is to assist the superior officers by receiv ing and communicating orders. He places guards, receives and distributes ammunition, assins places of rendezvous, &c. An adjutant-general, in an army, is the chief adjutant. ADMONISHED, reproved; warned: instructed. ADORATION (L. adoratio, from the verb adoro, which is formed from ad, to, and os the mouth, and hence means to raise the hand to the mouth, ns was the custom among the Romans. The devotee, with his head covered or veiled, applied his right hand to his lips, bowing and turning himself from right to left). profound reverence; divine worship; homage. ADORNMENTS, ornaments. ADULATION, servile flattery; praise beyond what is merited; high compliment. GIS, a shield of defensive armor. EMILIUS, PAULUS. I., consul of Rome, slain at the battle of Cannæ Paulus. his son, distinguished in the Macedonian war. OLIAN HARP, a simple stringed instrument, that sounds by the impulse of the air. Usually it is formed by drawing strings across the opening between the sashes of a window, in such a manner that the wind, in its passage through, will cause the strings to vibrate, and thus emit a sweet sound. It is named from Eolus, the deity of the winds. AERONAUT (Gr. air, the atmosphere, and nautus, a sailor), one who sails in the air; one who ascends in a balloon. AFFABILITY, civility and courteousness in receiving others, and in conversation. AFFECT, to make show of; to attempt to imitate; to aim at. AFFECTATION, an attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real. AFFILIATE, to assimilate; to adopt. AFFINITY, resemblance; agreement. AFTER OAR. the oar more aft, or towards the stern of the ship. AGGRAVATE. to make worse, or less tolerable; to make more erroneous; to exaggerate. AGGREGATE, a sum, mass or assemblage of particulars. AGHAST. struck with amazement; stupefied with sudden fright or terror. AIRS, songs; lays. AJAX, a famous hero in the Trojan war. AKIN. allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; related by blood. ALARUM, a corruption of alarm. ALBAN FORCES, the forces of Alba Longa, a city of Latium, an ancient division of Italy. ALBIN, the name of the Scotch highlands. ALBION, the earlier name of the island of Great Britain. Some derive the name from the Greek, alphon, white, referring to the chalky cliffs on the coast. ALBUM (L. albus, white), among the Romans, n white table, board, or register, on which the names of public officers, and public transactions, were entered. A book for the insertion of autographs of celebrated persons, or in which friends insert pieces as memorials of each other. ALCHEMY, the more difficult parts of chemistry, and chiefly such as relate to the trans mutation of metals into gold; the finding a universal remedy for diseases and a universal solvent. It was much cultivated from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century. ALCOVE, a recess for a library or chamber; any shady recess. ALEXANDER, surnamed The Great, the son of Philip. King of Macedonia. He died at Babylon, B. c. 323. in the thirty-second year of his age, after having conquered the Persian empire, subdued many other countries, and penetrated even to India. By his conquests, the sciences of geography, natural history, and others, received vast additions, and Europeans were made acquainted with the products of the remote East. ALFRED THE GREAT. He succeeded to the throne of England, $71. Many stories are told of his warlike exploits against the Danes. England is indebted to him for the foundation of her naval force. He composed a body of statutes, and instituted the trial by jury. University College, Oxford. claims Alfred as its founder. ALFIERI. Count Vittorio, an Italian poet. ALISON, REV. ARCHIBALD, a minister of the Scotch Episcopal Church; author of a philosophical essay on Taste. ALKALI, a substance of acrid taste, capable of neutralizing acids, as, potash, sola, &c. ALLAYED, abated; quieted: subdued. ALLEGORY, a figurative discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject, resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The Pilgrim's Progress," by Bunyan, is an allegory. The S0th Psalm, where God's chosen people are represented by a vineyard, is another instance of allegorical writing. ALLEVIATE. to mitigate; to lessen; to relieve in part. ALLOY, evil mixed with good. In coinage, a baser metal mixed with a finer.