Oph. My lord, he hath importun'd me with love, In honourable fashion.

Pol. Ay, fashion you may call it go to, go to. Oph. And hath given countenance to his speech, my lord,

With almost all the holy vows of heaven.1o

Pol. Ay, springes to catch woodcocks."

know,

I do

When the blood burns, how prodigal the soul
Lends the tongue vows: these blazes, daughter,
Giving more light than heat, - extinct in both,
Even in their promise, as it is a-inaking,-
You must not take for fire. From this time, daugh

Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence;
Set your entreatments at a higher rate,
Than a command to parley.19

For lord Hamlet.

Believe so much in him, that he is young;

20

In few, Ophelia,

And with a larger tether may he walk,"
Than may be given you.
Do not believe his vows;

for they are brokers,

Not of that dye which their investments show,

doing it wrong." Of course he is comparing the phrase to a poor nag, which, if put to too hard a strain, will be wind-broken.

en.

H.

16 The folio gives this line thus: "With all the vows of heav

H.

17 This was a proverbial phrase. There is a collection of epigrams under that title: the woodcock being accounted a witless bird, from a vulgar notion that it had no brains. "Springes to catch woodcocks" means "arts to entrap simplicity."

18 Daughter is found only in the folio, which misprints for instead of from. Daughter helps both the measure and the sense; and as fire was then going out of use as a dissyllable, we have no doubt the Poet supplied the word.

H.

19Be more difficult of access, and .et the suits to you for that purpose be of higher respect, than a command to parley."

20 That is, with a longer line; a horse fastened by a string to a stake, is tethered.

21

But mere implorators of unholy suits,
Breathing like sanctified and pious bawds,"1
The better to beguile. This is for all,

I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth,
Have you so slander any moment's leisure,
As to give words or talk with the lord Hamlet.
Look to't, I charge you; come your ways.
Oph. I shall obey, my lord.

22

[Exeunt

SCENE IV. The Platform.

Enter HAMLET, HORATIO, and MARCELLUS. Ham. The air bites shrewdly; it is very cold Hor. It is a nipping and an eager air.1

Theobald

The use of brokers,

21 The old copies have bonds instead of bawds. conjectured the latter to be the right word. which formerly meant the same as bawd or pander, favours the change. It is not easy to see what bonds can have to do with the passage. See Troilus and Cressida, Act v. sc. 11, note 3.

H.

22 I do not believe that in this or any other of the foregoing speeches of Polonius, Shakespeare meant to bring out the senility or weakness of that personage's mind. In the great ever-recurring dangers and duties of life, where to distinguish the fit objects for the application of the maxims collected by the experience of a long life, requires no fineness of tact, as in the admonitions to his son and daughter, Polonius is uniformly made respectable. It is to Hamlet that Polonius is, and is meant to be, contemptible, because, in inwardness and uncontrollable activity of movement, Hamlet's mind is the logical contrary to that of Polonius; and besides, Hamlet dislikes the man as false to his true allegiance in the matter of the succession to the crown. COLERIDGE. H.

1 Eager was used in the sense of the French aigre, sharp, biting. -The unimportant conversation," says Coleridge, "with which this scene opens, is a proof of Shakespeare's minute knowledge of human nature. It is a well-established fact, that on the brink of any serious enterprise, or event of moment, men almost invariably endeavour to elude the pressure of their own thoughts by turning aside to trivial objects and familiar circumstances. Thus the dialogue on the platform begins with remarks on the coldness

Ham. What hour now?
Hor.

Mar. No, it is struck.

I think it lacks of twelve.

Hor. Indeed? I heard it not: it then draws near

the season,

Wherein the spirit held his wont to walk.

[A Flourish of Trumpets, and Ordnance shot off, within.

What does this mean, my lord?

Ham. The king doth wake to-night, and takes his
rouse,2

Keeps wassel, and the swaggering up-spring reels;
And, as he drains his draughts of Rhenish down,
The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out
The triumph of his pledge.

Hor.

