often thought that if I were compelled to forego England, and to live in China, among Chinese manners, and modes of life, and scenery, I should go mad."-DE QUINCEY. "He obliged the Nile to run bloody for your sakes." In these examples the whole predicate is made up of the predicate element in the verb, taken with the adjective. Each verb, as compared with the substantive verb, may be viewed as a strengthened copula. The verbs to become, to grow, to remain, to seem, to be chosen, to be named, to feel, as to feel strong, and many others, belong to this class.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXIX.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB.

RULE XXIX.-a. Reverence and tenderness are the hallowed avenues through which alone true souls can come together.-H. J. TUCKERMAN. C. S.

b. He declared in the Senate that Catiline was a traitor. C.S. c. Knowledge is the parent of love; wisdom love itself. C. S. d. She walks a goddess and she moves a queen, e. When knowledge was falsely called wisdom.

f.

THE

The swan on still St. Mary's lake
Floats double, swan and shadow. C. S.

C. S.

C. S.

SYNTAX OF THE INFINITIVE MODE.

§ 514. RULE XXX.-A verb in the Infinitive Mode depends upon a finite verb which it follows; as, "Cease to do evil; learn to do well;" "His penetration and diligence seemed to vie with each other."

Note I.-Besides entering thus into construction in dependence upon another verb, the infinitive mode also sometimes depends, a. On a Substantive; as, "He showed an eagerness to learn;" b. On an Adjective; as, "He was eager to learn;" c. On a Pronoun; as, "Is it lawful for us to give tribute to Cæsar?" d. On an Infinitive verb; as, "To make believe;" e. On an Adverb; as, "He knows not how to learn;" f. On a Preposition; as, "And he stood up for to read;" g. On a Conjunction; as, "An object so high as to be inaccessible."

When a word depends upon another, it is governed by it. Note IIIn the two phrases, "I love to learn," "I read to

PP

learn," the Infinitive to learn, in each case, is said to be governed by the verb which it follows, or to depend upon it; but it is governed in a different sense in the one case from what it is in the other. I love to learn. Here the Government is Objective. I read to learn. Here the Government is Modal. The word for might be brought in according to an ancient usage, as in the question, "What went ye out for to see?" Instead of an Accusative there is a Dative relation. The real objective case is understood. "I read (Virgil) to learn." To learn is the Infinitive expressing purpose.

Note III.-The Infinitive of the Substantive verb has the same case after it as before it; as, "They supposed us to be them." In Interrogative sentences, both of the cases sometimes precede; as, "Whom do you suppose him to be?"

Note IV. Some verbs are immediately followed by an Infinitive when the Object is the same as the Subject, but are followed by the Accusative and the Infinitive when the object is different; as, "I wish to go;" "I wish him to go."

Note V. Many verbs are never followed by the Infinitive without the Accusative, except in the passive voice; as, “I advised him to do it ;" but passively, "I am advised to do it." In this construction the accusative may be considered as both the object of the finite verb and the subject of the infinitive mode.

Note VI.-An Infinitive, though it often comes last in the sentence, is seldom or never the Predicate, except when another infinitive is the subject; as, "To enjoy is to obey."

Note VII. The Infinitive is sometimes used absolutely; as, "To confess the truth, I was not present."

Note VIII. The Active form of the Infinitive is often used in a Passive sense; as, "There is no time to waste;" "John has a house to sell.”

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXX.

THE INFINITIVE MODE.

RULE XXX.-a. So far, peace seems to smile upon our future independence. C. S.

b. The Norman, shut out from France, began more and more to feel that England was his home and his sphere. C. S.

Note I.-a. Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star

In his deep course? C. S.

b. In their conduct they are anxious to avoid even the appearance of evil. C. S.

c. It would be wrong for them to desert the cause they have undertaken. C. S.

d. To pretend to feel affection when none is felt is hypocrisy. C. S.

e. They told him where to spend the night. C. S.

f. And what went ye out for to see? C. S.

g. Nothing makes a man more suspicious than to know little. C. S.

Note II.—a. During the whole campaign he sought to fight. C. S.

b. He studied to learn his duty. C. S.

Note III-a. When questioned, he declared them to be soldiers. C. S.

b. In their statements, whom do they represent me to be? C. S.

Note IV-a. I desire to learn the science of astronomy. C. S. b. I desire him to learn the science of astronomy. C. S. Note V. They urged him to declare war. He was urged to declare war.

