In 1662, Allen was appointed commodore and commander-in-chief of all the ships and vessels in the Downs; and in 1664, commodore and commander-in-chief (succeeding admiral Sir John Lawson) of the fleet in the Mediterranean, which had been sent to punish and bring to terms the Algerine pirates. He concluded a peace with Algiers. (Pepys' Diary, vol. ii. p. 229.) Shortly after, war having just been proclaimed against the Dutch, Allen, in December 1664, fell in with a Dutch fleet of from thirty to forty merchantmen homeward bound, laden, from Smyrna, under the convoy of four men-ofwar, off the Straits of Gibraltar. With only eight ships he immediately attacked this superior force, and gained a complete victory. The Dutch commodore, Bräckel, was killed; two richly-freighted merchantmen, one of them, the King Salaman, Pepys says, 66 worth 150,000l. or more, some say 200,000l.," sunk, and three or four others taken; the rest took refuge in the Bay of Cadiz. Pepys gives an account of this engagement, derived from Allen's despatch to the Duke of York. "Captain Allen, before he would fire one gun, came within pistol-shot of the enemy. Spaniards at Cales (Cadiz) did stand laughing at the Dutch, to see them run away and flee to the shore, thirty-four or thereabouts against eight Englishmen at most." (Diary, vol. ii. p. 243.) This was the first engagement of the first Dutch war; and the news of this victory came close upon the news of the loss of two of the ships under Captain Allen, by running aground in the Bay of Gibraltar. Pepys records this misfortune on the 11th of January, 1665, saying, as he records it, "that a Dutch fleet are gone thither, and if they should meet with our lame ships, God knows what would become of them: this I reckon most sad news;" (Ibid. p. 239.) and on the 23d of the same month he records the victory. Denham, in his "Directions to a Painter concerning the Dutch War," written in ridicule of Waller's encomiastic poem of the same name, is silent on the victory, and vocal on the misfortune:

The

"First in fit distance of their prospect main, Paint Allen tilting on the coast of Spain; Heroic act and never heard till now, Stemming of Herc'les' pillars with the prow! And how he left his ship the hills to waft, And with new sea-marks Cales and Dover graft." Allen returned to England in time to have a part in the victory obtained over the Dutch

the English fleet under the command of the Duke of York. (Life of James II., edited by the Rev. J. S. Clarke, vol. i. p. 410.) He was afterwards knighted. He was appointed, in July, rear-admiral, or admiral of the blue squadron, of the fleet placed under Lord Sandwich's command, (Pepys' Diary, vol. ii. p. 287.; Burchet's Complete History, &c. p.398.) and shifted his flag from the Plymouth, which he had commanded in the Mediterranean and in the Duke of York's action, to the Old James. In the subsequent year Allen was viceadmiral, or admiral of the white squadron, of the fleet commanded by the Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert, and hoisted his flag on board the Royal James. On an alarm of the French fleet coming up the Channel to join the Dutch, about thirty ships under Prince Rupert and Sir Thomas Allen were sent westward to stop them; and the Duke of Albemarle remained in the Downs with the remaining ships, under sixty in number. Going from the Downs to the Gunfleet, an anchorage near Harwich, on the 1st of June, with this portion of his fleet, Albemarle descried the Dutch, ninety in number, commanded by their famous admiral De Ruyter, and prepared to attack them. The fight was long and dubious: on the second and third days victory inclined to the Dutch; when, on the evening of the third day, as the English fleet was flying from the Dutch chasing it, Prince Rupert's and Allen's squadron was suddenly descried, and, despite the efforts of De Ruyter, effected a junction with Albemarle. The next morning the two fleets again met, and, after several hours' severe fighting, parted, each claiming the victory. Another action, of more decisive result, took place on the 25th of July, when Sir Thomas Allen, commanding the white squadron in the van of the English fleet, made a fierce attack on the Dutch admiral, Evertzen, who led the Zealand and Friesland squadrons. These squadrons were entirely defeated, Evertzen with both his vice and rear-admiral killed, and two ships taken. (Charnock's Biographia Navalis, vol. i. p. 5.) This victory and the doubtful action which preceded it are both finely told, though with more regard for effect than historical truth, in Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis." Allen is mentioned in the enumeration of the officers of the fleet:

"Old expert Allen, loyal all along,

Famed for his action on the Smyrna fleet." On the 24th of November, 1666, Allen was elected an elder brother of the Trinity House. Pepys commemorates the dinner given on the occasion (vol. iii. p. 91.) In 1671, he succeeded the Earl of Craven as master of the corporation. (Evelyn's Diary, vol ii. p. 344.)

