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it is a sign that beer has fallen. Drinking, he says, makes him lean, because he leans against every post and wall that bars his passage, which is uncommonly grating to his feelings. And when he gets up a rope ladder, he says, he is an

be had at about lid. per ounce; but, if bought by the pound, it is considerably cheaper. F. S.

RECEIPT FOR A COUGH.

upright man, and cannot fail rising in Take of Mucilage of Gum Arabic, 2 oz. the world. If any one talks of our first parents, he says, he was on the eve of

Simple Syrup, oz. Peppermint Water, 1 oz.

To the Editor of the Mirror.

mentioning them, and if he was able, he Mix the above together.
would give so and so a good caining,
plague on such jokes say I. A celebrated
poet, he says, ought to write more, for he
has written little long enough, almost till
he was done brown. He talks of Mr.
Westcott, who is a relation of Mr. Coates:
such observations would be only making
breaches into nonsense, I trow sirs, it
would, was his reply. He exclaims,
requiescat in pace over a dead puss.
INGENS cui lumen ademptum, when he
sees the engines running. And thanks
Mr. Peel for the Repeal of the Marriage
Act.

August, 1823.

BETA.

Croydon, January 28, 1824. SIR, I am a regular subscriber to your valuable little work the Mirror; and on perusing that dated January 3, I find you have greatly erred in prescribing (under the head "Useful Domestic Hints,") a remedy "In case of danger arising from having drank water when warm. advise half an ounce of camphor to be dissolved in a gill of brandy, and taken at intervals of three minutes. Surely you must have intended half a drachm; for, if you refer to the properties of camphor in the Pharmacopæia, you will find the dose

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Useful Domestic Hints. to be from one to five grains, and in large

SUBSTITUTE FOR HOPE

HOPS being last season a very unproductive crop, are now of course proportionably dear; it may, therefore, not be amiss to state, for the information of private families, who practise economy, and brew their beer, that Gentian root has been used with the greatest success for a substitute. The proportion of Gentian to each bushel of malt, varies from one ounce to an ounce and half, to which a quarter of a pound of hops should be added. This root is to be carefully cut into thin slices, and if boiled in a quantity of water for some time, before it is added with the hops in the usual manner, it will ensure the extraction of the bitter principle; although, by many who have used it, it is merely sliced, and put into the boiling wort precisely in the same method that hops usually are, and it is almost impossible to distinguish beer so brewed, from that where hops are wholly used; if any thing, the Gentian imparts a more grateful bitter. A few hops added in the cask when the liquor is stopped down, will impart the full flavour of the hop. The quantity of the root may be diminished or increased, so that the bitter may suit the taste, and a little experience will ena ble those who use it to do so. Generally, perhaps, one ounce with four ounces of hops, will be found sufficient for each bushel of malt. The Gentian root may

doses twenty grains and upwards; and that excessive doses produce syncope, anxiety, retchings, convulsions and delirium.

A CONSTANT READER.

RUSSIAN MODE OF MAKING BUTTER.

(To the Editor of the Mirror.j SIR,-Observing in a monthly scientific journal, an article on the subject of making butter in winter, I beg leave to furnish a few particulars on that subject, as practised in Russia, since the year 1816, and which may, perhaps, be of some service to those who may be induced to make the experiment either in summer or winter. Being in that country in the year 1817, I was informed by a Russian nobleman, that the proprietor of an extensive estate (also a nobleman of high rank) had discovered a new mode of making butter, and had received letters patent from the Emperor as a reward for the discovery, and which he stated as being at that time in full and successful operation. The process consisted in boiling (or rather that species of boiling called simmering) the milk for the space of fifteen minutes in its sweet state-observing at the same time not to use sufficient heat to burn the milk; it is then churned in the usual manner.-He also stated, that no difficulty ever occurred in procuriug butter immediately, and of a quality far superior to that made

from milk which had undergone vinous fermentation: and that in addition to its superior flavour, it would preserve its qualities much longer than that made in the ordinary mode; that the additional advantages were, that the milk, being left sweet, is possessed of almost the same value for ordinary purposes, and by some was considered more healthy, as they supposed the boiling or scalding to destroy whatever animalculæ it may have contained.