Is it a custom ?

of the air, and inquiries, obliquely connected indeed with the expected hour of visitation, but thrown out in a seeming vacuity of topics, as to the striking of the clock and so forth. The same desire to escape from the impending thought is carried on in Hamlet's account of, and moralizing on, the Danish custom of wassailing he runs off from the particular to the universal, and, in his repugnance to personal and individual concerns, escapes, as it were, from himself in generalisations, and smothers the impatience and uneasy feelings of the moment in abstract reasoning. Besides this, another purpose is answered; for, by thus entangling the attention of the audience in the nice distinctions and parenthetical sentences of this speech of Hamlet, Shakespeare takes them completely by surprise on the appearance of the Ghost, which comes upon them in all the suddenness of its visionary character. Indeed, no modern writer would have dared, like Shakespeare, to have preceded this last visitation by two distinct appearances; or could have contrived that the third should rise upon the former twc In impressiveness and solemnity of interest."

II.

2 To wake is to hold a late revel or debauch. - Rouse is the same as carouse. See sc. 2, note 15. Wassel originally meant a drinking to one's health; from was hal, health be to you: hence it came to be used for any festivity of the bottle and the bowl. See Love's Labour's Lost, Act v. sc. 2, note 19; and Macbeth, Act i. sc. 7, note 10.

Ham. Ay, marry, is't:

But to my mind — though I am native here,

And to the manner born - it is a custom

More honour'd in the breach, than the observance. This heavy-headed revel, east and west,3

Makes us traduc'd and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards,* and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and, indeed, it takes

From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute.

So, oft it chances in particular men,

That, for some vicious mole of nature in them,
As, in their birth, (wherein they are not guilty,
Since nature cannot choose his origin ;)

6

By their o'ergrowth of some complexion,
Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason;
Or by some habit, that too much o'er-leavens
The form of plausive manners; that these men,
Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect,
Being nature's livery, or fortune's star,'
Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace,

3 This and the following twenty-one lines are wanting in the folio. They had probably been omitted in representation. lest they should give offence to Anne of Denmark.

4 Clepe is call; from the Saxon clypian. The Danes were indeed proverbial as drunkards, and well they might be, according to the accounts of the time. Heywood, in his Philocothonista, or The Drunkard Opened, 1635, speaking of what he calls the venosity of nations, says of the Danes, that they have made a profession thereof from antiquity, and are the first upon record "that brought their wassel bowls and elbowe deepe healthes into this land." Roger Ascham, in one of his Letters, says, "The Emperor of Germany who had his head in the glass five times as long as any of us, never drank less than a good quart at once of Rhenish wine."

5 That is, characterize us by a swinish epithet.

6 By complexion was meant the affections of the body.

7 That is, the influence of the planet supposed to govern our

birth.

As infinite as man may undergo,

Shall in the general censure take corruption
From that particular fault: the dram of base
Doth all the noble substance often dout,

To his own scandal.9

Hor.

Enter the Ghost.

Look, my lord! it comes.

Ham. Angels and ministers of grace, defend us! Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damn'd; Bring with thee airs from heaven, or blasts from hell, Be thy intents wicked or charitable;

To dout is to do out, destroy, or extinguish. The word is still so used in some parts of England. As already stated, the passage is found only in the quartos, which have "dram of eale" for "dram of base," and of a doubt instead of often dout. Ill is preferred by some, and bale by others, as corrections of eale; we prefer base as being the proper antithesis of noble. Doubt is also preferred by some, as meaning to bring into doubt, or throw doubt upon; but no instance is produced of the word so used. H.

9 In addition to all the other excellences of Hamlet's speech concerning the wassel-music, -so finely revealing the predominant idealism, the ratiocinative meditativeness of his character,it has the advantage of giving nature and probability to the impassioned continuity of the speech instantly directed to the Ghost. The momentum had been given to his mental activity; the full current of the thoughts and, words had set in; and the very forgetfulness, in the fervour of his argumentation, of the purpose for which he was there, aided in preventing the appearance from benumbing the mind. Consequently, it acted as a new impulse, a sudden stroke which increased the velocity of the body already in motion, whilst it altered the direction. The co-presence of Horatio and Marcellus is most judiciously contrived; for it renders the courage of Hamlet, and bis impetuous eloquence, perfectly intelligible. The knowledge- the sensation of human auditors acts as a support and a stimulation a tergo, while the front of the mind, the whole consciousness of the speaker, is filled, yea, absorbed, by the apparition. Add, too, that the apparition itself has, by its previous appearances, been brought nearer to a thing of this world. This accrescence of objectivity in a ghost that yet retains all its ghostly attributes and fearful subjectivity, is truly wonderful. COLERIDGF

H