In 1668, Allen was sent in command of a

squadron to the Mediterranean, for the purpose of again bringing the Algerines to terms. Having made a treaty with them, he returned to England in the spring of the next year; but he had hardly passed the Straits when they returned to their depredations, and in July, 1669, he was again despatched to Algiers to enforce the observance of the treaty. He set sail from Plymouth on the 22d of July, with eighteen men-of-war, besides fireships and other vessels, making in all twentynine sail; and appearing off Algiers on the 6th of August, proceeded to chastise the pirates by destroying a number of their corsairs. He remained in the Mediterranean, acting in concert with a Dutch squadron, till the summer of the next year, 1670, when he was recalled at his own request, and succeeded by Sir Edward Spragge. An official account of a success obtained over the pirates by the joint squadrons of Sir Thomas Allen and the Dutch admiral Van Ghent in the early part of the year, 1670, is contained in a small pamphlet, of which there is a copy in the British Museum, entitled "A true Relation of the Victory and happy Success of a Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet in the Mediterranean against the Pyrates of Algiers, taken as well out of Letters from Sir Thomas Allen, His Majesty's Admiral in those Seas, and from Sir William Godolphin, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of Spain, as also from a Relation made by Herr Von Ghent, the Admiral of the Dutch Fleet, who assisted in that Action."

After his return to England, Sir Thomas Allen was appointed comptroller of the navy, which situation he held for several years. In 1678, on the expectation of a war with France, he was appointed commander-in-chief of His Majesty's fleet in the narrow seas, and hoisted his flag on board the New Royal James, the ship of the same name which he had before commanded having been one of those burnt by the Dutch in the Thames in 1667. But no war took place, and he soon returned from sea to pass the remainder of his days in retirement at Somerly in Suffolk, where he had purchased a seat. The year of his death is unknown.

The imputation on Allen's courage in his early days, recorded by Pepys, has been mentioned. There is another passage in Pepys, in which "cowardice and ill government" are imputed to him during his first command in the Mediterranean, in 1664-5 (vol. iv. p. 80.); but the action with the Dutch Smyrna fleet would alone appear a sufficient answer to the charge of cowardice. The preceding account of his career shows that he was constantly employed on difficult and delicate services. Pepys, in another place, after mentioning an interview with Sir Thomas Allen on business, says of him, that he "in serious matters is a serious man." (vol. iv. p. 148.) (Charnock's Biographia Navalis, i. 4.; Granger's Bio

graphical History of England, iii. 387. ed. 1804; Pepys' Diary, locc. citt.; Burchet's Complete History of the most remarkable Transactions at Sea, &c. pp. 398-400.; Coke's Detection of the Court and State of England, ii. 142-148.) W. D. C.

ALLEN, REV. THOMAS, who for forty years was rector of Kettering in Northamptonshire, was born at Oxford in 1682, entered Wadham college in 1699, took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1703, and in February, 1705-6, was instituted to the vicarage of Irchester, Northamptonshire, which he resigned in 1715, on being presented with the rectory of Kettering, although it was a benefice of less value than that which he relinquished. In 1720 he succeeded in obtaining an augmentation to the small income of his living from the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty; and in the following year, on the resignation of his predecessor, was appointed master of the free grammarschool at Kettering. For many years he was engaged in efforts, which ultimately proved successful, to free the living from the burden of two long leases of the rectorial house and tithes, which had been granted to the patrons in the reign of Elizabeth, and which had not been relinquished when the term expired. It was Allen's practice to have morning and evening prayers read daily in his church; and while performing this service on the evening of the 31st of May, 1755, he died suddenly, in the seventyfourth year of his age.

During his residence at Kettering, Allen wrote several works, of which the following were printed : -1. "The Practice of a holy Life; or, the Christian's daily Exercise, in Meditations, Prayers, and Rules for holy Living, fitted to the Capacity of the meanest devout Reader." 8vo. 1716. 2. "The Christian's sure Guide to eternal Glory," &c. 1733. Watt, in his "Bibliotheca Britannica," observes that this and the preceding work were translated into the Russian language. 3. In the collection of George III., now in the British Museum, is a pamphlet attributed to Allen, of which neither Nichols nor Watt take notice; it is entitled "An Apology for the Church of England, and Vindication of her learned Clergy; or, the Clergyman's free Gift to Mr. Worlston," and was published in 1725. 4. "A Sermon preached in the Chapel at Newgate before the twentyone Criminals condemned last Sessions," on Rom. x. 9, 10. It was preached December, 16. 1744, and printed in the same year.

