like all his successors; but he did something to brag of. As a soldier, he commanded success by the promptitude and vigour of his movements. "The wisdom of his councils," says Major Symes, speaking of his civil government, "secured what his valour had acquired: he reformed the Rhooms, or courts of justice; he abridged the power of the magistrates, and forbade them to decide at their private houses on criminal causes, or property where the amount exceeded a certain sum: every process of importance was decided in public, and every decree registered." (Symes, Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in the Year 1795; Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China.) W. W. ALONSO. [ALFONSO.] ALONSO DE LOS RIOS, PEDRO, a Spanish sculptor, born at Valladolid in 1650. He was first instructed in his art by his father, Francesco Alonso, at Valladolid; he afterwards established himself at Madrid, where he acquired a considerable reputation. There are several of his works in various churches of Madrid. He died in 1700. (Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.) R. N. W. ALOPA, LAURENTIUS DE, the son of Franciscus de Alopa, and therefore commonly called Laurentius Francisci de Alopa, was a native of Venice, and born about the middle of the fifteenth century. He is known only as a printer at Florence, but, like most of the printers of his time, he was a man of learning, and well versed in the Greek and Latin languages. Panzer, in his list of Florence printers, mentions Laurentius Venetus, Laurentius Francisci de Alopa, and Laurentius Francisci de Venetiis; but there is no doubt that these three descriptions refer to the same person. In the absence of contemporary notices it is hardly possible to ascertain to what extent he carried on his business, but the first accredited production of his press, Ficinus's Latin version of the works of Plato, is assigned by Panzer to the year 1484; and the poems of Girolamo Benivieni, printed by him in conjunction with Antonio Tubini and Andrea Ghyr de Pistoja, appeared in 1500. Panzer enumerates another edition of Ficinus's version of Plato, to which no date can be assigned, and places Dionysius Areopagita, De Mystica Theologia, under the year 1492. In 1496 he printed the Commentary of Ficinus upon Plato. But the works upon which his reputation mainly rests, and which certainly place him in the first class of Greek printers, are the five following:- -The first edition of the Greek Anthology, by Planudes, or, according to Lascaris, by Agathias, the Greek poet and historian; the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius; the Gnome Monostichoi and Musæus, printed together; the Medea, Hippolytus, Alcestis, and Andromache of Euripides, and the Hymns of Callimachus, the text of each of which is printed | 66 entirely in beautiful Greek capitals. There are fine copies of each of the capital books in the British Museum. The Anthologia is on vellum. The Anthologia is supposed to have been the first of the capital books, and has the following colophon: Impressum Florentiæ per Laurentium Francisci de Alopa Venetum III Idus Augusti, MCCCCLXXXXIIII." The last seven leaves contain a Greek epigram by Joannes Lascaris, and an epistle addressed by him to Peter de Medicis. Copies with these seven leaves are rarely to be met with, and this circumstance has led some bibliographers to describe the book as printed without name or date, and others to speak of two editions. There is however but one edition; the mutilation is thus accounted for by Mr. Roscoe at No. 871. of the catalogue of his library printed at Liverpool in 1816. The Anthology was published in August of 1494; in the following month the French under Charles VIII. having entered Italy, Peter was speedily driven out of Florence, and the editor or publisher of the Anthologia probably suppressed the epistle from the copies remaining unsold, as likely, from the circumstance of its being addressed to Peter, to prove offensive to the conquerors. Maittaire, in his "Annales Typographici," vol. i. p. 270-283., first edition, has given a reprint of these seven leaves, word for word, and line for line. It appears from this epistle, that the idea of printing in capitals originated with Lascaris himself, who occupies nearly twelve pages in proving the antiquity and authenticity of the form of letter which he has adopted, and its advantages over the characters then in use, which he truly describes as perplexed and confused, His capitals, as he states, were copied from ancient coins and inscriptions, and are the same as those in use at the present day in Greek books. The Apollonius was printed in 1496, and bears the date and place of printing, but not the name of the printer. In the royal library at Paris there is a copy of this work with the date of 1498. The remaining three bear no imprint. These works were all revised by