C. S.

Note VI.-Remember that to be humble is to be wise. C. S. Note VII-a. To say nothing of his ignorance, he is a bad C. S.

man.

b. It is not once in ten attempts that you can find the case you seek in any law-book, to say nothing of those numerous points of conduct concerning which the law professes not to pre¿cribe. C. S.

Note VIII.-In that affair he is to blame.-C. S.

f515. RULE XXXI.-The verbs Bid, feel, dare, do, have, hear, let, make, need, see, may, can, will, shall, must, are followed by the Infinitive, without the preposition to; as, “I bid her alight;" "I make him go;" "I feel the pain abate," "I saw him fall;" "We heard him say," "He let me go," "I dare go;" "I need not go;" "I do go;" "Would they have us go?"

"I may go," "I can go;" "I will go," "I shall go,;" "I must go." Some other verbs are sometimes in the same construction; as, Observe, perceive, know, help. The to is seldom or never omitted after the perfect participle used passively; as, "We are bidden to rest;" "he was seen to move." To this let forms an exception.

Note I.-BID, in the sense of command, usually is followed by an object and the infinitive without the preposition to; as, "Lord, if it be thou, bid me come to thee on the water." In the sense of promise, it is followed by an infinitive with the preposition; as, "He bids fair to make an able statesman."

Note II.-DARE, used Intransitively, is followed by an infinitive without the preposition; as, "I dare do all that may become a man." Dare, Transitive, is followed by the preposition to; as, "I dare you to do it."

Note III.—FEEL, used Transitively, is followed by an object and the infinitive without the preposition; as, "I feel it move." When used Intransitively, the infinitive has the preposition; as, "I felt afraid to speak."

Note IV.-NEED, when Transitive, is regular in its inflections; but when Intransitive, it drops the personal terminations in the present tense, is formed like the auxiliaries, and followed by the verb without the prefix to; as, "I need not go any further;" "She need dig no more."-Spectator, No. 121. need not urge this honorable court." To this there are exceptions: as,

"Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,

That to be hated needs but to be seen."-POPE.

"He

In the use of this verb there is another irregularity which is peculiar, the verb being without a nominative expressed or implied: "Whereof here needs no account."-MILTON's Paradise Lost, iv., 235. "There is no evidence of the fact, and there needs none."

Note V.-MAKE, in the language of Scripture, is followed by to; as, "He maketh his sun to rise." Sometimes the verb be is introduced after the verb make, while the preposition to is suppressed; as, "He is careful to make every word be heard."

Note VI.-HAVE, signifying possession or obligation, is generally followed by to; as, "I had to do this." When it implies

volition, to is generally omitted; as, "Would you have us reject such an offer?" And yet we find, "Him would Paul have to go forth with him." See § 335. The Infinitive present standing after have, in some cases expresses a duty, or task, or necessity; as, "I have to work for my bread."

When an Infinitive clause follows a transitive verb, the pronoun it is often placed immediately after the verb, and the infinitive placed in apposition to it; as, "I found it to no purpose to lay much stress on those texts that are usually alleged on the occasion."

The Infinitive Mode is used to express necessity or obligation; as, "That event is never to be forgotten;" "That loss is greatly to be deplored."

The construction of English Infinitives is twofold: 1. OBJECTIVE; 2. GERUNDIAL.

When one verb is followed by another without the preposition to, the construction must be considered to have grown out of the objective case, or from the form in -an. This in the present English is the rarer of the two constructions. See § 335.

When a verb is followed by another, preceded by the preposi tion to, the construction must be considered to have grown out of the so-called Gerund, that is, the form in -nne, i. e., the Dative case: I begin to move. This is the construction with the great majority of English verbs.-LATHAM.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXXI.

RULE XXXI, Note I.-a. After the fatigues of the day, night bids us rest. C. S.

b. He bids fair to be an eminent scholar. Note II.-a. They dared do all their duty. b. At that meeting he dared them to fight. Note III.-a. I felt the pulse beat. C. S. b. I felt afraid to stir. C. S.

C. S.

C. S.
C. S.

Note IV-a. They need but to see the work in order to be satisfied. C. S.

son.

b. He need not beg, for he is able to work. C. S.

Note V. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures. C, S Note VI.-a. He has to study half of the night to get his les C. S.