systems. The nerves of sense in man are palpably smaller; he has a smaller cerebellum and nervous chord; but he surpasses all other animals in the perfection of the brain. It has, indeed, been truly said, "that by taking away, diminishing, or changing proportions, you might form from the human brain that of any other animal; while, on the contrary, there is none from from which you could in like manner construct the brain of man."-(Lawrence.) With respect to size, man, according to Sommering, has, without exception, the largest brain in comparison with the nerves that issue from it. The inferiority to the smaller birds in weight, when compared with the body, is not wonderful, when their leanness and natural levity are considered. Indeed, this criterion is in every point of view objectionable; nor is that much better which is founded on the comparison of the cerebrum with the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, these parts and the brain bearing by no means a constant proportion to each other. As to form, the cerebrum of the human subject is elevated, whereas in brutes it is without elevation. It is nearly spherical in man; but in brutes it is either oblong, as in herbiverous animals, or triangular, as in the carnivora. The difference in developement and structure are no less remarkable. Excepting in the quadrumana, many of whose actions are almost human, and who differ from man to a distance indeed which is immeasurable, Cuvier says, the posterior lobes are wanting, and the anterior ones are imperfect, consisting in many animals of little more than the processus mamillaris or olfactory organ. The thalami or cerebral ganglia are smaller than in man. The convolutions are fewer and shallower, the corpora quadrigemina larger, being proportioned to the superior size of the visual organs, and there is considerably less cortical than the medullary matter. "Independently of weight and size, Sommering observed fifteen visible material anatomical differences between the brain of the common tailless ape and that of a man."

Among the various orders of mammiferous animals there is the greatest diversity in docility and intelligence, and, as far as has been observed, corresponding differences in cerebral developement. Sommering, who divides the brain into two parts, one connected with the senses, the other with the intellectual powers, observes, "Animals of various kinds seem to possess a smaller or larger quantity of the latter portion of brain according to the degree of their sagacity and docility." Mr- Lawrence says, "The number and kind of intellectual phenomena in different animals correspond closely to the degree of the developement of the brain." The large cranium and high forehead of the ourang-outang lift him above his brother monkeys; and he is said, by Dr. Elliotson, to be "curious,

imitative, covetous, social," and to perform many actions usually considered human. "The gradation of organization and of mind passes through the monkey, dog, elephant, horse, to other quadrupeds." Notwithstanding the exaggerated reports of travelers, the superiority of intelligence and adaptation to circumstances in the beaver is, says Blumenbach, beyond dispute; and, according to the tables of Cuvier, there is a marked superiority in the size of his brain. Dogs differ as much from each other in instinct and docility as they do in cerebral developement. Compare, for example, the bull-dog and the hound, the hound and the greyhound, the mastiff and the poodle. The crafty fox and the ermine, like the dog, lay up stores for the future; on the contrary, in some of the inferior quadrupeds the instincts are not under the dominion of reason. Thus the hamster breaks the wings of dead birds as well as live ones to prevent their escape. All which is agreeable to the observation of Cuvier, "that the convolutions become fewer and shallower as the brain diminishes in size; there are none in the rodentia, none in very small brains." As might be expected, the cetacea, having no sense or organ of smelling, have neither olfactory nerves nor processus mamillaris.

We are indebted to Tiedemann for the attempt to demonstrate the gradual evolution of the nervous system. He has traced its progress from its embryo condition to its maturity, and his observations prove that: the developements are commensurate with the manifestations of its functions. Monsieur Serres, also treading in the same path, has ascertained that the several portions are formed in succession. The outline of the spinal chord, he says, is soonest completed, then the crura and corpora quadrigemina, and last of all the cerebellum. Blumenbach observes, "The human encephalon undergoes considerable change after birth, in its entire mass, in the proportions of its parts, and in the texture and consistency of its substance;" attaining, according to the Wenzels, its full weight before the fifth, and size before the seventh, year. The gradual evolutions of the mental faculties correspond to these alterations, which indeed accord with the slow developement of the human frame in other respects." In infancy the brain is pulpy, and the proportion of the cortical exceeds that of the medullary matter; and both before and after birth the nerves, which, according to M. Serres, are first. perfected, are larger than in the adult. In the latter "the cerebellum is equal in weight to about the eighth or ninth part of the brain; whereas in the new-born infant it is not a sixteenth or eighteenth part of it, with a corresponding differenee in the manifestations of its functions." Dr. Spurzheim has ascertained that the spinal marrow has obtained solidity

and firmness while the brain is pulpy and devoid of fibres; and thus accounts for the muscular activity of children, and their comparative feebleness of intellect. Again, in old age the brain is actually diminished in size, with a suitable degree of apathy and mental decadency.

Between eminently intellectual individuals and idiots the difference is similar to that which obtains between man and mammalia. Men of large heads, according to Magendie, have capacious minds; whereas in idiots, as in the quadrumana, the brain is small, the convolutions few and shallow, and the anterior lobes but little developed. If, indeed, we extend the comparison through all the intermediate gradations of intellect, we shall be astonished to find a corresponding agreement. "The mind of the negro and the Hottentot, of the Calmuck and Carib, is inferior to that of the European, and their organization is less perfect," the intellectual characters are reduced, the animal features enlarged and exaggerated." Even hatters have ascertained that servants and negroes have smaller heads than others. Women are as unlike men in the form of their heads as in the qualities of their minds. In men of commanding talents the greater quantity of cerebral matter is anterior to the ear; but in heads which are truncated before, and largely developed in the opposite direction, the passions will be found to be stronger than the understanding. The higher sentiments elevate the calvaria or top of the head; it is accordingly observed, that from men whose heads are flattened, as in quadrupeds,

"Conscience, virtue, honor, are exiled."

