rather than addition to their former honour ; he bethought himself of a course more profitable for himself and the future establishment of his own state; in presenting whereof, without the advice of his knights, (who represented both his houses of parliament, clergy and all,) like an absolute king indeed, disponed heritably to the French for a matter of five or six thousand pounds English money, both the dominion and propriety of the whole continent of that kingdom of Nova Scotia." The countrymen of Lord Stirling seem to have had a notion that his poetry and his financial projects were equally conducive to the art of money-making. His base copper coins were called "turners," and Douglas in his Peerage tells us that the favourite of James and Charles having built a large house in Stirling on which he inscribed "Per mare, per terras," his motto, it was whimsically read "Per metre, et turners." He certainly obtained very substantial tokens of the royal favour, for, besides the American grants, the baronies of Menstries, of Largis and Tullibody, of Tullicultre and of Gartmore were successively conferred upon him; and in addition to his office of secretary of state, he was keeper of the signet, commissioner of exchequer, and an extraordinary lord of session. Yet after his death, which took place in 1640, his family estates were given up to his creditors by his third son, Anthony. This is he of whom Garrard in one of his gossiping letters to the Earl of Strafford in 1637 tells a curious story of his marriage with the rich grandchild of Sir Peter Vanlore (Garrard calls him Vanlove), alderman of London, who was to have been married to a son of Sir Thomas Read:"The day before, in the afternoon, she sends to speak with one Mr. Alexander, a third son of the Earl of Stirling, secretary of Scotland here; he comes, finds her at cards, Mr. Read sitting by her; she whispers him in the ear asking him if he had a coach (he was of her acquaintance before); he said, yes: she desired Mr. Read to play her game, and went to her chamber, Mr. Alexander going along with her. Being there, she told him that, to satisfy her friends, she had given way to marry the gentleman he saw; but her affection was more to him; if his was so to her, she would instantly go away with him in his coach, and be married. So he carried her to Greenwich, where they were married by six that evening." By his wife Janet, the daughter of Sir William Erskine, the Earl of Stirling had seven sons and two daughters. The eldest son, William, died in the lifetime of his father, and the grandson succeeded to the earldom, but died about a month after the subject of this article. The second son, Henry, became then Earl of Stirling. The title is now extinct; the last of the male descendants died in 1749; but it is claimed by the representative of the younger brother of

the great grandfather of the first earl.__ (Recreations with the Muses, 1637; Encou ragement to Colonies, 1625; Map and Delineation of New England, 1630; Urquhart's Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, &c., 1652; Langbaine's Dramatic Poets; Kippis's Biographia Britannica.) C. K.

ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, M.D., was educated at Edinburgh, and commenced practice as a surgeon in that city. He subsequently took the degree of doctor of medicine, and in the year 1769 removed to London. He again returned to Edinburgh, and died there in 1783. The following are his works: - 1. "Experimental Essays on the external Application of Antiseptics in Putrid Diseases; on the Dose and Effects of Medicines; on Diuretics and Sudorifics." Edin. 1768, 8vo. London, 1770, 8vo. Having learned by experiment the power possessed by certain substances of arresting putrefaction in dead flesh, he imagined that the same principle would apply to living tissues, and therefore proposed the internal exhibition and external application, in the form of baths, of nitre and cinchona, as a remedy in putrid fevers. The proposition is founded simply on theoretical deductions, and he does not support his arguments by any cases in which it had been put in execution. The experiments which he relates with regard to the properties of medicines were performed principally on his own person, and, from the absence of any effect produced upon him by large doses of castor and saffron, he excludes these substances from the list of useful articles in the materia medica. 2. "Tentamen medicum de Cantharidum Historia et Usu." Edin. 1769, 8vo. 3. "An experimental Inquiry concerning the Causes which have been said to produce Putrid Fevers." London, 1771, 8vo. 4." Directions for the Use of the Harrowgate Waters." London, 1773, 8vo. 5." The History of Women from the earliest Antiquity to the present Time," London, 1779, 2 vols. 4to., and 1782, 2 vols. 8vo. In the third volume of the Physical and Literary Essays he communicated the case of "a person seemingly killed by a blow on the breast, recovered by bleeding and the warm bath." (Alexander's Works; Watt's Bibliotheca Brittanica.)