-in chemistry, the mixture of different metals; excepting that of mercury with another metal, which is called an amalgam. ALLURED, tempted by the offer of good, real or apparent; enticed. ALOOF, at a distance. ALPINE, pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; very high. ALSACE (Al'sass), one of the old German provinces, ceded to France in 1648. ALTITUDE, height; elevation; distance of a heavenly body above the horizon. AMANUENSIS (from manus, a hand). a writer of what another dictates or has written; a secretary. AMAIN, with force, strength, or violence; suddenly. AMBER, a hard, semi-transparent substance, tasteless and without smell, except when pounded or heated, when it emits a sweet odor. It is found in alluvial soils, or on the sea-shore, as on the shore of the Baltic Sea, and at Cape Sable in Maryland. When rubbed slightly it has the property of attracting objects and of emitting sparks of fire. Thousands of years before any thing was known of electricity as a science, these qualities were known to exist in amber, and hence the Greeks called it electron. AMBITION. In a good sense, it means a desire of excellence or superiority; in a bad, an inordinate desire for power or eminence. AMETHYST, a precious stone, of a violet blue color. AMITY, friendship; harmony; good understanding. AMNESTY, a general pardon of the offenses of subjects against the government, or the proclamation of such a pardon. AMPHITHEATER, an edifice in an oral or circular form, containing seats rising higher as they recede from the center, in which the combats of gladiators and of wild beasts, and other sports, were viewed. AMPHITHEATRICAL. pertaining to, or exhibited in, an amphitheater. ANALOGOUS, bearing some resemblance or proportion. ANALYSIS, separation of a body, or of a subjeet, word, &c., into its elements, or component parts. ANALYZE, to resolve a body into its elements; to separate a compound subject into its parts or proportions. ANALYZING, resolving into elements constituent parts, or first principles. ANARCHY (Gr. a, without, and arche, rule), want of government; confusion. ANCHORITE, a hermit; one who retires from the world and devotes himself to religion. And Arielie. Ariel. an airy spirit, in Shakspeare's play of the Tempest. ANDALUSIA. in the south of Spain. And like another Helen, &c. Helen, proverbial for her beauty, numbered among her suitors the most celebrated young princes of Greece. Her father, by the advice of Ulysses, one of the princes. bound them all, by a solemn oath. to approve of the choice Helen should herself make, and to unite in defense of her person and character. She chose Menelaus, king of Sparta, but sometime afterwards was persuaded by Paris. son of Priam, king of Troy, to flee with him. Menelaus assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their oath. made war upon Troy, under command of Agamemnon. The siege of Troy is admitted to be a fact, but the story of Helen is very doubtful. ANDROMEDA. In mythology, she was rescued They by Perseus from a sea monster. At her death made a constellation in the heavens, ANGELO BUONAROTI, MICHAEL, a great sculp tor and painter, born in Tuscany. His most famous paintings are the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel at Rome. He was also a poet and an architect, and spent many years in the completion of St. Peter's at Rome. Died 1564. ANIMALCULE, a little animal; more particularly, one that can be seen without the ail of a magnifying glass. Animalculæ (L pl.) is also used. ANNALS, records of events year by year; the books containing annals. Annuls differ from history, in merely relating events, without observations on motives, causes, &c. ANNE, LADY, Anne Boleyn, one of the maids of honor to Queen Catharine, whom Henry VIII. divorced. She afterwards became the wife of the king, and mother of Queen Elizabeth. ANNIHILATE, to reduce to nothing; to destroy. ANNIVERSARY (L. anniversarius, of annus, year, and verto to turn), the day on which an event is annually celebrated. ANNOTATION, an explanatory note; a remark or commentary. ANNOY, to vex by repeated acts; to molest. ANONYMOUS, without a name. ANTICIPATE to foresee or expect; to overreach; to preoccupy. ANTICIPATION. foretaste; previous motion. ANTONINUS, PIUS, a Roman emperor, born A. D. 86. He was moral and frugal in private life, and his reign was remarkable for tranquillity. ANTONY, MARK, known in history as the triumvir; the companion and friend of Julius Cæsar. He married the sister of Octavius; whom he neglected for the famous Cleopatra; was finally defeated at the battle of Actium. After this, besieged by his conqueror, deserted by his followers, and betrayed, as he supposed, by Cleopatra herself, he died by his own hand in the 56th year of his age, B. c. 30. APACE. quick; fast: speedily. APATHY (Gr. d. without, and pathos, passion), want of feeling or passion; insensibility; unconcern. APELLES, a famous painter in the time of Alexander the Great, and a favorite of that monarch. One of his most celebrated pictures, Venus rising from the waves," having become injured by time, no artist would venture to retouch it. APEX, the tip, point, or summit of anything. APIS, a sacred bull worshiped by the Egyp tians. APOCALYPTIC, containing, or pertaining to, revelation; mysterions; disclosing. APOLLO. See Lesson CXXV. APOSTROPHIZE, to make a short detached address in speaking. APPARENT, that may be easily seen. APPARATUS, the instruments, or utensils, necessary for carrying on any science, art, trade, &c. APPELLATION, name. APPENZELL'S stout infantry. Appenzell, a town of Switzerland, belonging to the Swiss Confederation. It contributes 