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the Commission may require, before the termination of such license, such transfer of land and interests therein (as described in paragraph (1) of this subsection) to the United States or a State in which such land is located. at the option of such State, as may be necessary to protect the public health, welfare, and the environment from any effects associated with such byproduct material. In exercising the authority of this paragraph, the Commission shall take into consideration the status of the ownership of such land and interests therein and the ability of the licensee to transfer title and custody thereof to the United States or a State.

"(5) The Commission may, pursuant to a license, or by rule or order, require the Secretary or other Federal agency or State having custody of such property and materials to undertake such monitoring, maintenance, and emergency measures as are necessary to protect the public health and safety and such other actions as the Commission deems necessary to comply with the standards promulgated pursuant to section 84 of this Act. The Secretary or such other Federal agency is authorized to carry Post, p. 3039. out maintenance, monitoring, and emergency measures, but shall take no other action pursuant to such license, rule or order, with respect to such property and materials unless expressly authorized by Congress after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(6) The transfer of title to land or byproduct materials, as defined in section 11 e. (2), to a State or the

United States pursuant to this subsection shall not re- 42 USC 2014. lieve any licensee of liability for any fraudulent or negligent acts done prior to such transfer.

"(7) Material and land transferred to the United States or a State in accordance with this subsection shall be transferred without cost to the United States or a State (other than administrative and legal costs incurred in carrying out such transfer). Subject to the provisions of paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, the United States or a State shall not transfer title to material or property acquired under this subsection to any person, unless such transfer is in the same manner as provided under section 104 (h) of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978.

"(8) The provisions of this subsection respecting transfer of title and custody to land shall not apply in the case of lands held in trust by the United States for any Indian tribe or lands owned by such Indian tribe subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States. In the case of such lands which are used for the disposal of byproduct material, as defined in section 11 e. (2), the licensee shall be required to enter into such arrangements with the Commission as may be appropri

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ate to assure the long-term maintenance and monitoring of such lands by the United States.

"c. Upon termination on any license to which this section applies, the Commission shall determine whether or not the licensee has complied with all applicable standards and requirements under such license.68

"SEC. 84. AUTHORITIES OF COMMISSION RESPECTING 42 USC 2114. CERTAIN BYPRODUCT MATERIAL.—

"a. The Commission shall insure that the management

of any byproduct material, as defined in section 11 e. (2), 42 USC 2014. is carried out in such manner as

"(1) the Commission deems appropriate to protect the public health and safety and the environment from radiological and nonradiological hazards associated with the processing and with the possession and transfer of such material,

"(2) conforms with applicable general standards promulgated by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under section 275, and

Infra.

"(3) conforms to general requirements established by the Commission, with the concurrence of the Administrator, which are, to the maximum extent practicable, at least comparable to requirements applicable to the possession, transfer, and disposal of similar hazardous material regulated by the Administrator under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as 42 USC 6901 amended.

"b. In carrying out its authority under this section, the Commission is authorized to

note.

Rule, regulation or order.

"(1) by rule, regulation, or order require persons, officers, or instrumentalities exempted from licensing under section 81 of this Act to conduct monitoring, 12 USC 2111. perform remedial work, and to comply with such other measures as it may deem necessary or desirable to protect health or to minimize danger to life or property, and in connection with the disposal or storage of such byproduct material; and

"(2) make such studies and inspections and to conduct such monitoring as may be necessary.

Any violation by any person other than the United Civil penalty. States or any officer or employee of the United States or

a State of any rule, regulation, or order or licensing pro

vision, of the Commission established under this section Ante, p. 3033. or section 83 shall be subject to a civil penalty in the same manner and in the same amount as violations subject to

a civil penalty under section 234. Nothing in this section 42 USC 2282. affects any authority of the Commission under any other provision of this Act." 69

68 Public Law 95-604 (92 Stat. 3033) (1978), sec. 202(a), added sec. 83 and sec. 202(b) provided that sec. 83 should become effective three years after enactment of P.L. 95-604 (i.e.. on November 8, 1981).

Public Law 95-604 (92 Stat. 3039) (1978). sec. 205(a), added sec. 84.

"CHAPTER 9. MILITARY APPLICATION OF

ATOMIC ENERGY

"SEC. 91. AUTHORITY.

"a. The Commission is authorized to

"(1) conduct experiments and do research and development work in the military application of atomic energy; and

"(2) engage in the production of atomic weapons, or atomic weapon parts, except that such activities. shall be carried on only to the extent that the express consent and direction of the President of the United States has been obtained, which consent and direction shall be obtained at least once each year.

"b. The President from time to time may direct the Commission (1) to deliver such quantities of special nuclear material or atomic weapons to the Department of Defense for such use as he deems necessary in the interest of national defense, or (2) to authorize the Department of Defense to manufacture, produce, or acquire any atomic weapon or utilization facility for military purposes: Provided, however, That such authorization shall not extend to the production of special nuclear material other than that incidental to the operation of such utilization facilities.