G. M. H.

ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, an English artist born at Maidstone in 1768. At the age of fifteen he came to London for the purpose of studying the art of design, which he practised with considerable success. Alexander was appointed in 1792 to accompany Lord Macartney on his embassy to China as draughtsman, and many of his drawings of the scenery, and his illustrations of the customs of China, were engraved for Sir George Staunton's narrative of the embassy. He himself also published, in 1805, a splendid work entitled "The Costume of China, in 48 coloured Plates," with descriptions by John

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Barrow. On the formation of the Royal Military College at Great Marlow, Alexander received the appointment of teacher of drawing in that institution, but he resigned the place not long afterwards, when he was made keeper of antiquities in the British Museum. Whilst he held that office he made many drawings of the marbles and terracottas for the work published by Mr. Taylor Combe in three volumes, quarto. He published also the following work: " Engravings, with a descriptive Account, of Egyptian Monuments in the British Museum, collected by the French Institute in Egypt, and surrendered to the British Forces. The Drawings by W. Alexander, and the Engravings by T. Medland." Twelve parts, folio. He made drawings also for other works of a similar nature. He died in 1816. (Fiorillo, Geschichte der Mahlerey, vol. v.; Pilkington, Dictionary of Painters, ed. 1829.)

R. N. W.

ALEXANDER II. ('Αλέξανδρος Ζεβινᾶς), ZABI'NAS, ZEBI'NAS, or ZEBINÆUS, reigned for six years (B. c. 128--122) over part of the Greek kingdom of Syria. The people of Antioch, Apamea, and some other towns, having become dissatisfied with the government of Demetrius Nicator, soon after his return from his Parthian captivity, petitioned Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt, to give them another king. He sent to them a young man, the son of an Egyptian merchant, named Protarchos, and pretended that he had been adopted by Antiochus Sidetes. This young man took the name of Alexander, and was called by the people in jest Zebina, which is a Syriac word signifying "bought.' A large number of the Syrian towns submitted to his government; he made an alliance with John Hyrcanus, prince of the Jews, and defeated Demetrius in a battle near Damascus. It was not long, however, before he quarrelled with his patron, the King of Egypt, who then espoused the cause of Antiochus Philometor Gryphus, the son of Demetrius II. Antiochus, at the head of an Egyptian army, defeated Zebinas, who fled into Antioch, and there attempted to pillage the temple of Victory, in order to pay his army. This excited an insurrection of the people; Zebinas fled, and was taken by some robbers and brought by them before Antiochus, who commanded him to be put to death. There are several coins of this king extant. On the obverse they represent the head of the king and on the reverse Jupiter sitting half naked, holding a small figure of Victory in one hand and a spear in the other. (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, xiii. 9, 10.; Justin, xxxix. 1, 2.; Athenæus, v. 17.; Frölich, Annales Syriæ; Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, iii. 237.)

P. S.

ALEXANDRA. [ARISTOBULUS.] ALEXANDRA. [HEROD THE GREAT.] ALEXANDRA (Aλe§άvdpa), widow of the Jewish king Alexander Jannæus [ALEX

ANDER JANNÆUS], succeeded her husband (B. c. 78) on the throne of Judæa. At the time of his death Alexander Jannæus was besieging Ragaba, a fortress in the country east of Jordan; and on his deathbed he recommended his widow to conceal his decease until the place was taken. This she did; and then, having returned with her victorious army to Jerusalem, and gained over the Pharisees, (who had great influence with the people, and had been persevering and troublesome opponents to Jannæus,) was allowed quietly to occupy the vacant throne. This alliance of the reigning family with the popular sect was part of the dying counsel of her husband. The high-priesthood, which had previously been united with the regal dignity, was conferred by Alexandra on her eldest son Hyrcanus, whose quiet disposition was more acceptable to her than the turbulent temper of Aristobulus, her younger son. [ARISTOBULUS II.; HYRCANUS II.]

