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say, "Queen forever." After exacting a | Countess of Dysart in her own right, who, promise that they would grant him a like some other of our kinsfolk, might free passage if he complied, he waved his have taken Sit pro ratione voluntas as a hat and called out, "Queen forever, and motto. One day this original lady sent an may all your wives be like her!"* This express to the first surgeon in London, novel Ave Regina amused the crowd, and begging him to come to her at once. they let him pass. My father added that reached Ham in the middle of the night; Brougham used to say that part of his de- and on asking what accident had befallen fence of Queen Caroline had been care- her ladyship, was told that her lapdog had fully prepared, while other parts were broken its leg! extempore. A friend of the orator, referring to a striking passage in the speech, observed that this at least must have been composed on the spur of the moment. "That only shows," said Brougham, "how well I fitted it in. I copied out that passage thirteen times! "+

It seems to me only the other day (ut vidi! ut memini!) when my father used to pack some fourteen persons (including his young children and grandchildren) into a huge four-in-hand carriage, nicknamed the village," and to drive us to Richmond; and from Richmond we rowed up the river to Ham. In one of these patriarchal trips it was casually mentioned that the notorious Duke of Lauderdale lived

where the Cabal ministry used to meet.
On hearing this, an eminent orator, who
was of the party, repeated the following
satire on the duke, the authorship of
which I have failed to trace :-
He was not a Jew, for he ate of the swine,
He was not a Turk, for he drank of the wine;
But let this inscription be writ on his grave:
He was not a Christian-he never forgave!

Though my father had little sympathy with Brougham, he believed him to be a man of genuine convictions, while he held, in a modified form, the opinion of Miss at Ham House and that a room is shown Martineau and Walter Bagehot that Brougham's great rival, Copley, was always an advocate, and was without strong convictions. In confirmation of this view, Charles Austin related a fact illustrative of the bitter indignation which prevailed among the Whigs when Copley, like another Strafford, suddenly "ratted" and turned Tory. So extreme was this resentment that Denman told his servant that, if his old friend called, he was not to be admitted. In spite of the servant the future Lord Lyndhurst made his way to the door of Denman's chambers, and shouted from outside, "Let me at least beg that, if you are asked about my change of opinions, you will say that it was honest." "If I am asked about your change of opinions," was the reply from within, "I will say that you say that it was honest."

I quote these lines, not merely because they are at once vigorous and unfamiliar, but also because they indicate one of the besetting sins laid to the charge of our landlords as a class. The charge is not wholly without foundation. And yet, in spite of all that has been done amiss and left undone, one is wont to echo the piteous lament, O patria, O divom domus Ilium, if one lingers for a moment on the hateful foreboding that the country gentlemen and their stately traditions, and their Church as a National Church, and all the dying embers of feudalism, nay, that the old England of Shakespeare and of Scott, will soon be as extinct as the dodo. An antidote, or perhaps a counter-irritant, to these useless regrets may be found in a strange old-world story, which my father Herodotus (VI. 69) tells that a Spartan king ques-related as true. At my old home there is tioned his mother as to the truth of a report that his an avenue of giant trees which can have father was an όνοφορβός. The lady's answer ended thus: ἐκ δὲ ὀνοφορβῶν τοῖσι ταῦτα λέγουσι τίκτοιεν αἱ γυναῖκες παῖδας.

It may not be amiss to subjoin one of my father's anecdotes about Ham House, which is the seat of the elder branch of our family, and is familiar by name to the readers of Evelyn and Walpole. Sixty years ago this "most mournfully fascinating of places" belonged to Louisa,

Anecdotage is nothing if not desultory; so I will here save from oblivion a good thing which, according to Charles Austin, Brougham said when the clergy at the instigation, the Whigs declared, of Lord Lons dale - came up in a body, and turned the scale against Brougham at an election. With more wit than reverence, the defeated orator exclaimed: "The Lord gave the word; great was the company of the preachers."