"c. The President may authorize the Commission or the Department of Defense, with the assistance of the other, to cooperate with another nation and, notwithstanding the provisions of section 57, 62, or 81, to transfer by sale, lease, or loan to that nation, in accordance with terms and conditions of a program approved by the President

"(1) nonnuclear parts of atomic weapons provided that such nation has made substantial progress in the development of atomic weapons, and other nonnuclear parts of atomic weapons systems involving Restricted Data provided that such transfer will not contribute significantly to that nation's atomic weapon design, development, or fabrication capability; for the purpose of improving that nation's state of training and operational readiness; "(2) utilization facilities for military applications; and

"(3) source, byproduct, or special nuclear material for research on, development of, production of, or use in utilization facilities for military applications; and

"(4) source, byproduct, or special nuclear material for research on, development of, or use in atomic weapons: Provided, however, That the transfer of such material to that nation is necessary to

Authority. 42 U.S.C.

sec. 2121.

Prohibition. 42 U.S.C. sec. 2122.

License required. 42 U.S.C. sec. 218

improve its atomic weapon design, development, or fabrication capability: And provided further, That such nation has made substantial progress in the development of atomic weapons,

whenever the President determines that the proposed cooperation and each proposed transfer arrangement for the nonnuclear parts of atomic weapons and atomic weapons systems, utilization facilities or source, byproduct, or special nuclear material will promote and will not constitute an unreasonable risk to the common defense and security, while such other nation is participating with the United States pursuant to an international arrangement by substantial and material contributions to the mutual defense and security: Provided, however, That the cooperation is undertaken pursuant to an agreement entered into in accordance with section 123: And provided further, That if an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to this subsection provides for transfer of utilization facilities for military applications the Commission, or the Department of Defense with respect to cooperation it has been authorized to undertake, may authorize any person to transfer such utilization facilities for military applications in accordance with the terms and conditions of this subsection and of the agreement for cooperation.

70

"SEC. 92. PROHIBITION.-It shall be unlawful, except as provided in section 91, for any person to transfer or receive in interstate or foreign commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, possess, import, or export any atomic weapon. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to modify the provisions of subsection 31 a. or section 101.71

"CHAPTER 10. ATOMIC ENERGY LICENSES

"SEC. 101. LICENSE REQUIRED.-It shall be unlawful, except as provided in section 91, for any person within the United States to transfer or receive in interstate commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, possess, use,72 import, or export any utilization or production facility except under and in accordance with a license issued by the Commission pursuant to section 103 or 104.

70 Public Law 85-479 (72 Stat. 276) (1958), see. 1, added subsec. c to sec. 91. 71 Public Law 85-479 (72 Stat. 276) (1958), sec. 2. amended sec. 92 by substituting a complete new sec. 92. Before amendment sec. 92 read as follows:

"SEC. 92. PROHIBITION.-It shall be unlawful for any person to transfer or receive in interstate commerce. manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire. possess, import, or export any atomic weapon, except as may be authorized by the Commission pursuant to the provisions of section 91. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to modify the provisions of subsection 31 a. or section 101."

72 Public Law 84-1006 (70 Stat. 1069) (1956), sec. 11, added the word "use.".

"SEC. 102. UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION FACILITIES FOR 42 U.S.C. INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.

"a. Except as provided in subsections b. and c., or otherwise specifically authorized by law, any license hereafter issued for a utilization or production facility for industrial or commercial purposes shall be issued pursuant to section 103.

"b. Any license hereafter issued for a utilization or production facility for industrial or comercial purposes, the construction or operation of which was licensed pursuant to subsection 104 b. prior to enactment into law of this subsection, shall be issued under subsection 104 b.

"c. Any license for a utilization or production facility for industrial or commercial purposes constructed or operated under an arrangement with the Commission entered into under the Cooperative Power Reactor Demonstration Program shall, except as otherwise specifically required by applicable law, be issued under subsection 104 b. 73

"SEC. 103. COMMERCIAL LICENSES.

74

sec. 2132.

Commercial
license 3.
42 U.S.C.

"a. The Commission is authorized to issue licenses to persons applying therefore to transfer or receive in inter- sec. 2133. state commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, possess, use, import, or export under the terms of an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to section 123, utilization or production facilities for industrial or commercial purposes.75 Such licenses shall be issued in accordance with the provisions of chapter 16 and subject to such conditions as the Commission may by rule or regulation establish to effectuate the purposes and provisions of this Act.

"b. The Commission shall issue such licenses on a nonexclusive basis to persons applying therefor (1) whose proposed activities will serve a useful purpose proportionate to the quantities of special nuclear material or source material to be utilized; (2) who are equipped to observe and who agree to observe such safety standards to protect health and to minimize danger to life or property as the Commission may by rule establish; and (3) who agree to make available to the Commission such technical information and data concerning activities un

73 Public Law 91-560 (84 Stat. 1472) (1970), sec. 3, amended sec. 102, prior to amendment it read as follows:

"SEC. 102. FINDING OF PRACTICAL VALUE.-Whenever the Commission has made a finding in writing that any type of utilization or production facility has been sufficiently developed to be of practical value for industrial or commercial purposes, the Commission may thereafter issue licenses for such type of facility pursuant to section 103."

74 Public Law 84-1006 (70 Stat. 1069) (1956), sec. 12, added the word "use".

78 Public Law 91-560 (84 Stat. 1472) (1970), sec. 4. amended the first sentence of sec. 103 a. Before amendment it read as follows:

"Subsequent to a finding by the Commission as required in section 102, the Commission may issue licenses to transfer or receive in interstate commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, possess, use, import, or export uuder the terms of an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to section 123, such type of utilization or production facility."

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