Josephus characterises Alexandra as an ambitious woman, but of considerable sagacity and "great piety towards God." She restored the power of the Jewish state, which had been shaken by the troubles of her husband's reign; collected a large army, taking a considerable body of mercenary soldiers into her service; and rendered herself formidable to the small kingdoms which had been formed round Judæa during the decay of the Macedonian dynasty of Syria. She gave up the internal government of Judæa into the hands of the Pharisees; but the severity which they exercised against the friends and advisers of the late king excited great opposition and alarm; and the malcontents, under the conduct of Aristobulus, who aimed at dethroning his mother, became sufficiently powerful to obtain from the queen the charge of the chief fortresses of the kingdom, except three in which her treasures were kept. Aristobulus did not however obtain the crown; and probably the failure of an expedition against Ptolemy, son of Mennæus, which the queen had placed under his command, diminished for a time his popularity and influence. The invasion of Syria by Tigranes king of Armenia about this time alarmed the Jews, and appears to have repressed their civil dissensions: but he having been recalled home by the victories of the Romans under Lucullus, and Alexandra having fallen ill, Aristobulus gathered an army with the view of seizing the government. His progress was very rapid; and during his revolt Alexandra died at Jerusalem (B. c. 69), having lived seventy-three years and reigned nine. (Josephus, Antiquities, book xiii. chap. xv. xvi., War, book i. chap. v.) This Alexandra has been by some writers (as Calmet) improperly confounded with Salome, called by Greek writers Alexandra (Josephus, Antiquities, book xiii. chap. xii.), widow of Ari

næus.

stobulus I., elder brother of Alexander JanJ. C. M. ALEXANDRA ('Aλekávōpa), daughter of Hyrcanus II., king and high-priest of the Jews, and wife of Alexander, who was the son of Aristobulus II., Hyrcanus's brother and rival. She had two children by her husband: Mariamne, the elder, was married to Herod [HEROD]; for the younger, Aristobulus, she was anxious to obtain the high-priesthood, which Herod had, to her great indignation, conferred on Ananelus, an obscure member of the priestly race (B. c. 36). To effect her object she intrigued with Marcus Antonius then in the East, and with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. Aristobulus obtained the priesthood, rather, however, by the influence of his sister Mariamne, than by his mother's exertions; but having excited Herod's jealousy, he was drowned by his contrivance near Jericho, when only eighteen years old (B. c. 35). Alexandra now renewed her intrigues with Cleopatra in order to avenge the murder of her son; and Antonius, at Cleopatra's suggestion, summoned Herod before him at Laodicea, in Syria (B. c. 34); but Herod obtained impunity by means of costly gifts, and on his return threw Alexandra into prison. Her restless disposition was not, however, subdued; she instigated her father, Hyrcanus, to attempt to escape into Arabia; but the plan having been betrayed to Herod, Hyrcanus was put to death [HYRCANUS II. ], and Alexandra and Mariamne were placed in the fortress of Alexandrium, while Herod went to Rhodes (B. c. 30) to meet Cæsar Octavianus (who had the year before conquered Antonius at Actium), leaving orders that in case of any disaster befalling himself, they should be put to death. Herod's return was followed, after the interval of a year, by the execution of Mariamne [HEROD], whom Alexandra reproached and insulted on her way to the scaffold (B. c. 29), apparently from a pusillanimous desire to avert Herod's anger from herself. Herod's remorse for the death of Mariamne having brought on an illness, at Sebaste or Samaria, from which his life was despaired of, Alexandra intrigued to get into her hands the two forts which commanded the city of Jerusalem; and her intrigues having been made known to Herod, he despatched orders to put her death. execution took place B. c. 28. (Josephus, Antiquities, book xv. ch. ii. iii. vi. vii.)

Her

J. C. M. ALEXANDRE of ARLES, Latinized Alexander Arelatensis, a Capuchin monk of the province of St. Louis, one of those into which the convents of this order were divided, is described by Bernardus a Bononia as a clever preacher and writer. He published, early in the eighteenth century, "Histoire de la Fondation du Monastère de la Miséricorde de la Ville d'Arles," dedicated to François de Mailli, at that time Archbishop of Arles, Ac

cording to Le Long there must have been two editions of this work, one in 1705 in 8vo., and one in 1707 in 12mo.; both published at Aix in Provence : Bernardus a Bononia gives 1704 as the year of publication. Nothing further is known of this writer. (Bernardus a Bononia, Bibliotheca Capuccinorum; Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France.) J. C. M.