A romantic incident which occurred at Ham

changed but little during the last three
centuries, and which seem to look down
with lofty compassion as generation after
generation of their puny owners passes
from the scene. Beneath the shade of
these "monumental oaks " (as Milton

House in the presence of Sir Charles Wheatstone and
Mr. Babbage is related in "Safe Studies," p. 157.

would have called them) Queen Elizabeth | convinced that he was the murderer; and made her way in 1561, and crossed the Torstenson, one of the noblest and most Helmingham drawbridge, on a visit to Sir generous of men, also seemed to feel that Lionel Tollemache, with the view of the duke was guilty; but though the susstanding godmother to his child. The picion was strong, no proof was brought infant died; but, fearing to disappoint against him. Elizabeth, the parents had the dead body duly christened! The lute given by the queen to the child's mother is still an heirloom in the family; and the drawbridge is still raised every night, as it is said to have been for centuries. Il n'y a rien de changé, sauf le personnel.†

LIONEL A. TOLLEMACHE.

I adopt (as Thackeray in "Esmond" adopts) the modern spelling of the surname, though probably "Talmash" would be more correct. In the good old

times surnames were spelt at random.

In illustration of the age ascribed to some trees in Suffolk, my father told me the following incident about an oak near Bury St. Edmund's. Tradition says that St. Edmund was tracked by means of wolves, that he was bound to this oak and was shot with arrows, and

that by way of insult some wolves' bones were buried with his bones. Not long ago, wolves' bones were discovered near the spot; and the decaying oak, having been afterwards blown down, was examined, and the barb of an arrow was found near its centre. These facts, though not conclusive, are certainly curious.

From The Scottish Review.

I have recently been examining the archives in various cities in Germany, in the hope of finding some items of interest, hitherto unpublished, regarding the Thirty Years' War. Among the State papers deposited in the Castle of Marburg, I found a "Narrative," written by an eyewitness, giving an account of the death of the Swedish king. This document, which is dated Lützen, 16th June, 1633, has not, so far as I am aware, been noticed in any English work.* Its writer, Hans von Hastendorff, was in attendance on the king, and was severely wounded in the course of the battle. His "Narrative," (which is in substance as follows), begins with a few general remarks about the king and the wars in which he had been engaged; and then describes the coming together of the opposing forces at Lützen. "Gustavus had not intended to fight on that day, but God willed it otherwise.† . . . The morning was so densely foggy that it was scarcely possible for one person to see another. . . . At about 8 o'clock it

...

THE DEATH OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. lightened a little, and the enemy made a GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, the renowned recognaisance. They were attacked by king of Sweden, fell at the battle of the Finns, and driven back, but the fog Lützen, on the 16th November, 1632. again coming down, they were unable to The exact manner of his death is a ques- extricate themselves, and get back to their tion which has not yet been satisfactorily main army. Their reserves, however, answered. Some writers have asserted being brought up, the battle began in that he was assassinated, while others earnest. . . . An officer despatched from have suggested that he met his death by the Finns came to the King, and handing getting separated from his followers, and over to him several standards which they coming suddenly upon the enemy, was had taken, gave an account of the struggle. fired at and hit, and falling from his horse, Thereupon the King issued orders for the was killed by some of the Imperial Cav- rest of the army to advance and second alry. The statements made in the various their efforts. . . . The fighting continuing records of the period, and the results of notwithstanding the fog, the King accomthe investigations of the foremost histor-panied by certain attendants rode out to ical writers, have been so contradictory that they have only increased the doubt. It is true that the Duke of Lauenburg was suspected of being either the assassin, or of having employed some one to kill the king. He had only a short time before left the service of Austria and entered that of Sweden, and after the king's death again joined the Imperialists. The historians Pufendorf, Chemnitz, and others, spread the suspicions against him and did not hesitate to brand him with the everlasting disgrace of being an assassin. Oxenstiern, the Swedish chancellor, was

