beautiful lawns and groves of Blumenhalde, [pleasant mornings turning over several volthe living representative of a sound, benev-umes of the leading papers of the long-reolent, practical philosophy. No one can membered year forty-five,' we were forciread his autobiography without being ably struck with this. At the very period of wiser, perhaps a better man. The les-the young Pretender's landing-even a fortsons of wisdom which he inculcates night later, when the Duke of Newcastle win their way to the mind, because they was sending the most urgent letters into are not formally or dictatorially conveyed, Scotland, and his brother Henry Pelhambut are put forth with playful kindness, the actual prime minister, remarked in a and a graceful ease, which are more im- confidential note to Lord Hardwick, 'I pressive than the haughty solemnity of less never was in so much apprehension as at sympathizing moralists. present,' the leading papers still keep on prosing about the balance of power in Europe'-that darling topic of our greatgrandfathers-about reasons why Marshall Saxe should not have won the battle of Fontenoy,' with eulogies on the Queen of Hungary, and occasional grumblings about Hanover. Even when the fact that the heir of the Stuarts had actually landed could no Memoirs of Prince Charles Stuart, (Count longer be unknown, the whole newspaper of Albany,) commonly called the Young press with perverse unanimity agree in Pretender; with Notices of the Rebel-viewing the account as apocryphal, and as lion in 1745. By Charles Louis Klose, being doubtless one of those convenient Esq. 2 Vols. London: Colburn.

From the Eclectic Review.

THE YOUNG PRETENDER AND THE
REBELLION OF FORTY-FIVE.

falsehoods, which the Jacobites were accustomed from time to time to put forth. The ABOUT one hundred years have passed truth really was, that, thanks to Walpole— away since our great-grandfathers and who of all men was most indebted to the grandmothers, in the midst of their steady, Pretender, for the good service his dreaded quiet, prosperous, though somewhat com- name had done, as a word of fear,' both to mon-place avocations; in the midst of their a stubborn king, and a timid parliament,formal tea-drinkings, and sober club-meet- the cry of wolf' had been raised so often, ings; in the midst, alas! even of their that, just as in the fable, when he was actuboasts of liberty and property,' of 'Pro- ally at the door, no one believed it. It was testant ascendancy,' our glorious constitu- this perverse popular disbelief which added tion,' and the undoubted right of Britan- so largely to the anxieties and responsibilinia to rule the waves-were startled by the ties of the ministry, and doubtless, greatly incredible intelligence, that the young Pre-encouraged the hopes of the young adventender, had not only landed in Scotland, turer as to a re-action throughout England and been received by the Highland clans in his favor. with enthusiasm, but had actually crossed the border, and was marching, with no one could tell how many thousand wild Highlanders, direct upon London! It is indeed curious, and to those who at the distance of a century view the progress of the rebellion of 1745, even amusing, to observe how, after determinately refusing to believe that there was the slightest truth in the existing rumors, the good people of England, when convinced, though bitterly against their wills, of the contrary, starting up in a paroxysm of terror so great as almost to prevent their helping themselves, passed within the short space of two or three days, from the one extreme of confirmed skepticism, to the opposite one of indiscriminate belief.

When a short time since we passed some

At length- a change comes o'er the spirit' of those daily papers; and they all suddenly find that the country is likely to fall a prey to a horrid popish, devilish, Jacobitical plot,' as one of them expresses it, for the second city of the empire is actually in possession of the young Pretender, and 'James VIII. of Scotland, and III. of England, has been proclaimed king at the Cross of Edinburgh! And now, most curious and amusing is the change of tone and feeling. The Daily Advertiser,' the 'General Evening Post,' the Westminster Journal,' leave, with one accord, the balance of power, the Queen of Hungary, even Hanover, to shift for themselves, and forthwith flaming letters, brimful of loyalty, from some half dozen Juniuses and Scævolas appeared, intermixed with wretched doggrel set

6

ting forth the pleasure of dying for 'Great sions; the undisguised contempt of high George our King,' and our glorious con- principle, even of truth; the constant costitution; and exhibiting historical paral-quetting, nay, sometimes actual collusion lels about as veracious as many of those of with the family to whose expulsion these the British Reformation Society. Among very men owed their places of trust and rethe minor papers this newly awakened en- sponsibility, we can with difficulty believe thusiasm displays itself most laughably, that scarcely two-in the earlier instances, sometimes by stirring addresses to all beef- but one generation, separated these degen eating Britons,' sometimes by pathetic ex-erate Englishmen from the noble spirits of hortations to Protestant boys,' or 'jolly the Commonwealth; and we feel half angry tars,' while the London Penny Post,' forth- at the eulogies pronounced on such a state with places in bold type at the foot of the of things, by a Watts, a Doddridge, and first page, No wooden shoes,' 'No arbi- even by a Bradbury. It is, therefore, most trary power.' important when viewing this period, not only to bear in mind the outrageous tyranny of the two later Stuarts, from which, with all its imperfections, the Revolution of eighty-eight delivered our fathers, but also the general character of the succeeding governments. While the men, Whig and To

Happily for our forefathers, indeed, even for us, this violent re-action saved our country from a third infliction of the house of Stuart; for these extravagant fears did good service by their very violence, in thoroughly arousing the public mind, which in those quiet and prosperous days had slumbered ry, with scarcely a single exception, may so soundly as actually to require being most vigorously awakened. But the shock of this awakening was long felt, and some of our readers can doubtless remember the solemn earnestness with which old men would relate their reminiscences of the forty-five.'