972 men to its army APPLICATION, the act of laying on; close study attention. APPRECIATING, understanding the value of; estimating. APPRAISE, to value. It is generally used na the act of valuing, by men appointed for the purpose by law, or by agreement of parties; as, to appraise the goods of a dead person. APPROBATION. a liking; commendation. APPROPRIATELY, fitly; suitably; properly. APPROXIMATING, advancing near; ceasing to approach. AQUATIC, pertaining to the water, living or | ARTICULATION, a distinct utterance of sylla Arcadia in Greece, a fertile ARCADIAN Scenes. and beautiful country, inhabited by a pastoral people. Often referred to by ancient poets. ARCHER, one who uses a bow in battle; a bowman. bles and words, by means of opening and ARTIFICER, a Workman in some art; one who ARTIFICIAL, not genuine or natural; feigned; ARCHETYPE, the original; the model from ARTISTIC, conformable to art; regular; made which anything is made. ARCHITECT a builder. ARCHITECTURE, the science or art of building. ARDENT, zealous, hot, burning. affectionate. AREA, any plane surface, as the floor of a he established, at Cromford, England, the ARMADA'S pride. Philip the Second, of Spain, asked the hand of Queen Elizabeth, of England, in marriage, and was refused. Incensed at this, he fitted up a fleet of 130 ships, and sent it to conquer England, A. D. 1588. But a storm destroyed part of the ships, and the English conThis fleet was quered the remainder. called the Inviucible Armada. ARMAMENTS, forces equipped for war; generally used for a naval force. ARMATURE. The armature of animals and vegetables, is the sting, horn, spine, or prickle, which is intended for their protection. The word also means armor, arms. ARNOLD, THOMAS K.. known for his efforts to reform the mode of education in the schools of England. Died 1842. AROMATIC, fragrant, spicy, strong scented. ARRONDISSEMENT (-mäng.) (Fr., from arrondir, to make round], literally a circuit or district. The territory of France since the revolution has been divided into departments; those into arrondissements; those into cantons, and the latter into communes. ARROGANCE, undue assumption of importance; haughtiness; lordliness. ART. a system of rules, serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; opposed to science, or speculative principles: as, the art of building or engraving. The modification of things by human skill, to In this answer the purpose intended. sense art stands opposed to nature. ARTICULATE, expressive; an articulate sound is made by closing and opening the organs of speech. in the manner of a skillful artist. ARVE, a river of Sardinia. It is very rapid, often inundating the country. ARVEYRON, a streamlet in the Sardinian States; a branch of the Arve. ASKANCE, sideways, obliquely. ASPEN, a species of the poplar, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air. ASPHALTITES, the Dead Sea, 25 miles east of Jerusalem. ASPIRATION, an ardent wish or desire; the pronouncing a letter with a full emission of breath. ASPIRE, to desire eagerly; to aim at what is lofty or difficult. ASSERTION, a positive declaration; the act ASSIDUITIES, constant attentions. ASSIZES, a meeting of the English royal ASSUAGE, to mitigate, allay, or ease; to appease. ASTOUNDING, adapted to astound, or strike ASTROLABE, an instrument formerly used for At bay, a state of expectation, or looking ATLANTIC, Bell of the. The bell of the steam- ATTUNE, to make musical: to arrange fitly. AUGHT. any thing; any part; a jot or tittle. AUGUST, majestic; magnificent; inspiring reverence or awe. AUSPICES. protection: patronage; influence. AUSTERITY. Severity of manners or life; rigor, strictness; harsh discipline. AUSTERLITZ. A small town of Moravia, celebrated for the victory gained by Napoleon over the emperors of Austria and Russia, Dec. 24, 1805. AUTHENTICITY, genuineness; reliability. AUTHOR OF ANACHARSIS. A Scythian philosopher, who flourished B. c. 600. Strabo relates that he invented the bellows, the anchor, and the potter's wheel. But this is considered doubtful. AUTOMATONS. machines having the moving power within themselves. AUXILIARIES, helpers; foreign troops in the service of nations at war. AVALANCHE (Fr. from avaler, to descend), a mass of snow or ice sliding down a mountain. This is a French term originally applied to the masses of snow or ice precipitated from the Alps; but it is now applied to similar falling masses of earth, or rock. AVAUNT, a word of contempt, equivalent to the phrase "Get thee gone." AVERT (L. averto, from a. from, and verto, to turn), to turn from; to turn off, or away; to prevent. AVOWAL, an open declaration; frank acknowledgment. AWARDED, adjudged; determined. AYE, () always, continually; for ever. AZURE, of a sky blue; resembling the fine blue of the sky. BACCHUS. Se Lesson CXXV. BACKING UP, to back water. or reverse the ordinary motion of the oars, thus causing the boat to move backwards instead of forward. BACON, FRANCIS. Lord Chancellor of Eng. land. A renowned