5.

"A Proposal for a free and unexpensive Election of Parliament Men; humbly submitted to the consideration of the Legislature and of the Freeholders of England." This pamphlet, to which is appended" The Freeholder's Warning-piece," and Archbishop Wake's "Caution against False Swearing," was published, according to Watt, in 1752, but

lished at Lincoln, in 1834, in two quarto volumes. About one half of the book is by Allen. He also published a small volume called "The Panorama of London," intended as a guide-book for visitors, and a "Guide to the Zoological Gardens and Museum;" and he was a contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine. Allen died suddenly, of cholera, on the 20th of July, 1833. (Gentleman's Magazine for July, 1833.)

"A verse may find him who a sermon flies, And turn delight into a sacrifice." (Herbert's Church-porch.) Allen left in manuscript a second part of this poem, of which the unusually long title is given at length by Nichols, who also mentions several other works written or projected by him, which appear not to have been published. Edmund, Allen's only son, was a printer in Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London, and, observes Nichols, "the next-door neighbour and intimate friend of Dr. Johnson." (Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, iii. 789-800.)

66

J. T. S. ALLEN, THOMAS, a topographical writer, draughtsman, and engraver, was born about the year 1803, and was the son of a map engraver. At an early age he commenced his literary career by writing The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Lambeth and the Archiepiscopal Palace," which was published in 1827. It forms a quarto volume, and is illustrated by many engravings, the greater part of which were both drawn and etched by Allen himself. Most of his subsequent works were produced in periodical parts or numbers; a mode of publication which prevented his attainment, in some instances, of the accuracy which he desired, although they are such as do credit to their author as an industrious compiler. In 1827 and 1828 appeared in this manner his " History and Antiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and parts adjacent," in four octavo volumes, illustrated with engravings on copper and wood; many of the former by Allen's own hand. This was followed by A new and complete History of the County of York," in three volumes quarto, commenced in 1828, and completed in 1831. It is illustrated by engravings on steel from drawings by Whittock. In 1829 and 1830 Allen published a " History of the Counties of Surrey and Sussex," forming two large octavo volumes, with engravings on steel, principally from drawings by Whittock. In 1830 he commenced, for a publisher at Leeds, a "History of the County of Lincoln," in quarto, illustrated by views engraved from drawings by himself; but he did not live to complete this work, which was, after some

J. T. S.

ALLEN, THOMAS. [CANOT, P. C.] ALLEN, WILLIAM, whose name is also written Alan and Alleyn, and who is generally known by the name of Cardinal Allen, was born in 1532 at Rossall in Lancashire. He was descended from a respectable Staffordshire family; his grandfather had migrated from Staffordshire and settled at Rossall, where an uncle, who was abbot of Delawise, put him in some lands belonging to this monastery. (Wood's Athen. Oxon. vol. i. col. 615.) Allen's biographer, Fitzherbert, says that he was of a good family, and well connected. (Epitome Vitæ Card. Alani, p. 54.) Pits, an indiscriminate eulogist of Allen, goes so far as to describe him as of noble parentage; and, though Allen's enemies have taunted him with being basely born, there seems no reason to doubt that he was of a good family.

Four

Anthony a Wood gives this account of Allen's college life" Being arrived to about the fifteenth year of his age, was sent to Oxford in 1547, entered into Oriel College, and committed to the tuition of Morgan Philips, the chiefest tutor then in that house, under whom, having profited to a miracle in logic and philosophy, was unanimously elected fellow of that college in 1550. years after he proceeded in arts, and stood in that act, wherein proceeded Thomas Harding and Nicolas Harpesfield, two noted writers, the former being then a proceeder in divinity, and the other in the civil law." His religion seems to have brought him into trouble in the reign of Edward VI.; for in the year 1551, the year after he obtained his fellowship, there is an entry in the council book (Oct. 6.): "Complaint made in council that one Allen, a fellow of Oxford, being committed to close prison, was suffered to have confidence with others, and to translate a supplication into Latin for Peter Paulo an Italian." (Cited by Bishop Kennet in Lansdowne MSS. DCCCCLXXXII. 213.) During the reign of Mary, when the Roman Catholic religion was in the ascendant, he became, about the year 1556, principal of St. Mary's Hall, and in that and in the subsequent year was one of the proctors of the university. In 1558 he was appointed a canon of the church of York.