Lascaris. Porson was so much pleased with the correctness of the text of the Medea that he gave a collation of it in his edition of the Medea published at Cambridge in 1801. His reasons, as he states in his Latin preface, for giving this minute collation, are, the great scarcity of the work, and its high price. Dr. Cotton, in his Typographical Gazetteer, p. 97., attributes to Alopa, with much probability, the first Greek edition of Lucian, printed in 1496, which has been by many assigned to the Juntæ. The type of this edition corresponds exactly with the small type used for the Commentary on the Apollonius Rhodius, and the Scholia to the Callimachus mentioned above, while that of the Proverbs of Zenobius, printed by the Juntæ in 1497, is totally different, being the a Russian diplomatist, was born on the 21st of January, 1748, at Wiborg in Finland, where his father was archdeacon. After studying first at Abo and afterwards at Göttingen, he relinquished the design of entering the church, for which he had been intended, and entered on a diplomatic career under the patronage of Count Panin, who had taken notice of Alopæus when Russian ambassador at Stockholm, and now, as chancellor of the empire, nominated him director of the chancery. In 1790, after discharging some minor diplomatic missions, Alopæus was appointed by the Empress Catherine II. minister plenipotentiary to the court of Prussia, where he obtained a great ascendancy over the king, Frederick William II. He accompanied him in his unsuccessful invasion of France in 1792, and remained at head quarters till the retreat was resolved on. When Prussia abandoned the coalition by the treaty of Basil in 1795, Alopæus presented strong remonstrances against the measure, and in the following year retired from that court with the title of councillor of state. After acting for some time as envoy to the circle of Lower Saxony, he returned to Berlin in 1802, and resided there as ambassador up to and after the rupture with France in 1806, exercising considerable influence in the councils of Prussia. At the time of the treaty of Tilsit he was at London in the capacity of envoy extraordi same as that used for the celebrated Florence Homer of 1488. The time of Alopa's death is not known, but no work is authenticated as printed by him later than the year 1500. (Panzer, Annales Typographici, i. 419-435. v. 474.; Peignot, Dictionnaire Raisonné de Bibliologie, i. 13.; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliographicum Scriptorum Græcorum, i. 167. 213. 463.; ii. 202.; iii. 104. 299. 323.; Maittaire, Annales Typographici, i. 101-105.) J. W. J. ALOPÆUS, DAVID, the younger brother of Maxim, was born at Wiborg in 1769, was educated at the military academy at Stuttgard, and was introduced to the diplomatic career by his brother. In 1809 he was the ambassador of Russia at the court of Sweden, at the time when Russia demanded of Gustavus IV. to accede to the continental system [ALEXANDER PAVLOVICH, emperor of Russia], with the threat, in case of his hoped-for refusal, to deprive him of Finland. When, towards the close of the year, the Russian army entered Finland without a declaration of war, Gustavus ordered the seizure of some despatches which were on their way to the Russian ambassador; and finding in them a confirmation of his suspicions that Alopaus was tampering with the Swedish army, placed him under arrest, with the whole of his establishment. The whole of the diplomatic body at Stockholm remonstrated against this proceeding as an infringe-nary from his government, and unsuccessment of the law of nations; but Gustavus replied that the privileges enjoyed by ambassadors were contingent upon their acting with good faith, and rejected their mediation. Alopæus was kept in confinement for about three months, and, it is said, treated with some harshness. Alexander, in the mean while, judiciously courted popularity with the diplomatic body by dismissing the Swedish ambassador with marked forbearance and ceremony. Alopæus was soon set at liberty by the revolution in Sweden, and afterwards received from Alexander the commission to compliment the new king, Charles XIII. He was also named chamberlain and member of the private council, a knight of the order of St. Anne and a count, and presented with an estate of five thousand rubles revenue. In 1809 he signed the treaty of alliance between Sweden and Russia. In the war of 1813 he was commissary general of the allied armies, and in 1815 he was temporary governor of Lorraine for Russia, in which office he distinguished himself for moderation. He was shortly afterwards named minister plenipotentiary of Russia at the court of Berlin, where he became distinguished as a patron of art. He died in that city on the 13th of June, 1831. (Article by Michaud, jeune, in Biographie Universelle, lvi. 240, &c.; Historical Sketch of the last Years of Gustavus IV., translated from the Swedish, p. 96.) T. W. ALOPEUS, MAXIM MAXIMOVICH, fully endeavoured to induce the English ALOS, JOHANNES, was a physician at Barcelona in the latter part of the seventeenth century. In 1664 he was professor of anatomy and pharmacy, and in 1694 chief professor of medicine, in the academy of that town. He wrote the following works :1. "Diss. de Vipereis Trochiscis ad magnam Senioris Andromachi Theriacam rite cum Pane parandis per quartam juxta Mentem Galeni," 4to. Barcelona, 1664. 