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predicative combination. Whatever, also, has been said concerning Adjectives, Participles, and Substantives, when used as Predicates, relates to the predicative combination.

THE ATTRIBUTIVE COMBINATION.

§ 566. Any notion added to a substantive or a word standing as a substantive, for the purpose of describing it more exactly, but not asserted of it, is said to be joined to it, ArTRIBUTIVELY. Thus, "the patriotic Washington wrote," or, Washington the patriot wrote," contains an attributive combination. Whatever has already been said concerning Adjectives, Pronouns, and Substantives, when they limit the meaning of other substantives, relates to the attributive combination; as, "The wise king;" "the rising sun;" "that man ;" "Mirabeau the orator;" "John's book;" "the man of wisdom" = the wise man; a walk in the morning="a morning's walk." A Predicative combination can be changed into an attributive one by changing the predicate to an attributive; as, "Flowers bloom," "blooming flowers."

THE OBJECTIVE COMBINATION.

§ 567. The general idea of the OBJECTIVE COMBINATION is illustrated by an accusative case after a verb. But every notion referred to a verb or adjective, in whatever form it is expressed, is to be considered as an objective factor, and as belonging to the objective combination; as, "He loves his book," "he will come to-morrow;" "he works actively;" "generous to his friends," "desirous to learn," "he travels with haste;" "he looks pale;" "he is guilty of a murder.” Much that has already been said concerning the government of substantives and words standing for substantives, whether by verbs or propositions, relates to the objective combination, though it does not cover the whole ground.

§ 568. Every Sentence, however long, is composed of only three kinds of combinations, the Predicative, the Attributive, and the Objective; as, "Henry wrote." [Add an object to the predicative combination.] "Henry wrote a letter." [Add a notion attributively to both substantives.] "The anxious Henry wrote a long letter." [Add notions objectively to both

adjectives.] "Henry, anxious to hear from him, wrote a very long letter." [Add a notion objectively to the verb.] Henry, anxious to hear from him immediately, wrote a very long letter." [Add another notion to the verb objectively, and another to the substantive attributively.] "His cousin Henry, anxious to hear from him, wrote a very long letter to him."

§ 569. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES are of two kinds, Direct and Indirect.

A DIRECT INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is an inverted construction, in which the verb comes before the subject, and requires for an answer a direct Affirmation or Denial; as, "Have you seen Henry ?" "Yes." "Shall you go to New York?" "No."

An INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is always introduced by an interrogative word, as the pronoun who, the adjective which, the adverb when, and requires a specific answer; as, "Who defeated Burgoyne?" "General Gates." "In which war ?" "In the Revolutionary war." "Where did he defeat him?" "At Stillwater." See § 316.

§ 570. An IMPERATIVE SENTENCE is an inverted construction, in which the Subject follows the Verb; as, "Speak ye." § 571. An EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE expresses some passion; as,

"O! that this too, too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!"

CHAPTER X.

SYNTAX OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

§ 572. Two simple sentences are connected either by way of CO-ORDINATION, or by way of SUBORDINATION. When two sentences are so related to each other as to form one thought,

each, however, being in a measure independent of the other, they are connected by way of Co-ordination; as, "He was ill, and called for a physician;""Socrates was wise, Plato also was wise." The two sentences taken together constitute a co-ordinate compound sentence.

When two sentences are so related to each other that the one defines and explains the other, and the one is dependent on the other, they are connected in the way of Subordination; as, "He reported that the king died;" "since the spring has come, the roses bloom." "He reported" is the principal sentence; "that the king died" is the subordinate sentence, which defines the other, and the two taken together constitute a compound sentence.

§ 573. I. COPULATE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES are those which are connected by the copulative Conjunction or their equiva lents; as, "The moon and the stars shine" the moon shines and the stars shine; "He will be there as well as you;" "John will arrive, also James;" "She was not only beauti ful, but modest."