If the above process should upon experiment prove of sufficient importance, so as to bring it into general use, particularly in the winter, it would perhaps be to the advantage of those who may practise it to have their milk scalded in vessels calculated to stand in the kettle or boiler, by which mode the danger of burning the milk would be avoided, for it is ascertained that milk only burns on the edges of its surface, or where it comes in contact with the sides of the vessel in which it is heated, which can never happen in double kettles, or where one is placed within the other.

AGRICOLA.

The Gatherer.

"I am but a Gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff."---Wotton.

FACETIE.

JOHN, Duke of Bourbonnois, published a declaration, in 1414, " that he would go over to England, with sixteen knights, and there fight to extremity, in order to avoid idleness, and to merit the good graces of the fair lady whose humble servant he was."

con

A person talking to Foote of an acquaintance of his, who was so avaricious, that he lamented the prospect of his funeral expenses, and who yet had censured one of his relations for his parsi66 Now, is it not strange,' mony; tinued he," that this man would not take the beam out of his own eye, before he attempted the mote in other people's?" "Why, so I dare say he would," cried Foote, if he was sure of selling the timber."

When Mr. C. Yorke was returned member for the University of Cambridge, in 1770, he went round to thank the members who had voted for him. Among the number was one remarkable for having the largest and ugliest face that ever was seen. Mr. Yorke, in thanking him, said, 66 Sir, I have a great reason to be thankful to my friends in general, but

confess myself under particular obligations to you for the very remarkable countenance you have shewn me upon this occasion."

Two friends, one a native of Lancashire, the other an Hibernian, being in conversation together, the latter asked the former, "what death he would wish to die?" The answer was, "Let me die the death of the righteous." "Och! my dear," replied honest Pat," that you'll never do as long as ye live."

THE VALENTINE WREATH.

BY MR. MONTGOMERY.
Rosy red the hills appear
With the light of morning,
Beauteous clouds, in æther clear,
All the East adorning;

White thro' mist the meadows shine:
Wake, my Love, my Valentine!
For thy locks of raven hue,
Flowers of hoar frost pearly,
Crocus-cups of gold and blue,
Snow-drops drooping early,
With Mezeron springs combine :
Rise, my Love, my Valentine!
O'er the margin of the flood,
Pluck the daisy peeping;
Thro' the covert of the wood,
Hunt the sorrel creeping;
With the little Celandine,
Crown my Love, my Valentine.
Pansies, on their lowly stems,
Scatter'd o'er the fallows;
Hazel-buds with crimson gems,
Green and glossy sallows,
Tufted moss and ivy-twine,
Deck my Love, my Valentine.
Few and simple flow'rets these;
Yet to me less glorious
Garden-beds and orchard-trees!
Since this wreath victcrious
Binds you now for ever mine,
O my Love, my Valentine.

TO CORRESPONDENTS. Edgar is requested to send to our office for a letter.

Lector Speculi shall be attended to.

The favours of P. T. W., J. D. S., Beta-Pi, A. B., J. H. W., F. S., T., and some half dozen articles on the stage, with valentines addressed to every lady's name from Amelia to Zenobia, have been received.

The Prophetic Dew Drops versified, The Chemical Student, and Jacobus, in our next.

Errata in our last.---P. 106, col. 1, 1. 10 from bottom, for "Senuiani," read "Geminiani ;" col. 2, 1.8 from bottom, for "Melpomene," read "Euterpe;" p. 111, col. 1, 1.7, for" Kellarday," read" Kellaway."

Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.

OF

LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.

No. LXXII.]

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1824.

Burns's Mausoleum at Dumfries.

[PRICE 2d.