2. "Criticum Apologium adversus Stateram Jatricam Michaelis Villar," Barcelona, 1665. 3. "Phar macopoeia Catalana," folio, Barcelona, 1686. 4. "Disq. de Corde Hominis Physiologica et Anatomica," 4to. Barcelona, 1694. The first of these works is omitted in all the medical bibliographies. It is a dissertation on a question which at the time was thought of great practical importance, and was warmly discussed among the pharmacopolists throughout Spain, Italy, and France, namely, what proportions of bread Galen had ordered, in the eighth chapter of his first book on antidotes, to be used in making the trochisci (lozenges or pastilles) of viper's flesh, which was one of the ingredients of the Theriaca of Andromachus. The chief point of doubt was whether, in saying that he put in a fourth part (TéraρTOV) of bread, Galen meant one part to three, or one part to four, of viper's flesh. Alos maintained the latter. The last of his works, on the heart, is the most important. It is a clearly written account of the structure of the heart, as far as it was at that time known, and of the doctrine of the circulation. The most interesting chapters are the twenty-second, in which Alos endeavours to show that the admission of a circulation of the blood would not materially interfere with the methods of treatment then in use; and the twenty-third and twentyfourth, in which he speaks of the transfusion of blood and other fluids into the veins, a practice which was at that time much discussed, and from which the greatest benefits were anticipated. (Haller, Bibliotheca Medicina Practica, t. ii.; Alos's Works.) J. P. ALOUD or ALAND, bailiff of South Holland, the highest officer in that province, at the close of the thirteenth century, is memorable from his fate, which shows how strenuous the cities of Holland were even at that period in defence of their rights and privileges. The bailiff of South Holland was at that time appointed by the inhabitants of Dordrecht, but in the year 1299 Aloud, on proceeding to hold a criminal court there, was told by the magistrates that no one but themselves had a right to hold a court in their jurisdiction, and he was only admitted to take a share in the judicial proceedings on taking an oath that this concession should not prejudice the privileges of the city of Dordrecht. At that time Wolfaard van Borsselen, a proud and high-spirited nobleman, was the favourite and chief adviser of the Count of Holland, John I., a youth of eighteen. While the session was still being held, he appeared at Dordrecht in company with the count, and demanded that the prisoners should be given into his hands. Wagenaar, Alkemade, Huydecoper, and other Dutch antiquaries are of opinion that the Dordrechters were in the right; Bilderdyk adopts the opposite side with vehemence. A deputation of the citizens summoned before the count to Delft alleged the oath taken by Aloud as an admission of their right to exclude him. Aloud repelled the assertion, called them liars, and challenged them to a decision by combat, which they declined. Some of the deputies of Dordrecht, in dread of Van Borsselen, left Delft without apprising the count or obtaining his permission, and the affair was driven to extremes. Van Borsselen, assisted by Aloud, besieged Dordrecht: the citizens not only succeeded in repelling the attack, but assailed the castle of Slijdrecht, in which Aloud was garrisoned. Van Borsselen, leaving the siege with the count to procure further assistance, was seized and murdered by the populace at Delft, on the 1st of August, 1299; and the news of his death no sooner reached Dordrecht, than the city sallied forth against Aloud, who was then at Kraaijestein, and forced him to an unconditional surrender. As he entered the gates of Dordrecht, the mob rushed upon him, and he and five of his companions, noblemen of his party, were torn to pieces. In the following year the Count of Holland granted to his "well-beloved and faithful syndics of Dordrecht," (onzen lieuen ende getrouwen Schepenen van Dordrecht) a complete pardon for the deed. (Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche Historie, iii. 124, &c.; Bilderdyk, Geschiedenis des Vaderlands, ii. 290, &c.; Kok, Vaderlandsch Woordenboek, ii. 422-425.) T. W. ALOY'SIUS, an architect, respecting whom nothing further can now be ascertained than that he was in the service of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, and