ALEXANDRE, JACQUES, commonly called Dom Jacques Alexandre, a Benedictine of St. Maur and native of Orleans, died in 1734, at the age of eighty-two. He published two works, now forgotten; one in 1720 on the tides, another in 1734 on horlogery. Lalande has preserved his list of writers on gnomonics in the " Bibliographie Astronomique." A. De M.

ALEXANDRE, NICOLAS, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, was born at Paris in 1654, was admitted into his religious order in 1678, and died at St. Denis in 1728. He is known by two works-1. "La Médecine et la Chirurgie des Pauvres." Paris, 1708, 12mo. This work contains an account of remedies, cheap and easily prepared, for external and internal affections. 2." Dictionnaire Botanique et Pharmaceutique." Paris, 1716, 8vo., explaining the principal properties of the various mineral, vegetable, and animal substances employed in medicine. Both works passed through several editions; they were merely of a popular nature, and contain, therefore, no very accurate information of the subjects on which they treat. (Biographie Médicale.) G. M. H.

ALEXANDRI'NUS, JULIUS À NEUSTAIN, the son of Count Pedro Alexandrini, was born at Trent in 1506. When young he was sent to Padua to study medicine and philosophy as well as the Greek language, to which he paid much attention, and translated and commented on several of Galen's works. He was particularly attached to the writings of that author, and zealously defended his opinions against the attacks of his contemporaries, especially against those of Argenterio, who was at that time public professor of medicine at Pisa. He was also engaged in a controversy respecting the use of Theriaca (a compound employed as an antidote to venomous bites and poisons), in pestilential fevers, in the course of which he showed that the treatise on that subject which had been ascribed to Galen was not really his production. He was appointed physician to the Emperor Frederick II., and the same office was continued to him by Maximilian and Rudolph II., who successively confirmed him in his rank and nobility, and, in addition, granted him the title of à Neustain. He afterwards left his family and native place, and travelled in pursuit of science through several of the principal cities of Europe, and returning into his own country died at Trent in 1590. He wrote several treatises, which

are principally of a theoretical nature, and many of them are intended simply to explain and defend the doctrines of Galen, as will appear from the following list of them:1. "Johannis Actuarii de Affectionibus et Actionibus Spiritus Animalis. Venet. 1547," 8vo. Ibid. 1554, 4to. This translation was also published with the works of Actuarius at Lyon, 1556, 8vo. 2. "Galeni LXIV Enantiomatum Libri, item Galeni Encomion. Venet. 1548, 8vo. Francof. 1598," fol. The object of this treatise was to explain and reconcile the apparent inconsistencies in the writings of Galen. 3. "Claudii Galeni Liber contra ea quæ a Juliano in Hippocratis Aphorismos dicta sunt. Vienn. 1550," fol. 4." Claudii Galeni Liber adversus Lycum, quod nihil in eo Aphorismo Hippocrates peccavit." 5. "Claudii Galeni Liber de Succorum. Bonitate et Vitio." 6. " Antiargenterica pro Galeno. Venet. 1552," 4to. 7. "De Medicina et Medico Dialogus Libris quinque distinctis. Tigur. 1557," 4to. 8. 66 Antiargentericorum suorum Defensio adversus Galeni Calumniatores. Venet. 1558 and 1564," 4to. 9. "Pædotrophia, sive de Puerorum Educatione. Tigur. 1559," 4to., in verse: this was reprinted and published with some other of his poetical compositions at Trent in 1586, 8vo. 10. "Salubrium, sive de Sanitate tuenda, Libri XXXIII. Coloniæ, 1575," fol. 11. "In Galeni præcipua scripta Adnotationes, accessit trita illa de Theriacâ Quæstio. Basil. 1581," fol. 12. "Epistola Apolegetica ad Rembertum Dodonæum. Francof. 1584," 8vo. 13. "Epistola ad Petr. Andr. Matthiolium de Animadversionibus quibusdam in Galenum,-De Expurgatione Vomicæ Pulmonis." This was published in the "Epistolæ Medicinalium" of Matthiolus. 14. "Epistola ad Andr. Canutium," which was published in the "Excussio præcipui Morbi" of Canuzio at Florence, 1580, 4to. It treats of four questions:-1. Whether bleeding should be adopted in intermittent fevers. 2. Whether bilious temperaments are more sanguineous than others. 3. Whether a patient, during the decline of a disorder, can die of some other affection. 4. Whether pepper is carried to the liver. Some other Latin essays were published by him in the "Tractatus de Momento Temporis. Venet. 1586," 4to. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.) G. M. H.