The accession of Elizabeth to the throne, which re-established Protestantism, drove Allen, first from Oxford, and soon after from

England, and he retired into the Spanish Netherlands to Louvain. Here he was intrusted with the education of some English Roman Catholic youths, one of whom was Christopher Blount, afterwards Sir Christopher Blount, and executed in 1601 for a share in the Earl of Essex's conspiracy. After residing some time at Louvain, he was attacked by a severe illness, "brought on," as Anthony a Wood expresses it, "by too careful attending a pupil of his, of genteel extraction in England," and his physicians advised him to try the air of his native country. Allen went to England, and first betook himself to his native county, which he was soon however compelled to leave, owing to the zeal with which he opposed conformity of Roman Catholics to the Protestant worship. He went thence to the neighbourhood of Oxford, and afterwards into Norfolk, where he enjoyed the occasional favour and protection of the Duke of Norfolk, and often remained in his house. From Norfolk he returned again to Oxford, and having there met with an old college companion who had conformed to the dominant faith, he prevailed upon him to revoke his conformity," which act of his being made known," says Anthony a Wood, "to the parents of the said contemporary, they persecuted Allen so close that he was forced to leave England, after he had continued there for about three years."

Allen returned, in the year 1565, to the Spanish Netherlands, and this time selected a monastery at Mechlin as the place of his retirement. During his stay in this monastery, he performed the duties of reader in divinity, and being as yet only in deacon's orders, prepared himself for priesthood. He published in 1565 his first work, which was an answer to one by Bishop Jewell, and was entitled "A Defence of the Doctrine of Catholics concerning Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead." Towards the end of the year 1567, Allen went to Rome, in company with Morgan Philips, his old tutor, and Dr. Vendeville, king's professor in the newly established university of Douay, and afterwards bishop of Tournay. A conversation that arose between the travellers as they were journeying to Rome was, after their return to the Netherlands in the succeeding spring, fruitful of result. "An accidental discourse they had upon the road," says the Roman Catholic historian of the English church, " 'was the first rise of the English college at Douay, and, by degrees, of all the other colleges and communities which have since furnished England with missioners. Dr. Vendeville was mentioning a project for the relief of slaves out of Barbary; which gave Mr. Allen an opportunity to deplore the fate of his own country, which in a little time would fall into a much greater slavery, especially after the decease of the ancient nonconforming priests of Queen

| Mary's reign; there being no prospect of successors to preserve the poor remains of religion that had escaped the general defection; insinuating at the same time that it would be of singular service to the church if some persons of zeal would employ their purse and labours in that way. Dr. Vendeville seemed to relish the proposal, which left a deep impression behind it, and ripened by degrees till circumstances occurred to bring it to perfection." (Dodd's Church History of England, Tierney's edition, vol. ii. p. 159.) When they returned together next year, Vendeville invited Allen to come with him to Douay, and there finish his academical degrees. He accepted the invitation; and in the very year of their return from Rome, 1568, Állen, zealously supported by Vendeville, opened an English Roman Catholic college at Douay. Morgan Philips subscribed liberally to its establishment, as did other wealthy and noble English Roman Catholic fugitives. Dr. Vendeville laboured incessantly for the increase of its funds, and prevailed on the three rich monasteries of St. Vedastus in Arras, Marchienne, and Anchienne to give their aid; and the college in a very short time, under Allen as president, prospered greatly, and, having begun with six members, soon numbered one hundred and fifty, "whereof," says Dodd, "eight or nine were eminent doctors of divinity." (p. 160.) The first object of the college was to train up a number of priests to be sent into England; and while some among the learned men who were now ranged under Allen's standard devoted themselves to the duties of tuition, others employed themselves in writing in defence of their religion. Allen kept a superintending eye over both teachers and controversialists; and the theological treatises which issued from Douay were first licensed by him.

Allen took the degree of bachelor of divinity January 31. 1570, and that of doctor of divinity July 16. 1571, in the university of Douay. In 1570 he was appointed a royal professor of the university, with an annual salary of two hundred golden crowns. was also appointed a canon of the church of Cambray. These two appointments made him easy in his circumstances. (Life of Allen in Dodd's Church History, ii. 46. fol. 1732.)

He

In the year 1575 Allen made a pilgrimage to Rome to solicit from Pope Gregory XIII. pecuniary aid for the college. Pope Pius V. had given his sanction to the formation of the college, but it was not till "after some years and good proof of their profitable endeavours," as Allen expresses it in his " Apology for the English Seminaries" published in 1581, that he and his fellow-labourers "by God's goodness obtained His Holiness's protection and monthly exhibition." (p. 22.) Gregory XIII. now granted a monthly allowance of a hundred

crowns, which was afterwards increased to an annual allowance of two thousand.

