whigs; and, as he could not deny the military merits of these victories, he hoped to weaken their influence by declaiming against wars in general." The results of modern warfare are calculated to make us doubt the correctness of the assertion of Dr. Taylor, that wars have been less sanguinary since the invention of gunpowder.

"I have perused many of their books, especially those on history and morality."-Page 161.

his opinion, that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together.*

This aphorism has become celebrated, and is often quoted by statesmen and political economists. It is as wise as it is epigrammatic. To increase the internal resources of a country is the truest means of making it independent, as to strengthen the natural powers of an individual is the best way to make him able to cope with his fellow-men.

The learning of this people is very defective; consisting only of morality, history, poetry, and mathematics, wherein they must be allowed to excel. But the last of these is wholly applied to what may be useful in life, to the improvement of agriculture, and all mechanical arts; so that among us it would be little esteemed. And as to ideas, entities, abstractions, and transcendentals, I could never drive the least conception into their heads.

No law of that country must exceed in words the number of letters in their alphabet, which consists only of two-and-twenty. But, indeed, few of them extend even to that length. They are expressed in the most plain and simple terms, wherein those people are not mercurial enough to discover above one interpretation: and to write a comment upon any law is a capital crime. As to the decision of civil causes, or proceedings against criminals, their precedents are so few, that they have little reason to boast of any extraordinary skill in either.

They have had the art of printing, as well as the Chinese, time out of mind but their libraries are not very large; for that of the king, which is reckoned the largest, does not amount to above a thousand volumes, placed in a gallery of twelve hundred feet long, whence I had liberty to borrow what books I pleased. The queen's joiner had contrived in one of Glumdalclitch's rooms a kind of wooden machine, five-and-twenty feet high, formed like a standing ladder; the steps were each fifty feet long: it was, indeed, a movable pair of stairs, the lowest end placed at ten feet distance from the wall of the chamber. The book I had a mind to read was put up leaning against the wall: I first mounted to the upper step of the ladder, and turning my face towards the book, began at the top of the page, and so walking to the right and left about eight or ten paces, according to the length of the lines, till I had gotten a little below the level of mine eyes, and then descending gradually till I came to the bottom: after which I mounted again, and began the other page in the same manner, and so turned over the leaf, which I could easily do with both my hands, for it was as thick and stiff as pasteboard, and in the largest folios not above eighteen or twenty feet long.

Their style is clear, masculine, and smooth, but not florid; for they avoid nothing more than multiplying unnecessary words, or using various expressions. I have perused many of their books, especially those on history and morality. Among the rest, I was much diverted with a little old treatise, which always lay in Glumdalclitch's bed

21

chamber, and belonged to her governess, a grave elderly gentlewoman, who dealt in morality and devotion. The book treats of the weakness of human kind, and is in little esteem, except among the women and the vulgar. However, I was curious to see what an author of that country could say upon such a subject. This writer went through all the usual topics of European moralists, showing how diminutive, contemptible, and helpless an animal was man in his own nature; how unable to defend himself from the inclemencies of the air, or the fury of wild beasts; how much he was excelled by one creature in strength, by another in speed, by a third in foresight, by a fourth in industry.* He added, that Nature was degenerated in these latter declining ages of the world, and could now produce only small abortive births, in comparison of those in ancient times. He said it was very reasonable to think, not only that the species of men were originally much larger, but also that there must have been giants in former ages † which, as it is asserted by history and tradition, so it has been confirmed by huge bones and skulls, casually dug up in several parts of the kingdom, far exceeding the common dwindled race of men in our days. He argued that the very laws of Nature absolutely required we should have been made, in the beginning, of a size more large and robust; not so liable to destruction from every little accident, of a tile falling from a house, or a stone cast from the hand of a boy, or being drowned in a little brook. From this way of reasoning, the author drew several moral applications, useful in the conduct of life, but needless here to repeat. For my own part, I could not avoid reflecting how universally this talent was spread, of drawing lectures in morality, or indeed rather matter of discontent and repining, from the quarrels we raise with Nature. And I believe, upon a strict inquiry, those quarrels might be shown as ill-grounded among us as they are among that people.‡

Lord Orrery remarks that this chapter of the "Voyage to Brobdingnag" contains such sarcasms on the structure of the human body as too plainly shows us that the author was unwilling to lose any opportunity of debasing or ridiculing his own species.

† We have already referred to the theories entertained by different nations in regard to the earlier races of man being of a stature much greater than their descendants. The argument used by Swift, drawn from the bones and skulls which have from time to time been dug up, has been proved to be fallacious, as these bones were ascertained not to be the bones of men.

"The author's zeal," says Dr. Hawkesworth, commenting on this passage, "to justify Providence, has before been remarked; and these quarrels with Nature, or, in other words, with God, could not have been more forcibly reproved than by showing that the complaints

As to their military affairs, they boast that the king's army consists of a hundred and seventy-six thousand foot, and thirty-two thousand horse; if that may be called an army, which is made up of tradesmen in the several cities, and farmers in the country, whose commanders are only the nobility or gentry, without pay or reward. They are indeed perfect enough in their exercises, and under very good discipline, wherein I saw no great merit; for how should it be otherwise, where every farmer is under the command of his own landlord, and every citizen under that of the principal men in his own city, chosen, after the manner of Venice, by ballot?

I have often seen the militia of Lorbrulgrud drawn out to exercise, in a great field near the city, of twenty miles square. They were in all not above twenty-five thousand foot, and six thousand horse; but it was impossible for me to compute their number, considering the space of ground they took up. A cavalier, mounted on a large steed, might be about ninety feet high. I have seen this whole body of horse, upon the word of command, draw their swords at once, and brandish them in the air. Imagination can picture nothing so grand, so surprising, and so astonishing; it looked as if ten thousand flashes of lightning were darting at the same time from every quarter of the sky.

I was curious to know how this prince, to whose dominions there is no access from any other country, came to think of armies, or to teach his people the practice of military discipline. But I was soon informed, both by conversation and reading their histories; for in the course of many ages, they have been troubled with the same disease to which the whole race of mankind is subject; the nobility often contending for power, the people for liberty, and the king for absolute dominion :* all

upon which they are founded would be equally spècious among beings of such astonishing superiority of stature and strength." In quoting these remarks, Sir Walter Scott says:-"To this note of Dr. Hawkesworth it may be added that the excellent and judicious remarks in the text ought to have influenced the author himself, when drawing his detestable Yahoo picture." To the reflections of both these commentators let us add, that the misanthropic spirit and disappointed hopes of Swift often led him to repine against Nature, and draw false conclusions in relation to mankind, which his better judgment would have led him to disavow.

* Swift here again exhibits his dislike and jealousy of the maintenance of a standing army, than which, it must be owned, nothing could be more repugnant to the national prejudices of the times. The Tories were unanimous in their protestations against it, both in and out of Parliament; and though their opposition may be, in part, set down to a factious spirit against the Whigs, it arose, no doubt, in a great measure, from their strong attachment to the ancient usages and principles of the Constitution. Nor can it be denied that the most disinterested and zealous lovers of liberty, during the reign of the first and second of the Hanoverian sovereigns, submitted with great suspicion and reluctance to what they considered a very