c. That assembly thus convened were numerous. F. S.

Note II.-a. Those kind of indulgences soften and injure the mind. F. S.

b. This sort of wheat is the best. C. S.

COLLOCATION.

§ 510. The Subject or Nominative usually precedes the verb in declaratory phrases; as, "God created the world."

Exception 1. The nominative often follows an intransitive verb; for as such a verb has no object after it, that position of the nominative creates no ambiguity: "Above it stood the Seraphim.”

Exc. 2. The nominative may follow the verb when the verb is preceded by here, there, hence, thence, then, thus, yet, so, nor, neither, such, the same, herein, therein, wherein, and perhaps other words; as, "Here are five men;" "There was a man sent from God."

Exc. 3. The nominative may follow the verb in the expres sion of commands, requests, wishes; as, "Long live the king."

Exc. 4. The nominative may follow the verb when an emphatical adjective introduces the sentence; as, "Great is the Lord, glorious are his works, and happy is the man who serves him."

Exc. 5. In certain phrases which are conditional or hypothetical, the sign of the condition may be omitted, and the nominative placed after the auxiliary; as, "Did he but know my anxiety."

Exc. 6. The nominative may follow the verb when the words whose, his, their, her, mine, your, &c., precede the verb with a governing word; as, "Out of whose modifications have been made most complex modes."

Exc. 7. In interrogative sentences the nominative follows the verb when alone, or the first auxiliary; as, "Believest thou?" "Will he consent?"

Exc. 8. When an infinitive mode or a sentence is the nominative case to the verb, it generally follows the verb, the pronoun it standing as its representative before the verb; as, "It is dif ficult to climb the hill of science."

Exc. 9. In poetry, the subject often follows the verb; as,

§ 511. RULE XXVIII.-Transitive verbs govern the objective case; as, "God created the world," "We honor him."

In order to govern the objective case, a verb must signify an action affecting an object, and if there be no such object, there is no room for any Objective Government.

Besides this, there is what is called Modal Government, and certain verbs employed in this government are called modal verbs. Note I.-Modal verbs are, in some instances, Traditive; as, "I give the book to you." Here we have the objective case in the government of the word book, and what in Latin is called the dative case in the government of the word you. The word give and a few others govern the dative case. The phrases give it him; whom shall I give it? are perfectly correct, and do not require a preposition; as, Give it to him; to whom shall I give it? In these instances, you, him, and whom are the Traditive object.

Note II.-Modal verbs are, in some instances, Instrumental; as, I struck him with a cane. Here we have the objective case in the government of the word him, and what is called in the Latin the ablative case in the government of the word cane.

Note III.-Modal verbs are, in some instances, Emphatic; as, "He sleeps the sleep of the righteous." Here the noun is of the same signification as the verb, which does not express an action affecting the noun. The noun only repeats the idea expressed by the verb, and thus renders it emphatic.

Note IV.-Modal verbs are in some instances Factitive; as, "They made Napoleon an emperor;" "They crowned him a poet;" "He thinks himself a gentleman." Here a change is produced in the immediate object, converting it into something that it was not before. Napoleon, him, himself, the suffering objects, are severally changed into the factitive objects emperor, poet, gentleman.

Note V.-The Partitive Construction. Certain Transitive verbs, the action whereof is extended, not to the whole, but only

to a part of their object, are followed by the preposition of, and are in the objective case: To eat of the fruit of the tree=to eat a part of the fruit of the tree; to drink of the water of the well to drink a part (or some) of the water of the well. The construction is a construction that has grown out of the partitive power of the genitive case, of which case the preposi tion of serves as an equivalent.-LATHAM.

Note VI.-Transitive verbs admit of a sentence, a clause, or a number of words as their object; as, "He is not alarmed so far as to consider how much nearer he approaches his end.” Here the force of the transitive verb consider falls on the following clause. "If he escapes being banished by others, I fear he will banish himself." Here being banished stands in the place of a noun, as the object of the transitive verb escapes.

"Coriolanus. Shall remain?

Hear you this Triton of the minnows? Mark you

His absolute shall?”

Here shall, a verb, being used simply as a word, is in the objective case, after hear.