consequently must have lived about the end of the fourth century of our æra. He appears to have been employed by that prince to restore some of the dilapidated buildings at Rome, chiefly baths and aqueducts. There is an epistle of Cassiodorus to this effect, addressed to Aloysius in the name of Theodoric, expressing the emperor's anxiety to have the principal edifices of antiquity preserved and repaired; but while it contains a great deal of rhetorical flourish, and not a few puerilities, it gives no positive information. It is not known what buildings, if any, were designed by Aloysius himself. (Milizia, Vite, &c.) W. H. L. ALOY'SIUS, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, an ecclesiastic and musical composer of Bologna, born at the end of the sixteenth century, published the following works: 1. "Cœlum Harmonicum. Venezia, 1628." 2. "Contextus Musicus: Motetti a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 voc." 3. Cœlestis Parnassus: Motetti e Canzonetti a 2, 3, 4 voc." 4. "Vellus aureum. Latinie a 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 voc." 5. Motetta Festorum totius anni, a 4 voc. Milano, 1587." 6. "Corona Stellarum. Venezia, 1637." E. T. ALPA'GO, ANDREA, an Italian physician who was living at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He was a native of Belluno, and has hence been called by some Andrea Bellunese. He is also sometimes styled Bongajo or Mongajo, in consequence of his having been descended from the ancient family of Bongaja. Colomesio, in his "Italia Orientalis," entitles him Andreas Mongajus Alpagus. About this time the doctrines of the Arabian physicians were commonly taught in the Italian schools, and the works of Avicenna were held in high reputation. In his eagerness to become more fully acquainted with these works, and to read them in their original tongue, Alpago was induced to travel into the East, and spent much time in obtaining a knowledge of the Arabian language. He went to Cyprus and Egypt, and he is said to have remained thirty years in the East, making his principal residence at Damascus. On his return to Italy, he was presented with a chair of medicine in the school at Padua; he died suddenly a few months after his appointment. The labours of Alpago were principally directed to the works of Avicenna and other Arabian physicians, many of which he translated into Latin, as appears from the following list of his publications:- 1. "Johannis Serapionis Practica dicta, Interprete Andrea Alpago. Lugduni, 1525, 4to.; Venet. 1550, fol." 2. "Avicennæ Liber Canonis, de Medicinis cordialibus, et Cantica, jam olim quidam a Gerhardo Cremonensi ex Arabico Sermone in Latinum conversa; postea vero ab Andr. Alpago infinitis prope Correctionibus... et Indice decorata. Venet. 1544, 1546, 1555, 1595, and 1608," Tom. II. fol.; to which were added some other treatises of Avicenna, translated into Latin by Alpago, as "De removendis Nocumentis," and "De Syrupo acetoso." 3. "Averrois Libri VII. Cantica item Avicennæ, cum ejusdem Averrois Commentariis et Tractatu de Theriaca, ab Armegando Blasio ex Arabica in Latinum translatis, et ab Andr. Bellunense castigatis. Venet. 1552," fol. 4. "Glossarium Nominum Arabicorum ex Avicenna, aliaque Miscellanea Arabica," 12mo. 5. "Embitaris Tractatus de Limonibus, ab Andr. Alpago Latinitate donatus. Parisiis, 1602," 4to. In the preface to his "Avicenna Liber Canonis," he states that he had translated from Arabic into Latin a history of the lives of Arabian and Greek physicians and philosophers. He is also said by Ciacconius in his "Bibliotheca" to have translated into Latin the following treatises of Avicenna and other Arabian physicians: :- "De Venenis," "De Medicinis Principum non horribilibus," "De Lapidibus pretiosis." It appears that these were left in manuscript in the possession of his nephew, Paolo Alpago, who accompanied him in his travels, and it is not certain that they were ever published. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.). G. M. H. ALPAÏDE or ALPÁÏS, concubine of Pepin L'Heristal, duke of Austrasia and mayor of the palace to Thierri II., king of France. She was mother of Charles Martel, who succeeded to the power and honours of his father Pepin. St. Lambert, bishop of Maestricht, having rebuked Pepin for his connexion with Alpaïde, whom he had taken during the life of Plectrude, his lawful wife, is said by some writers to have been killed on that account by Alpaïde's brother, Dodon (A. D. 698). Godescalc, who wrote in the eighth century a life of St. Lambert, assigns another reason for his death, of which however he represents Dodon as the perpetrator; but it is not clear that he was the brother of Alpaïde. (Chroniques de St. Denis, liv. v. chap. xxiv.; Sigebertus Gemblacensis, Chronicon; notes to the extract from Vita Sti. Landebertia Godescalco scripta, in