statesman, historian, philosopher, and orator. He was born in London, 1560, died in 1626. BACON, WM. T., REV., born in Connecticut in 1814. Published a volume of poems in 1840. BABYLON, one of the oldest and most famous cities in the world. It was 60 miles south of Bagdad Its walls are said to have contained 25 gates of solid brass. BAFFLED, overcome; defeated; confounded. BARN (S. bearn; Scot. bairn; probably Eng. born), a child. BALANCE, to settle and adjust: to find the difference of two accounts, and to pay the balance or difference, and make them equal. BALDRICK (Ir. balta, L. balteus, and rick, rich), the milky way; the zodiac; a gir dle. BAMBOO, plant of the reed kind, growing chiefly in the East Indies, which sometimes attains the height of 60 feet. It is so hard and durable as to be used for building, furniture, water-pipes, &c. BAN. curse; notice: interdict; censure. BANKRUPT, a trader who becomes unable to pay his just debts. BARBAULD. ANNE L. An excellent and ac complished lady. She is best known by her writings for children. Died 1825. BARBACAN, a fortification, or outer defence to a city or castle, consisting of an elevation of earth about three feet high along the foot of the rampart. A fort at the end of a bridge or at the outlet of a city, having a double wall with towers. BARCAN desert southern and central portion of Barca in North Africa. BARD, a poet and a singer among the ancient Celts; one whose occupation it was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men. In modern usage, a poet. BARD OF GREECE. Homer. sec. BARRETT, ELIZABETH, Mrs. Browning, an English lady, as remarkable for her knowledge of the ancient Greek writings, as for her poetic talent. BARRIER, any obstruction or bar; a wall for defence; a limit or boundary. BARTHIUS, a native of Prussia, who made himself master of most foreign languages. Died 1658. BASALTIC, formed of, or containing, basalt. a rock of a greenish black color, or of a dull brown or black. BASE, the bottom. BASIS, the foundation of anything; the ground-work or first principle; that upon which anything rests. BASTILE (bas'teel), a fortress in Paris used as a state prison in which those who had incurred the displeasure of the government were confined for life. It was destroyed by the infuriated people at the beginning of the revolution in 1789. BATTERY, a parapet thrown up to cover the guns, and those employed about them, from the enemy's shot. BEACON, a signal, a warning of danger, as a lighthouse, or a fire or smoke on an emi nence. BEAM, in ships, a great main cross-timber which holds the sides of the ship from falling together; the part of a balance from the ends of which the scales are supported. BEDRIDDEN, confined to the bed by age or infirmity. BEECHER, REV. HENRY WARD, one of the most popular preachers and lecturers of the day. Pastor of the Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. BEETLING, jutting; being prominent; standing out from the main body. BEGUILING, deluding: amusing. BEHEMOTH. The original word means beast or brute. Some authers suppose the be hemoth mentioned in Scripture to be an ox; others an elephant, and others the hippopotamus. ness. BENIGNITY, goodness of disposition or heart; graciousness. BEN MORE (2. e., big mountain), a mountain BEN NEVIS, a famous mountain in Scotland, BERNARDO DEL CARPIO, after many fruitless BETIDE. to happen; to befall; to come to. BETROTHED (be and troth, truth), contracted for future marriage. BEVY, a company or assembly; a flock of birds. BIDE, wait for; to endure; to suffer; abide. BINGEN, a town of Germany on the Rhine. BLANC, MT., the highest mountain in Europe. BLANDISHMENTS, caresses; soft words; expres- BLASPHEMY, an indignity offered to God by words or writing. Among the Greeks, to blaspheme was to use words of ill omen. BLENCH, to shrink or start back; to give way. BLINK, to twinkle or shine; to glitter; to BLITIE, gay; merry; sprightly. Bo the body or stem of a tree. BOONE, DANIEL, a pioneer and hunter. The BOSSUET, a French divine, remarkable for BOURDALOUE, a French Jesuit who died in 1704. He was one of the most eloquent BOWLED rolled rapidly, like a ball. he engaged in politics, but he chiefly de- BRAVURA (Sp. a boasting), a brisk and spirited song. BREACH, to break out; to rupture; to make a breach, or opening, BREWSTER, SIR DAVID. an accomplished writer on scientific subjects. BRIGADE, a division of troops, whether infantry or cavalry, commanded by a brigadier. It consists of an indeterminate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. A brigade of artillery consists of six pieces, with, usually, 140 men. BRILLIANT, a jewel; a gem. BROOD, to spread over as with wings; to sit on and cover as a fowl her eggs; to dwell for a long time on a subject. BROODING, Overspreading, or overhanging. BROUGHAM, HENRY, LORD, an eminent Bri- several volumes of poetry. Died, 1844. heat" of the battle, where it burns' the most fiercely. It means, also, the force of a blow; violence. BRUTUS, one of the conspirators against Ca |