§ 574. II. An ADVERSATIVE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE is one in which the clauses that are contrasted with each other are united to form one thought. The opposition or contrast is of such a nature that the thought in the co-ordinate clause either merely limits or restrains the thought of the preceding clause, or wholly denies it; as, "He is indeed poor, but brave;"" He is not guilty, but innocent;" "I did indeed welcome him to my house, but I found that he was a rascal." "Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him."

§ 575. III. A DISJUNCTIVE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE is one in which the two clauses composing the entire sentence are united in one whole, but one of which excludes the other; as, "The father or the son died;" "Either James or John will be there;" "He was neither pious nor prudent;" "Be industrious, otherwise you will come to want;""Hasten to reform, else you will be ruined;" "Thomas is wiser than John;""John is as learned as James."

§ 576. IV. CAUSAL CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.-Two sentences may be so arranged that the latter may denote a cause or reason on the one hand, or an effect or inference on the

other; as, "The mercury has sunk, because (cause) the weather is cold;""The weather is cold, for (reason) the mercury has sunk;" "The land is fertile, therefore (effect) the crops are good;" "The crops are good, therefore (inference) the land is fertile ;" "Wine makes him ill, on that account he drinks water;" "He intends to teach, therefore he learns French."

§ 577. Subordinate Sentences stand in the place of a Substantive, or of an Adjective, or of an Adverb, and therefore must be regarded as Substantives, or Adjectives, or Adverbs, expanded into a sentence. Accordingly, there are three classes of Subordinate sentences, viz., Substantive sentences, Adjective sentences, and Adverbial sentences.

SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES.

§ 578. I. SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES are Substantives or Infinitives expanded into a sentence, and, like substantives, constitute the Subject, the Attribute, or the Object of a sentence. "He reported the death of the king," when expanded="He reported that the king had died."

1. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the subject of a proposition; as, "That the crops will be large, is evident."

2. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the predicate of a proposition; as, "His complaint was, that you deceived him."

3. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the object of a verb; as, "He believes that you injured him."

4. A Substantive Sentence can stand in apposition to a substantive in the principal sentence, whether in the nominative or objective case; as, "It is strange that you should think so." Here the sentence that you think so is in apposition to it, i. e., this thing.

5. The word that, used in these four instances, also serves to connect subordinate sentences which express a purpose; as, "I have come that I may see it with my own eyes," and also sentences that express an effect or consequence; as, “The noise was such that I could not hear a word."

ADJECTIVE SENTENCES.

§ 579. II. ADJECTIVE SENTENCES are Adjectives or Partici ples expanded into a sentence, and, like Adjectives, they ex press a more exact definition of a Substantive or substan tive Pronoun. They are usually introduced by relative pro nouns; as, "A person who is ignorant of his own language

[a person ignorant of his own language] ought not to at tempt to teach it;" "The trees which I planted=[the trees planted by me] are flourishing." The Adjective ignorant may be regarded as expanded into who is ignorant.

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

§ 580. III. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES are Adverbs, Participles, or Substantives used adverbially, expanded into sentences, and, like adverbs, denote an adverbial object, i. e., such an object as does not complete the idea of the predicate, but merely defines it. Hence they express a more full explanation of the Place, Time, Reason, Manner.

1. Relation of Place; as, "He is not there, where you ex pected to meet him," "Whithersoever I go, I will remember you;" I know not whence he came."

2. Relation of Time; as, "When any body asked him, he would not give an answer;" "While he was traveling, he received the intelligence."

3. Relation of Cause or Reason; as, "He is not liked, be cause he is presumptuous;" "The Gentleman being introduced to me, I addressed him in English;" "He stays at home, as he expects a visit."

4. Conditional adverbial sentences are such as express condition, and are introduced by the hypothetical conjunction if, or some equivalent; as, "I shall continue the work if I can." "Prove that to me, and I shall be satisfied." Here "prove that to me" is equivalent to, "if you will prove that to me." The conditional clause is sometimes expressed by a Question; as, "Is any man pinched with want, charity shall

relieve him."

As the conditioning clause usually precedes the conditioned, the former (the subordinate clause) is called the PROTASIS,

a