Note VII.-Some transitive verbs govern Two NOUNS in the objective case when in the active form, and one when in the passive; as, "They asked him a question;" "They taught him logic." Cases like these are different from those mentioned under note fourth, and they are not all of them embraced under note first. See § 486.

Note VIII.-Some transitive verbs stand without their complementary objective case after them; as, "He reads;” “he writes;" for "He reads books;" "he writes letters."

Note IX.-Transitive verbs are sometimes improperly used as Intransitive verbs; as, "I must premise with three circumstances," for "I premise three circumstances;" "Let us consider of the works of art," for "let us consider the works of art." Transitive verbs are not followed by prepositions.

Note X.-Intransitive verbs are sometimes improperly used as Transitive verbs; as, "If Jove this arm succeed;" "He repented him of his design."

Note XI. Certain Intransitive verbs are followed by nouns kindred to them in signification; as, "To sleep the sleep of death." See § 486.

Nearly allied to this idiom is that of using after verbs Transitive or Intransitive certain nouns which are not the objects of the verb, nor of precisely the same sense; as, "The lump of gold weighs two ounces," "The cloth measures three yards;" "Grin a ghastly smile." Some verbs of this sort are followed by two objects: "The hat cost him five dollars.”

NOTE XII.-There are some verbs which may be used Transitively or Intransitively; as, "I shall do the business;" "I shall do as I promised."

The Objective after a verb in the active voice becomes the Nominative before the verb in the passive voice. The nominative before the verb in the active voice is joined to the passive verb by the preposition by: "Cæsar conquered Pompey at Pharsalia;" "Pompey was conquered by Cæsar at Pharsalia."

NOTE XIII. Idiomatic expressions sometimes occur, in which the active form of the transitive verb is used in a sense nearly allied to the passive; as, "The goods sell rapidly ;" "the cloth tears," "the ground plows well.”

COLLOCATION.

§ 512. As a general rule, the verb precedes the word which it governs.

Sometimes the verb comes after the objective case; as, "She with extended arms his aid implores;" "Whom ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." Whom and which always precede the verb. A noun with whatever, whatsoever, or whichsoever preceding it, is placed before the governing verb; as, "Whatsoever positive ideas we have."

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXVIII.

GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.

-a.

RULE XXVIII. a. The man who he raised from obscurity is dead. F. S.

b. We never know the true value of friends. While they live we are too sensitive of their faults; when we have lost them we only see their virtues. C. S.

c. Few persons exert their ability to the utmost to do all the good that lies in their power.

Note I. With some paper,

C. S.

I gave him a pen. C. S.

Note II. He shot the buffalo with a rifle. C. S.

Note III.-While sleeping that night he dreamed a frightful dream. C. S.

Note IV. And they endeavored to take him by force to make iim a king. C. S.

C. S.

C. S.

Note V.-He ate of the fruit and was satisfied. Note VI.-I believe it him whom they accused. Note VII.-The king denied him admission to the court. C. S. Note VIII.-He writes frequently for Blackwood's Magazine. J. S.

Note IX.-Those that think to ingratiate with him by calumniating me, are mistaken. F. S.

Note X.-a. I will submit me, for submission brings peace. C. S.

b. This is true power; it approaches men to God." F. S. c. His English partialities swerved him from the straight path of neutrality. F. S.

Note XI-a. In his life he ran the race of godliness, and now he wears the crown of victory. C. S.

b. A crown is a silver coin which weighs nineteen pennyweights. C. S.

Note XII.-a. These victories in India swelled his fame. C. S. b. Provoked by the insult and the injury, he swelled with C. S.

rage.

Note XIII.-a. These lines from Wordsworth read well. C. S. b. This apple is unripe, and is not fit to eat. C. S.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB.

§ 513. RULE XXIX.-The Substantive verb am, and some others, admit after them a Predicate noun in the same case as the Subject; as, "Virtue alone is happiness;" "Hannibal was a famous Carthaginian general," "Washington was chosen commander-in-chief;" "He was called the arch-magician;" "He will turn out a villain."

Verbs which admit a predicate after them, whether an adjec tive agreeing with the subject, or a substantive in the same case with the subject, have been called Copulative verbs, from the predominance in them of the Copulative element; as, "I know not whether others share in my feelings on this point, but I have