rhetorical question, rhythm, alliteration.

II. Study one of the orations in Part III and note all the qualities of style you can discover.

III. Secure examples of five different qualities of style from next Sunday's sermon or from some other public speech.

IV. What qualities of style are illustrated in the following:

1. He was still handsome, this great-hearted friend of ours, although disease had whitened his face and made necessary a supporting cane. When I came away, he took my hand in his and said, half jestingly, half earnestly, "Good-bye. God bless you!" I tried to smile but couldn't.

2. At Oxford Johnson resided during about three years. He was poor, even to raggedness; and his appearance excited a mirth and a pity which were equally intolerable to his haughty spirit. He was driven from the quadrangle of Christ Church by the sneering looks which the members of that aristocratical society cast at the holes in his shoes. Some charitable person placed a new pair at his door, but he spurned them away in a fury.-MACAULAY.

3. But the gentleman inquires why he was made the object of such a reply? why was he singled out? If an attack has been made on the East, he, he assures us, did not begin it: it was made by the gentleman from Missouri. Sir, I answered the gentleman's speech because I happened to hear it; and because, also, I chose to give an answer to that speech, which, if unanswered, I thought most likely to produce injurious impressions. I did not stop to inquire who was the original drawer of the bill. I found a responsible indorsee before me, and it was my purpose to hold him liable, and to bring him to his just responsibility without delay.-WEBSTER.

4. The last stick on her andirons snaps asunder, and falls outward. Two faintly smoking brands stand there. Grandfather lays them together, and they flame up. The two smokes are one united flame. "Even so let it be in heaven," says grandfather.

5. When dead winter comes, how wondrous look the hills in their white robes! The round red ball of the sun looks through

the frosty stream. The far-off firth gleams strange and ghostly, with a sense of mysterious distance. The mountain loch is a sheet of blue, on which you may disport in perfect solitude from morn to night, with the hills white on all sides, save where the broken snow shows the rusted leaves of the withered bracken.

6. Mounted in the field and at the head of his troops, a glimpse of Lee was an inspiration. His figure was as distinctive as that of Napoleon. The black slouch hat, the cavalry boots, the dark cape, the plain gray coat without an ornament but the three stars on the collar, the calm, victorious face, the splendid manly figure on the gray war-horse,—he looked every inch the true knight—the grand, invincible champion of a great principle.

Lettuce

7. The lettuce is to me a most interesting study. is like conversation: it must be fresh and crisp, so sparkling that you scarcely notice the bitter in it. Lettuce, like most talkers, is, however, apt to run rapidly to seed. Blessed is that sort which comes to a head, and so remains, like few people I know; growing more solid, and satisfactory, and tender at the same time, and whiter at the center, and crisp in their maturity. Lettuce, like conversation, requires a good deal of oil, to avoid friction and keep the company smooth; a pinch of Attic salt, a dash of pepper, a quantity of mustard and vinegar, by all means, but so mixed that you will notice no sharp contrasts, and a trifle of sugar. You can put anything, and the more things the better, into salad, as into a conversation, but everything depends upon the skill of mixing. I feel that I am in the best society when I am with lettuce. It is the select circle of vegetables.— C. D. WARNER.

8. The maxim that no people ought to be free till they are fit to use their freedom, is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water till he had learned to swim. If men are to wait for liberty till they become wise and good in slavery, they may indeed wait forever.

9. Withdraw thy foot from thy neighbors' house lest he be weary of thee, and so hate thee.

A man that beareth false witness against his neighbor is a maul, and a sword, and a sharp arrow.-Bible.

10.

Let us at least have this to say: We too have kept the faith of the fathers. We took Cuba by the hand. We delivered her from her age-long bondage. We welcomed her to the family

of nations. We set mankind an example never beheld before of moderation in victory. We led hesitating and halting Europe to the deliverance of their beleaguered ambassadors in China. We marched through a hostile country-a country cruel and barbarous-without anger or revenge. We returned benefit for injury and pity for cruelty. We made the name of America beloved in the East as in the West. We kept faith with the Philippine people. We kept faith with our own history. We kept our national honor unsullied. The flag which we received without a rent we handed down without a stain.-A. J. BEVER

IDGE.

CHAPTER IV

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THE SPEAKER

"Eloquence," said Webster, "must exist in the man, in the subject, and in the occasion." The latter two of these elements of eloquence have been discussed in preceding chapters. The third great factor in public speaking is the speaker himself. A good speech, however well prepared, will be ineffectual unless well delivered. In treating of delivery we must refer, by way of review, to certain matters that were discussed more fully in Part I.

I. PHYSICAL QUALITIES. "A man may have the bow of Ulysses, but of what use is it, if he has not the strength to bend it to do his will? His arrows may be of silver and gold-tipped; they may be winged with the feathers of the very bird of Paradise; but if he cannot draw them to the head and send them home to the mark, of what value are they to him?" The crowd demands a leader. This leader must always be an embodiment of strength. Elements of strength as related to physical qualities are:

A.

Physique. Men of all ages whose tread has made the world tremble with their eloquence have been men with brawny frames, and great power of physical and mental endurance. With few exceptions, those who have not had large physiques have had close-knit ones. Burke, Fox, Mirabeau, Brougham, Webster, Chalmers, Curran, O'Connell, John Bright, Gladstone, Beecher, Bryan,—were all men of powerful frames and iron nerves.

If nature has given you a strong physique, make the most of it; develop it and make it still stronger. However,

there have been mighty powers on the platform who did not enjoy this natural advantage. John Randolph had a small, short body perched upon long, crane-like legs; but every one in the House of Representatives listened to him when he spoke. Wilberforce had a dwarfish body and a weak, shrill voice; but he became a power in Parliament. Richard Sheil, the Irish orator, had a pigmy body, and Summerfield, one of America's most magical preachers, was an invalid all his life.

2. Voice. Even more than a powerful frame the orator needs a good voice. Oh, the magic, the charm, the power, in a strong, well modulated voice! Lord Chatham and William Pitt became leaders in Parliament because of their voices. Burke, far more brilliant in intellect, had far less immediate influence because he lacked a good voice. Thomas Jefferson was never considered an able orator because he could not control his voice. Mirabeau, O'Connell, and Webster controlled assemblies by their powerful throats; Gladstone, Bryan, Clay and Grady by their "silver tongues." When Bryan traveled in Japan, a native who could not understand English heard him deliver an address and gave this tribute to his eloquence: "His voice sounded like music."

Since the voice is such an important factor in making a successful speaker, too much pains cannot be taken in cultivating it to its highest possibility. It is to be regretted, to say the least, that among men who depend on public speaking for their bread and for their success, preachers, lawyers, lecturers, so many are satisfied with a poor voice, throaty and harsh, droning and monotonous, with an abominable minor inflection. What a power some men could be, if they only had good voices! Why do they not cultivate them? This is the answer: Either ignorance or indolence. But wherein lies the charm of a good voice? The chief elements are:

A. Distinctness. By all means secure a clear, distinct