[graphic]

LONG had the genius of Burns been universally acknowledged, and his poems been read and admired, from the Land's End to John o'Groat's, before there was any tribute to his memory. While living, he had been treated with the most cruel neglect, and insulted with the situation o. an exciseman, for, to a man of his genius and feeling, such an office was an insult, when death released him from the fangs of poverty on the 22nd of July, 1796, in the 38th year of his age. He died poor, but "owing no man;" for the independence of his spirit, and the exemplary prudence of his wife, not only preserved him from debt, but from every sort of

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planned by Thomas F. Hurst,

of London, architect, the first stone was laid by William Miller, Esq. Provincial Grand Master of the Southern District

of Free-Masons in Scotland,
in the reign of George III.
during the regency of George,
Prince of Wales,

Joseph Gass, Esq. being Provost of
Dumfries,

on the 5th day of June,
in the year of light, 5815,
of our Lord, 1815.

HISTORY OF COMMERCE.

(For the Mirror.)

If we would mark the several periods and countries, in which manufactures and commerce have flourished, we must follow the course of the arts, which commerce has always accompanied, and in a great measure that of power, which seldom fails to attend it, when we should find that the progress of all the three has been from east to west, beginning near the land of Palestine.

The first people who were induced by their situation to apply to arts and commerce, were those who inhabited the coasts of the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, so convenient for transporting goods from the Indies; though it is most probable, that goods were first carried by land on camels. These people were the Arabians or Ishmaelites, and especially the Edomites. Their trade was chiefly with Egypt, which by that means was rich and populous. Upon the conquest of Idumea, by David, the scattered remains of that industrious people fled to the coast of the Mediterranean sea, where as Sir Isaac Newton conjectures, they took Sidon, the inhabitants of which built Tyre, which being found more commodiously situated for traffic, soon became more famous than the mother country. The Tyrians finding an immense vent for their commodities along all the coast of the Mediterranean sea, among people who had just begun to be civilized, (and whom their intercourse with them, more than any other circumstance, contributed to civilize,) grew rich, populous and powerful to an incredible degree; and notwithstanding they were subdued by Nebuchadnezzar, they were only driven from the continent. They built a city equal, or superior, to the former on an island opposite to it, where they continued their commerce with the same advantages, till they were finally subdued by Alexander the Great.

Before this fatal event, the Tyrias had founded many colonies on the cast of Europe and Africa, particularly Carthage, which by the intimate connexion it always kept up with its mother country, and the free access the Carthaginians had to the remotest parts of Europe, grew to a far greater height of opulence and power than commerce had been attained by any nation before them. The taking of Tyre removed the seat of the same commerce to Alexandria, where the Ptolemys were great encouragers of commerce, and found their advantage in it. For the produce of the customs of Alexandria is said to have been two millions of our money annually. Alexandria maintained the same rank in point of trade and commerce during the earlier period of the Roman empire, but yielded to Constantinople; the riches acquired by commerce long preserved the remains of that power which had a very different origin.

During the ravages committed by the northern barbarians, in their invasion of the Roman empire, two rival states, Venice and Genoa, rose from the most inconsiderable beginnings, and by their commerce with Constantinople and Alexandria on the one hand, and the western states of Europe on the other, arrived at immense riches and power; so as to be a match for the Turks, when they had put an end to the Constantinopolitan empire. Within this period, viz. in the 13th century, the business of exchange and banking was begun by the Lombards and Jews; an invention of infinite advantage to the trading part of the world, which was now become very extensive. Before this time, commerce had made a considerable progress westwards, and many towns in Germany, England, the Low Countries, and France, called the Hanse Towns, entered into a league for carrying on a very extensive commerce, which they did with vast advantage, till their haughtiness and warlike enterprises, gave umbrage to the powers of Europe, and engaged them to put an end to the confederacy. Venice and Genoa were ruined in part, by their mutual jealousy and wars; but what diverted almost the whole course of trade out of its former channel, and which makes the most remarkable revolution in the whole history of commerce, was the discovery of a passage to the East Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese, and of America, by the Spaniards. These discoveries they were enabled to make, by means of the compass, which then first begun to be applied to navigation; though that property of the load