Pope Alexander the Second is an illustrious example. Other differences might be enumerated; but to extend our observations farther would be! to trench upon the discoveries of Messrs. Gall and Spurzheim, whose conclusions, indeed, are but an extension of this comparison founded on observation and confirmed by experiment.

ARTICLE V.

CASE OF INJURY OF THE HEAD, WITH ITS ACCOMPANYING MENTAL PHENOMENA.

All facts, derived from Pathology and which are calculated to tnrow any light on the functions of the brain, are highly important. But very little, as yet, has been done in this way towards explaining and illustrating mental phenomena, compared with what might have been accom

plished had the attention of physicians generally, and for a long time, been directed to the subject. Much, therefore, remains yet to be done. Every case of this kind that occurs in the community, should be clearly and faithfully reported and recorded. We have endeavored to collect and embody in this Journal, as many such facts as possible, and though the case we are now about to introduce, has been already briefly stated or alluded to, yet as some further particulars have been collected by Mr. Combe while in this country, we are induced to make the following extract from the second volume of his Tour, p. 43.

May 15, 1839. Phrenology.-This day I was introduced to James J. Mapes, Esq., a scientific gentleman, residing in 461 Broadway, New York. His daughter fell from a window when she was about four years of age; her head struck against the iron bar which extended from the railing to the wall, and the skull was extensively fractured, but without rupturing the pia mater or doing any serious injury to the brain. She was attended by Dr. Mott; a part of the skull was removed from the superior-posterior portion of the head, the integuments were drawn over the wound, and the child recovered. The part of the skull removed was

that which covers the organs of Self-esteem and Love of Approbation. She does not wear any plate over the wound; but the hair over it, like that on the other parts of the head, is fine, and is kept short. Immediately after the wound was closed, her father was struck with the variety of movements in the brain, and its great mobility during mental excitement, producing, as he said, a sensation in the hand when placed on the integuments, as if one were feeling, through a silk handkerchief, the motions of a confined leech. He felt as if there was a drawing together, swelling out, and a vermicular kind of motion in the brain; and this motion was felt in one place and became imperceptible in another, according as different impressions were made on the child's mind: but not being minutely acquainted with phrenology, he could not describe either the feelings or the precise localities in which the movements occurred. He observed also, that when the child's intellectual faculties were exerted, the brain under the wound was drawn inwards.

The child was introduced to me; she is now eight years of age, healthy and intelligent; and no external trace of the injury is visible to the eye. The form of her head is that of a superior female child. It is long, and moderately broad at the base; Secretiveness, Love of Approbation, Self-esteem, Cautiousness, and Firmness, are all large. Benevolence and Veneration are well developed, and the anterior lobe is large. I saw the pieces of the skull which had been removed. They may be three and a half by three inches in superficial extent. The

skull has not been replaced. On applying my hand, I felt the brain rising and falling with the respiration, and distinctly ascertained that the organs of Self-esteem and Love of Approbation were denuded of the skull; also a small part of Conscientiousnes, and the posterior margin of Firmness. Her father mentioned that, before the accident, he considered her rather dull; but her mother (whom also I had the pleasure of seeing) did not concur in this opinion; both, however, agreed that since her recovery she had been acute, and fully equal to children of her own age in point of ability.

With the permission of her father and mother, I kept my hand for some minutes gently pressing on the external integuments over the site of the injury, and distinctly felt a considerable movement, a swelling up and pulsation, in the organs of Self-esteem; and the same movements, but in a less degree, in those of Love of Approbation. When I began to talk to the child, she was shy and bashful, and at first would scarcely speak. The vivid movements in Self esteem indicated that amidst her extreme bashfulness this organ was active. As I continued to converse with her, and succeeded in putting her at her ease, the movements in Self-esteem decreased, while those in Love of Approbation continued. I spoke to her about her lessons and attainments, not in flattering terms, but with the design of exciting Self-esteem; and the movements increased. Again I soothed her, and they diminished. This was repeated, and the same results ensued. Her father gave her several questions in mental arithmetic to solve; she was puzzled, and made an intellectual effort, and the peculiar movements in the organs of Self-esteem and Love of Approbation ceased; only a gentle and equal pulsation was felt. She solved the questson, and we praised her; the peculiar movements in Self-esteem and Love of Approbation returned and increased. This experiment was repeated at least four times, with the same results. I took out a piece of paper and began to write down notes, in pencil, of what had occurred. She looked at my writing, and as all attention was now withdrawn from herself, and her mind was occupied intellectually in observing what I was doing, I placed my hand on the integuments and only the gentle and regular pulsations of the arterial system were perceptible.

I am much indebted to Mr. Mapes, the father of the child, for permitting me not only to see this very interesting case, but to publish his name and residence, so that my remarks may be verified, or corrected if I have erred. This case is replete with instruction in practical education. It tends, so far as one example can go, to prove that, by exercising the intellectual faculties, we do not necessarily excite the feelings; and also that each feeling must be addressed by objects related to itself before it can be called into action.