Schleswig-Holstein (published in 1749) reference is In J. H. Noodt's contribution to the history of made to a "Fragment by Hans von Hastendorff," who is stated to have been a page in the king's retinue, and who, "it appears to be certain, had been an eyewitness of what he related." (Gustav Adolf der Grosse, König von Schweden, ein historisches Gemälde, by Fr. Ludwig von Rango, Leipzig, 1824.) This is the only notice of Von Hastendorff's "Narrative" which I have seen.-J. M.

on the 29th October, (eight days before the battle) † A marginal note by Von Hastendorff states that the king, speaking to his chaplain, said that he saw clearly that the Lord would allow a misfortune to come upon his army, for his people had forsaken God, and placed their trust in him [the king] and were too confident."

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We were five who rode out from the camp; the first was the King Gustavus who is called the Great; two were at once despatched to the Finns with orders that they were not to press too eagerly after the enemy; the fourth was "a great Lord" (whom, however, the "Narrative" does not name, but adds that he was) "notorious throughout all Germany;" and the fifth was Von Hastendorff himself, who remained with the king the whole time because he was "well acquainted with all the roads." He narrates that while they were riding "a cannon ball came and struck me as well as my horse. I lost my leg, and my life was not worth much. Gustavus hastened forward and when about fifty paces distant from where I lay wounded, I saw a traitor shoot him in the head. The blood at once ran over his face so that he could scarcely see, yet he fired both his pistols at the traitor, but failed to hit him. The King staggered around on his horse about twenty times, while the traitor sat at some distance watching to see how it would end. When the King could no longer retain his seat, he dismounted and let his horse go, and laying himself on the ground, he, in a clear voice commended his soul to God, and advised all those who lay near him to do likewise.

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commend my spirit, my body and my soul. Thou hast pardoned me, thou faithful God. Lord Jesus, in thee I live, in thee I die; living or dead I am thine. Lord Jesus, strengthen me in this hour. Be faithful, dear soul, till death; soon, soon thy Jesus will give thee the crown of life.' Raising his head and looking around he said, 'Lord Jesus, support the righteous cause; thou knowest that I have a righteous cause, and thou wilt not forsake it.' Then addressing himself to those of his own people who lay near him, he said, Here lies Gustavus Adolphus murdered. My daughter shall inherit my kingdom. The mother while she lives will administer the government. She is now a widow and my daughter an orphan. Lord Jesus govern the kingdom to thy glory. Lord Jesus forgive the sins of all these who lie near me; those who have been wounded by the enemy relieve from pain and misery, and strengthen their hearts and give them courage so that they despair not; and when we part from this world give us joy and peace in the world to come. For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have everlasting life. Lord Jesus into thy hands I commend my spirit. Thou hast pardoned me, thou faithful God. Lord Jesus, be merciful to me a sinner. Jesus, Jesus!' These were his last words."*

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"The traitor, who had seen all this, now came forward and cut and struck at the Von Hastendorff then makes some obKing, and gave him nine wounds. Then servations on the great things that Gusthe King recognizing him, and addressing tavus had done Germany, and how he had him by name, said, God turn your heart, striven for religion and the fatherland. and forgive you for your evil deeds, even "Germany," he says, "may well mourn, as I forgive you!' To those lying near for here a great hero has fallen." He him he said, See, all ye who have yet ends his narrative as follows: "As I lay life, how I, as a return for my kindness in my distress with pains and lamentations [to this man] am murdered!' Thereupon praying God to help me out of my trouble, the traitor rode away. The King had his there came three individuals riding with sword in his hand. He was covered with great speed." Recognizing them and blood... so that it was scarcely possible guessing what they wanted, he called out, to recognize him. . . . It happened here,Gustavus for whom you are looking, lies as David spake, 'He who has eaten my bread has lifted up his foot against me;' for in this manner was the King Gustavus treated by the fourth one of the party who rode out from the camp."

