PART SECOND. (CONTINUED.) 1493-1517. THE PERIOD WHEN, THE INTERIOR ORGANIZATION OF THE MONARCHY HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SPANISH NATION ENTERED ON ITS SCHEMES OF DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST; OR THE PERIOD ILLUSTRATING MORE PARTICULARLY THE FOREIGN POLICY OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. VOL. III.-I CHAPTER X. ITALIAN WARS.-PARTITION OF NAPLES.- -GONSALVO OVERRUNS CALABRIA. 1498-1502. Louis XII.'s Designs on Italy.-Alarm of the Spanish Court.-Bold Conduct of its Minister at Rome.-Celebrated Partition of Naples. -Gonsalvo sails against the Turks.-Success and Cruelties of the French.-Gonsalvo invades Calabria.-He punishes a Mutiny.— His munificent Spirit.-He captures Tarento.-Seizes the Duke of Calabria. DURING the last four years of our narrative, in whicn the unsettled state of the kingdom and the progress of foreign discovery appeared to demand the whole attention of the sovereigns, a most important revolution was going forward in the affairs of Italy. The death of Charles the Eighth would seem to have dissolved the relations recently arisen between that country and the rest of Europe, and to have restored it to its ancient independence. It might naturally have been expected that France, under her new monarch, who had reached a mature age, rendered still more mature by the lessons he had received in the school of adversity, would feel the folly of reviving ambitious schemes, which had cost so dear and ended so disastrously. Italy, too, it might have been presumed, lacerated and still bleeding at every pore, would have learned the fatal consequence of invoking foreign aid in her domestic quarrels, and of throwing open the gates to a torrent sure to sweep down friend and foe indiscriminately in its progress. But experience, alas! did not bring wisdom, and passion triumphed as usual. Louis the Twelfth, on ascending the throne, assumed the titles of Duke of Milan and King of Naples, thus unequivocally announcing his intention of asserting his claims, derived through the Visconti family, to the former, and, through the Angevin dynasty, to the latter state. His aspiring temper was stimulated rather than satisfied by the martial renown he had acquired in the Italian wars; and he was urged on by the great body of the French chivalry, who, disgusted with a life of inaction, longed for a field where they might win new laurels and indulge in the joyous license of military adventure. Unhappily, the court of France found ready instruments for its purpose in the profligate politicians of Italy. The Roman pontiff, in particular, Alexander the Sixth, whose criminal ambition assumes something respectable by contrast with the low vices in which he was habitually steeped, willingly lent himself to a monarch who could so effectually serve his selfish schemes of building up the fortunes of his family. The ancient republic of Venice, departing from her usual sagacious policy, and yielding to her hatred of Lodovico Sforza, and to the lust of territorial acquisition, consented to unite her arms with those of France against Milan, in consideration of a share (not the lion's share) of the spoils of victory. Florence, and many other inferior powers, whether from fear or weakness, or the short-sighted hope of assistance in their petty inter national feuds, consented either to throw their weight into the same scale or to remain neutral.' Having thus secured himself from molestation in Italy, Louis the Twelfth entered into negotiations with such other European powers as were most likely to interfere with his designs. The emperor Maximilian, whose relations with Milan would most naturally have demanded his interposition, was deeply entangled in a war with the Swiss. The neutrality of Spain was secured by the treaty of Marcoussis, August 5th, 1498, which settled all the existing differences with that country. And a treaty with Savoy in the following year guaranteed to the French army a free passage through her mountain-passes into Italy." Having completed these arrangements, Louis lost no time in mustering his forces, which, descending like a torrent on the fair plains of Lombardy, effected the conquest of the entire duchy in little more than a fortnight; and, although the prize was snatched for a moment from his grasp, yet French valor and Swiss perfidy soon restored it. The miserable Sforza, the dupe of arts which he had so long practised, was transported into France, where he lingered out the remainder of his days in doleful captivity. He had first called the barbarians into Italy, and it was a righteous retribution which made him their earliest victim.3 'Guicciardini, Istoria, tom. i. lib. 4, p. 214, ed. 1645.-Flassan Diplomatie Française, tom. i. pp. 275, 277. ⚫ Dumont, Corps diplomatique, tom. iii. pp. 397-400.-Flassan Diplomatie Française, tom. i. p. 279. 3 Guicciardini, Istoria, lib. 4, pp. 250–252.—Mémoires de la Trẻ moille, chap. 19, apud Petitot, Collection de Mémoires, tom. xiv Buonaccorsi, Diario de' Successi più importanti (Fiorenza, 1568), pp |