stone, on which the use of it depends, had been known a considerable time before. For about a century and a half, these were the only considerable naval powers in the world; but the arrogance and ambition of the Spaniards after the conquest of Portugal, excited the hatred and industry of the Dutch and English. The former, first became a free, then a commercial, and in a remarkably short space of time, a rich and potent state, and much superior to their former masters. The English, in the reign of Elizabeth, began to follow their footsteps, and by a steady perseverance, and the help of many natural advantages, they have been continually increasing their commerce and naval force, till it is at this day far superior to that of the Dutch, or that of any other state in the world. The success of the Dutch and English has excited all the states of Europe, in proportion to their abilities and opportunities, to engage in commerce. This emulation has raised such a spirit of industry, promoted so many new manufactures, occasioned the establishment of so many new colonies in all parts of the known world, and brought such an amazing accession of riches and power to the states of Europe in general, as must have appeared incredible, but a few centuries ago. And little did the ancient Greeks and Romans imagine that the divisi toto orbe Brittanni, and the poor barbarous and ignorant neighbouring nations, would ever make the figure they now do, and go so infinitely beyond whatever they had attained to in respect to science, commerce, riches, power, and I may add, happiness. As to the commerce of England, though it was by no means inconsiderable in several periods of the more early part of our history, that were particularly favourable to it, and though it was encouraged by several of our wiser princes in those times; yet till the period in which I have introduced the mention of it, it never was so considerable as to deserve being taken notice of in this very general view of the progress and revolutions of commerce.

D. K. L. THE PROPHETIC DEW-DROPS.* (For the Mirror.)

In a garden where flowrets were blooming wild,
One arid and sultry morning,

There restlessly wander'd a delicate child,
Whose sense was too early dawning;

"Ah Father!" he cried,

As the buds he eyed,

That languidly droop'd before them; "The dew-drops to day,

Have been snatch'd away

Too soon, and we're left to deplore them!
See Mirror, No. 70.

Alas! not permitted to glitter on flow'rs
As happier dew-drops have been,
That have sparkled at eve, in the moonlight
hours.

Like fairy lamps over the scene;
And liv'd thro' the night
And the morning bright,

On the buds, till the noon of the day;
But the heat of the sun,

Or his wrath has undone

These poor dew-drops, and chas'd them away! Thus had murmur'd the child, when a deeting

show'r

Bore down from the darkening sky;
And a rain-bow appear'd, ere the closing acar
As a beautiful arch upon high.

"See thy dew-drops fair
In the rain-bow there,
More brilliantly set than before;
So, that which fades here,
Will re-bloom to be blighted, no more!"
In a purer sphere

While thus spoke the father, how little he knew
That his words as pretiguring fell,
Or that the fair intant soon fading from view
Ah would witness their truth but too well!
For this child of light,
In the morning bright
Of his wisdom too early given;
By sickness assailed,
Was even exhaled

As a dew-drop from earth into heaven!
Feb. 16th, 1824.
E. S. C.---Y

THE GOOD WOMAN.

(For the Mirror.) SOME persons, whose reading and experience have brought them in contact rather with bad women than good, and who, perhaps, have read the story of a woman who spoke very well without a tongue, a story which is attested by Wilcox, Bishop of Rochester, and was read before the Royal Society, in a letter from Lisbon, dated September 3, 1707; and which gave occasion to the following epigram:

That without a tongue a woman could
Chat and prattle, talk aloud:

As a fact I must receive it.---
But that a woman with a tongue

Could hold her peace, and hold it long;
Pshaw! I can't believe it.

Some such persons, may have been of opinion, that a woman never could be absolutely GOOD unless her head were entirely off; and hence have deduced the origin of the sign, which is still to be seen at several oil shops, particularly in St. Giles's, midway between the church and Tottenham-Court Road; at another in Bishopsgate-street; at a third, in Kentstreet-road; and at a fourth in Londonroad; at the last shop, however, the husband fairly divides the sign with his wife; for it is the "Good Man" on one side, and the " Good Woman" on the other. But, when we are told, that this sign has never appeared but at an oiishop, and that it is commonly believed, that the first-mentioned house has been in the same trade, and with the same sign, or something like it, ever since the

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