Bouquet Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France, iii. 597.; Bayle, Dictionnaire.) J. C. M. ALPALA'S, R. MOSES ( ), who is also called Alpeles, and by Plantavitius Ilpeles, a Levantine rabbi and preacher of Saloniki, who was living towards the end of the sixteenth century. His works are -- 1. "Hoil Moshe" ("Moses began") (Deut. i. 5.), a work divided into two parts, of which the First, in thirteen chapters, treats of the excellence of the Mosaic law and its divine perfection, and proceeds to prove that there is nothing in it which can appear superfluous to any man. Part II. is a treatise on the rite of circumcision, in which the excellence and dignity of that ordinance is maintained: it is divided into seven chapters, and has its own separate title, which is "Ba-Gad" ("A troop cometh ") (Gen. xxx. 11.). This title has a peculiar reference to the text from which it is borrowed. Gad was the seventh son of the patriarch Jacob; and when Leah saw that her maid Zilpah had borne a son, she exclaimed," Ba Gad!" According to the Hebrew numeration, “Gad” (7") is equal to the number seven; wherefore the author, having divided this part of his work into seven chapters, chose, as he himself says in his preface, this characteristic title to head his "troop" of seven chapters in praise of circumcision. Plantavitius, mistaking the letter in the word Gad for, calls this second part "Ba Ger" ("A stranger comes"), and Hyde, in his Bodleian Catalogue, has fallen into the same error. The "Hoil Moshe was printed at Venice by Daniel Zanetti, revised and corrected by R. Samuel aben Dejesus, A. M. 5357 (A. D. 1597), 4to. 2. "Vajackel Moshe" ("And Moses gathered together") (Exod. xxxv. 1.). This work consists of twenty-five discourses preached by the author in the synagogues of Saloniki and elsewhere; it was also printed at Venice by Daniel Zanetti, corrected by R. Samuel aben Dejesus, A. M. 5357 (A. D. 1597), 4to. At the end of the volume are copious indices of" Maamarim" or sentences of the ancient rabbis, and of the texts of scripture quoted in the work. Plantavitius, and after him Bartolocci, have erroneously | | Alp-Arslán was occupied in the Caucasian countries. He laid siege to the famous convent of Mariám-Nishin (the abode of Maria), which is situated in the middle of a lake, and which was considered an impregnable fortress. But its walls were broken by an earthquake, and before the garrison had recovered from their consternation, Alp-Arslán crossed the lake on boats, and took the ruined convent by storm. The fall of Mariám-Nishin was followed by the conquest of the province of Gurgistán. The various chances of the Greek war obliged Alp-Arslán to turn his arms against Romanus Diogenes, who took the field with a powerful army. After a long struggle the Turks were at last compelled to retire beyond the Euphrates, and even there they were pursued by the Greek emperor, who took Malaskerd, a strong fortress between Wan and Erzerúm. Alp-Arslán, who was encamped at some distance, approached by rapid marches at the head of 40,000 horse (Herbelot says 12,000). Romanus Diogenes had 100,000 men under his command (Elmacin says 300,000 men); but his authority was checked by the mutiny of his Frankish mercenaries, commanded by one Ursel or Russel Baliol, a kinsman of the Scotch kings, and his army was weakened by the desertion of a strong body of Uzes, a Turkish tribe that passed over to their brethren the Seljuks. Alp-Arslán resolved to attack his enemy, dressed himself in white clothes perfumed with musk, and swore that if he were vanquished, that spot should be the place of his burial. The battle took place in the month of August, 1071 (A. H. 464). Notwithstanding their immense superiority, the Greeks were entirely defeated, and the emperor Romanus Diogenes was made prisoner by Shádi, a Turkish slave. In the morning after the battle the royal captive was presented to Alp-Arslan, who is said to have planted his foot on the neck of the emperor. If this is true, it was a mere oriental ceremony, for Alp-Arslán treated his captive with kindness and generosity. The sultan having asked him what treatment he expected to receive, "If you are cruel," answered the emperor, you will take my life; if you are haughty, you will drag me at your chariot wheels; but if you consult your interest, you will accept a ransom and restore me to liberty." "And what treatment," replied 66 the sultan, "should I have received from you if I had fallen into your hands?" "Had I vanquished," said the emperor, "I would have inflicted on your body many a stripe." Alp-Arslán showed no indignation at this insolent answer; and he dictated the conditions of his ransom. Romanus Diogenes obtained his liberty for one million pieces of gold, and an annual tribute of 360,000 pieces of gold; and he promised to restore all his Mohammedan captives to liberty. Only part of this ransom was paid, and no |