The death of the king is narrated as follows: "When he had laid himself upon the ground, he said, 'Lord Jesus, sinner hat I am, sustain me, for my grave will be here. Lord Jesus, forgive him this evil deed! Lord Jesus, into thy hands I

• This was about nine o'clock.

near me dead!' Thereupon they began to weep and lament. One of them rode off to bring a surgeon; the others, who remained, were deeply agitated. Soon numbers of people drew near, and lamenting over the king his remains were carried away." But, adds Von Hastendorff, “ I was left lying there wounded, and therefore do not know anything further. . . . This is all true that I have written, be

He died at twelve o'clock noon.

This was about three o'clock in the afternoon.

cause I saw everything with my own eyes | it, I doubt not. But God is a judge - that and that it all so happened as I have I assure you - you murderer and traitor ! " written I attest with my own name.

"HANS VON HASTENDORFF."

The Duke of Lauenburg after he reentered the Austrian service, also changed his religion and became a Papist; and as General de Peyster (author of a "Life of Torstenson," and other works bearing on the Thirty Years' War), in a letter on this subject, has remarked, "he was such a contemptible turncoat, in religion as in everything else, that this is almost suffi. cient to make one form a judgment as to his criminality in regard to the murder. It was the opinion of those who, at the time, were most likely to know the truth; and such is my opinion after examining so many authorities." Few people have studied the history of the Thirty Years' War so thoroughly as General de Peyster, and if any one is qualified to form an opinion on the subject at the present day, he is.

At the end of this document there is a rough diagram showing the place where Von Hastendorff lay wounded, after he was shot and lost his leg, with the relative position of the spot where the king was murdered. It is to be regretted that in his "Narrative "he did not give the names of all the "five who rode out from the camp; " but as Noodt in his "Schleswig Holstein" has stated that he (Von Hastendorff) was certainly an eye-witness of what he described, there can be no reason to doubt the truth of his statement. The narrative is also indirectly confirmed by the words of the Apothecary Caparus, who embalmed the body of the king. In his report to the Swedish Council, he states he found that the king had received nine Perhaps the names of those who accomwounds caused by shot, by cutting, and by panied the king on that memorable mornstabbing. (Von Rango's "Gustav Adolfing, when he left the camp at Lützen, may der Grosse.") be found in the archives at Stockholm, or elsewhere in Sweden. As a historical fact, it would be interesting to get the disputed point regarding the king's death settled, if Von Hastendorff's "Narrative "is not considered decisive. I am persuaded that he referred to the Duke of Lauenburg as the "murderer and traitor."

A possible reason why Von Hastendorff did not give the name of the assassin may be this. The Duke of Lauenburg had powerful friends, and any one accusing him of having committed the foul deed, (even supposing that he had been the miscreant), would have done so at the risk of his own life. Indeed, in a note to that part of the "Narrative" where it is stated that the "traitor" gave the king nine wounds, Von Hastendorff added, "As long as I live I shall always regret that I dare not tell what I witnessed at Lützen on the 6th of November. I would die for

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Alars better off. To-day they would be two hundred thousand dollars better off. Had he planted ten acres they would be worth at least two million dollars. Had he planted a hundred acres, and all the trees had reached an average size of three feet in diameter, and there is no reason why they shouldn't, as the land is fertile and impregnated with lime, his heirs and there are only three living would be worth altogether two hundred million dollars. If, like Johnny Appleseed, who planted thousands of apple-trees in the NorthWest, he had planted all the worn-out fields in Tennessee with walnuts, it would be the richest State in the Union by far.

THE PROFITS OF TREE PLANTING. famous admiral used to scatter acorns from his pockets that England might never lack oaks for shipbuilding. That was the patriotic side of tree planting; here is the pecuniary. A certain Tommy Walker, of whom we are told by a Yankee journal, when a child planted four walnut-trees by the roadside opposite his father's house, ten miles west of Knoxville. He lived to see four walnut-trees grow to a measure of four feet in diameter, worth, if . properly cut and seasoned, at least four hun dred dollars each. Had he planted three hundred walnuts on an adjoining acre of ground his heirs, when he died, would have been one hundred and twenty thousand dol

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