ALEXARCHUS ('Aλéapxos), a Greek historian who wrote a work on the history of Italy (ITαiká), of which Plutarch mentions the third book. Servius the grammarian simply calls him a Greek historian, and evidently refers to his work on Italy when he quotes him as his authority for the derivation of the name Campania. (Plutarch, Parallela, 7.; Servius, Ad Virgil. Æn. iii. 334.) A Greek grammarian of the same name is mentioned by Clemens of Alexandria. (Protrept. p. 36.) L.S. ALEXAS. [HEROD.] ALEXEJEV. [ALEKSEEV.]

ALEXIAS ('Aλeğías), an ancient Greek physician, who was a pupil of Thraseas of Mantinea, and is mentioned by Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. lib. ix. cap. 17.) with much respect. He says that he was equal to his master in knowledge of botany, and superior to him in other branches of medicine. As he was a contemporary of Theophrastus, he probably lived about B. c. 350. W. A. G. ALEXI'NUS ('Aλe§îvos), a native of Elis, and a philosopher of the Megarian school. He was a disciple of Eubulidas and the successor of Euclides. He distinguished himself chiefly as a logician, and in this branch of philosophy he opposed Aristotle and Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school, and examined their systems most rigorously. He also wrote against Ephorus the historian. His quarrelsome disposition is said to have given rise to his name being changed into the nickname Elenxinus ('Eλeyivos). At one time of his life he endeavoured to establish an independent philosophical school of his own at Olympia; but the undertaking failed, apparently more on account of the bad situation he had chosen than from a want of skill on his part. He is said to have perished while bathing in the river Alpheus. Of his works not a fragment is extant. (Diogenes Laertius, ii. 109, 110.; Cicero, Academ. ii. 24.)

L. S.

ALEXION is mentioned several times by Cicero (Epist. ad Attic. vii. 2. xiii. 25. xv. 1, 2.) as being his friend as well as his physician; at the same time he speaks highly of his medical skill, and deeply laments his sudden death. W. A. G.

ALEXIPPUS ('Aλéğiπños), an ancient Greek physician, who is mentioned by Plutarch (Alexander, p. 689. A. ed. Paris, 1624) as having cured Peucestes, one of the officers of Alexander the Great, for which service he received a letter of thanks from the king.

W. A G.

ALEXIS (Aλegis), an ancient Greek sculptor mentioned by Pliny, who states simply that he was a scholar of Polycletus, without informing us of his country or mentioning any of his works. Pausanias also mentions an Alexis as the father of Cantharus of Sicyon, who made a statue at Elis of the beautiful young wrestler Cratinus of Ægira in Achæa. Thiersch supposes the Alexis of Pliny to be the same person as the Alexis mentioned by Pausanias, to which supposition there is no substantial objection. Yet Sillig, in his Dictionary of the Artists of Antiquity, abiding scrupulously by the dates of Pliny, has criticised this opinion, and has endeavoured to show that it is an anachronism. Pliny's system of assigning the period of artists is at best extremely vague, for he gives almost invariably only one date, a single Olympiad, as the time in which an artist lived. From such data Sillig draws the following result: he says, the elder Polycletus, to whom Pliny evidently refers as the master of Alexis, was

already advanced in life in the 90th Olympiad, and cannot be supposed to have had pupils later than the 98th Olympiad; Pausanias tells us that Cantharus was the scholar of Eutychides, who according to Pliny flourished in the 120th Olympiad; Cantharus therefore flourished probably in the 128th, and the Alexis of Pliny cannot have been the same as the Alexis of Pausanias. This may be a right conclusion, but not for the reason assigned by Sillig. The history of the arts offers many instances of artists long surviving their scholars, who had nevertheless lived sufficiently long to earn themselves a reputation, and who therefore, according to Pliny's system of giving one unspecified date, flourished before their masters. Besides, masters are sometimes younger than their scholars, and are very frequently only a few years their seniors. Cantharus therefore, even supposing the 120th Olympiad to be a correct date for Eutychides, may have still flourished long before that date, and his father Alexis may have easily studied with Polycletus, for although Polycletus was celebrated in the 90th Olympiad, it does not follow that he was dead in the 100th (B. C. 380-377): Titian enjoyed a great name for seventy years.