In the year 1578 the college was removed from Douay to Rheims. The residence of its members at Douay had for some time been made very uncomfortable by the suspicions of the populace, "who could not be persuaded but that several spies came over from England, upon the pretence of studying, that would take their opportunity to put the town in a combustion." (Dodd's Church History of England, Tierney's edition, ii. 161.) The governor and the rector of the university had been frequently compelled by the townsmen to institute a strict search in the college for arms, and take lists of the names of its members. At last, on the 19th of February, 1578, the rector of the university communicated to the heads of the college an order of the magistrates to send away twenty students. The college remonstrated against this order, and refused to comply. Allen was absent, having had reason to fear assassination, and having been advised by his friends to retire for a time from Douay. The magistrates issued a proclamation, on the 14th of March, for all the English in the town, capable of bearing arms, to leave in two days, except professors of the university and children at school. This order was afterwards recalled; but the townsmen were not satisfied, and the magistrates issued, on the 21st of March, a second peremptory proclamation for the English to depart in two days. "Dr. Webb," says Dodd, "according to order, went out of the town immediately, with several professors and students. They arrived at Rheims, March 27. 1578. The rest followed by degrees, excepting two or three persons that were permitted to remain in the house, which they kept possession of for fifteen years, till the college returned again to Douay." (p. 164.)*

Allen, during his absence from Douay, had been preparing for this removal, and had secured the protection of the house of Guise for the college at Rheims. The Cardinal of Lorrain, brother to the Duke of Guise, wrote letters to the magistrates of Rheims specially recommending the college, and instructing them to give a house for the purpose, and every assistance. (Letter from Cardinal de Guise to Allen in Dodd's Church History of England, vol. ii. Appendix No. LIV.) Queen Elizabeth made remonstrances by her am

This account of the removal of the college to Rheims differs entirely from that given by most English

bassador at Paris against the establishment of the college at Rheims, but with no success. Allen was appointed a canon of the church of Rheims. The college flourished in numbers as it had done at Douay. "In those seminaries," says a Roman Catholic contemporary, Dr. Ely, "the number of students, priests, and proper youths was more for many years together, so long as Dr. Allen governed, at one time, than are now or hereafter like to be in all the seminaries put them all together. I have seen fifty priests in one year sent out of Rheims, and yet fifty other priests remain in college still." (Brief Notes on the Apologie, p. 211.)

While

In 1579, Gregory XIII. endowed a college at Rome similar to that at Rheims, for the education of English Roman Catholic priests. Allen was in the next year summoned to Rome to be consulted as to its government. at Rome, Allen suggested to Mercurianus, the general of the Jesuits, the sending of a mission from his body into England; and in accordance with this suggestion, Campian and Persons were sent. (Lingard's History of England, vol. viii. p. 171.) The mission of the Jesuits and the labours of Allen's seminarists together provoked Elizabeth to a proclamation which denounced the principles taught in the foreign seminaries, commanded all persons whose children, wards, or relations were being educated abroad, to recall them within four months, and forbad all her subjects to harbour and relieve a Jesuit or seminarist; and it was in answer to this proclamation that Allen, in 1581, after his return from Rome, wrote and published his Apology for the English Seminaries. this work he vindicated the residence abroad of himself and of his brother exiles, explained the objects for which the English colleges had been established, and defended those institutions from the charge of teaching treasonable doctrines, and himself from that of having entered into schemes of treason with the pope.

In

This work is written in a tone of respect to Elizabeth, as contrary to the tone which he afterwards adopted in his "Admonition to the Nobility and People of England," as is the studious disavowal of treason against her throne in the one, to the treasonable policy which the other was written to recommend.

The subsequent publication of the defence of the executions of Roman Catholics, which bore the significant title of "The Execution of Justice," and was written by Lord

states that the college at Douay was dissolved, in 1574, by Requesens, who in that year assumed the government of the Spanish Netherlands, and to whom Elizabeth remonstrated on the subject of the English exiles and the college. (Annales Rerum Angl. et Hibern. Regnante Elizabetha, ed. Hearne, p. 296.) The full and circumstantial account of Dodd (vol. ii. pp. 158165.), which we have followed, is based on the authority of the Douay diary, and borne out by other docu

Allen, who published, in 1584, "A true, sincere, and modest Defence of the English Catholics that suffer for their Faith, both at home and abroad, against a slanderous Libel entitled The Execution of Justice in England." This work of Allen's excited a great

in the appendix to vol. ii.

of Lincoln's Inn, under the immediate di