Sillig remarks also that there is no authority for concluding that the Alexis of Pausanias was an artist at all; he supposes the name to have been copied by Pausanias from the inscription upon the statue, for it was not an uncommon practice for the Greek artists to inscribe their father's name after their own upon their productions. (Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 19.; Pausanias, vi. 3.; Thiersch, Epochen der bildenden Kunst unter den Griechen; Sillig, Catalogus Artificum.)

R. N. W.

ALEXIS ("Aλeέis), a native of Thurii in Southern Italy, who afterwards, probably on the destruction of his native town in B. C. 390, went to Attica, where he obtained the franchise and became a member of the demos of Oeon. He was a contemporary of Plato, Aristotle, and Alexander the Great. In a fragment still extant he mentions the marriage of Ptolemæus Philadelphus with his sister, which took place in B. c. 288. He must therefore have survived this event; and if we may place any reliance on the statement that he died about B. C. 288, at the age of one hundred and six years, he must have been born about B. c. 392. According to Suidas, Alexis was the uncle of Menander the comic writer, who is said to have been very much attached to him, and to have profited much by his intercourse with him.

Alexis as a poet belonged to the so-called middle school of the Attic comedy, and was, next to Antiphanes, the most prolific of all the comic writers of antiquity: he is said to have composed two hundred and forty-five comedies, though we have every reason to

believe that most of them were never acted. The faults which almost unavoidably accompany such fertility are manifest even in the fragments which we possess, for the same ideas are repeated in different forms. Not withstanding this, however, Alexis was considered by the ancients as one of the most skilful comic writers. He seems to have been particularly happy in drawing the characters of parasites, and to have often introduced them in his plays. The Roman comic writers have often imitated Alexis. Athenæus has preserved the titles and fragment of upwards of one hundred of his comedies. The subjects of some of them, as their titles indicate, are mythological; others were written on contemporary events: in regard to some, we are altogether ignorant of their subjects. One of the last which he composed, and in which he mentioned the marriage of Ptolemæus Philadelphus, was the Hypobolimæus. The fragments of Alexis are collected in A. Meineke, Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum." (Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. ii. 406, &c.; Meineke, Quæstiones Scenica, specim. iii. p. 27, &c.; A. Meineke, Historia Critica Comicorum Græcorum, p. 374, &c.; Bode, Geschichte der Dramat. Dichtkunst der Hellenen, ii. p. 405, &c.) L. S.

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ALEXIS I., or ALE'XIUS COMNE'NUS "Αλεξις, or ̓Αλέξιος Κομνηνός), emperor of CONSTANTINOPLE, was the third son of John Comnenus, and the nephew of Isaac, the first of the Comneni who ascended the throne. He was probably born in 1048. Endowed with all the advantages of birth, beauty, and extraordinary talents, he received a careful education from his mother Anna, a woman of superior talents and character. At the age of fourteen he accompanied the Emperor Romanus Diogenes in his war against AlpArslan the sultan of the Turks-Seljuks in Asia Minor; and in the various chances of this war he found opportunities for learning moderation in success and fortitude in adversity. When Romanus Diogenes was deposed and blinded by Michael VII. Ducas, who was proclaimed emperor in 1071, Alexis with his elder brother Isaac adhered to the new prince, and was despatched against the rebels in Asia. Ursel or Russel of Baliol, a kinsman of the Scotch kings, the commander of a band of Frankish adventurers, had got possession of several towns and strongholds in the Armenian mountains. Alexis, after a long guerilla war, succeeded in taking one castle after another, and in seizing the rebel, who became afterwards a faithful servant of his conqueror. Alexis Comnenus continued to serve Michael Ducas with fidelity, although his own mother Anna was accused of intrigues and banished to an island in the Propontis. Alexis defended the cause of Michael against the rebellious Nicephorus Botaniates until resistance became useless, and after the deposition of Michael in 1077 presented himself