The work before us, which, as we learn from the preface, is translated from the German, appears to have been published a few years since though neither the place where it was published, nor the time, are told us. It is on the whole a well written and tolerably correct work; but it aims rather at being a biography of the last prince of the Stuart race, than an historical memoir of that stirring episode, which forms the only portion, worthy of record, of a life lengthened out to almost fourscore years. In the career of Charles Edward, except as connected with his wild and romantic expedition to England, our readers can feel little interest; we shall, therefore, confine our attention chiefly to this event, correcting or supplying in the course of our narrative the occasional mistakes or deficiences of the author, by notices drawn from more authentic sources.

To any one who looks over the history of our country from the time of the Revolution to the period we are now entering on, the utter want of principle in successive ministries must excite the utmost disgust. When we read,-not in histories written to subserve the purposes of a party, but in letters, never intended to meet any eye but that for which they were written, the shameless bargainings for places and pen

be most justly denounced, many of their measures-in their home policy, especially -are deserving of much praise. Commerce, which under the Stuarts had always languished, received a fresh impulse from the period of the Revolution; and under the protection of our triumphant navy, our merchant vessels swept from Hudson's Bay to the Spanish Main, and visited the farthest East, laying the foundation of that mightier empire than the sons of Timour could ever establish. Trade too, was protected, for there were few vexatious imposts

the excise laws not having been passed until 1742, and manufactures were greatly encouraged; so that with the exception of the crisis denominated the South Sea Bubble,'-in itself a proof of prosperity, since it is only where money is abundant, that such wild speculations have any chance of success-England may be considered to have been gradually rising to wealth and importance, hitherto unattained. Indeed some political economists incline to view the earlier half of the last century as the most steadily prosperous period of our history.

As a natural consequence, the mercantile interest rose in importance, and even in documents of Queen Anne's days, we can perceive the growing attention paid by each ministry to the merchants and bankers,'-the attention to the latter class, probably, however, growing out of the circumstance of the national debt.

Meanwhile, many of the ancient nobility, and the country gentlemen generally, found themselves comparatively neglected; and

as a matter of course directed their anxious a matter of course.' The strong hold of thoughts over the water.' Now although Jacobitism in England, was, therefore, the ministers might occasionally cast a among those few noblemen, who though glance thither themselves, this was not to they had not risked the forfeiture of their be allowed to others, and the very men estates, still professed sympathy with the extherefore who were engaged in secret cor- iled family; among the Roman Catholic respondence with St. Germains, exhibited families and their tenantry in the north, the most patriotic activity in arresting some and north-western parts of England, and junior branch of an old Catholic family, or among that certainly too numerous class of in sending some Jacobite gentleman to the country gentlemen, whose pleasant occupaTower. We, who have the advantage of tion under the Stuarts had been to hunt comparing their private thoughts with their hares and nonconformists, but who being public conduct, are naturally indignant at now strictly confined to the smaller game, such treason,-not against reigning fami- were loud in their abuse of Hanover rats.' lies, or governments, as such,-but against Such, we think, was the state of parties truth and principle; yet to our forefathers, in England about the period we have now who could only judge of these men by their to consider. In Scotland, however, the overt acts, we may easily imagine that case was widely different. Ever since the they appeared true patriots. They protest- Restoration, the majority of the Scottish ed their interest in the prosperity of the nobility had adhered to the Stuarts, not oncountry, and England certainly was pros-ly from political predilection, but from naperous; they reiterated their professions of tional feeling. They were' their ain kings,' attachment to religious liberty, and those who had been years ago imprisoned for nonconformity, looked complacently on their commodious meeting-houses, and admiring a King who received their addresses with his own hand, and gave them that hand to kiss, naturally believed all that was told them.

and with the spirit of clansmen they followed their banner. The inhabitants of the whole of the Highlands were at this period considered by the Lowlanders as a different race; but these were all bound to the house of Stuart, not only from the principle of clanship, but by the stronger bond of a similar religious faith. Among the inhabNor are we inclined to believe that all itants of Scotland, the house of Brunswick the protestations either of king or minister could count, therefore, upon few beside the were hollow. The house of Brunswick Lowland gentry and the traders in the from its accession stood pledged in the towns. These might have done much as a eyes of Europe to the two grand principles counterbalance; but the Act of Union, of civil and religious liberty-the right of which deprived Scotland of her ancient para people to choose its own rulers, and the liament, and which after violent opposition right of every subject to choose his own re- was passed in 1707, greatly alienated the ligion. With many short comings on minds of this class from England. By these all-important subjects, they were still them, no less than by the decided Jacobin the main adhered to, during the reigns ites, it was viewed as a degradation; and of the first two Georges; and that it was the very protection which it afforded apindispensable thus to adhere, seems to us peared only as part of a deeply-laid scheme emphatically proved by the whole career of to deprive them of their liberty. that minister of thirty years' standing,Walpole, who though he scrupled at few things, never dared to attack these.

Although it would be asserting too much to say that the first two Georges were popular, still, we are inclined to believe that they were more so than either Charles or James. The merchants, traders, and manufacturers, together with their numerous dependents, were wholly in their favor. The old Whig nobility and their tenantry were also; while that large class of gentry, or small land-holders who had no violent political predilections, would quietly fall in with the system of things as they are, as

The first attempt to re-establish the Stuart dynasty, grew out of the general discontent expressed at the Union, and it failed rather from bad management than from want of encouragement, so far as Scotland was involved. Thirty years passed ere a second attempt was made, and then the grandson of James 11., the eldest son of the Pretender, was the leader.

Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, as he was generally called, was born at Rome on the last day of the year 1720, amid the thunders of artillery of the castle of St. Angelo, and the gratulutions of the Pope and Cardinals; the former presenting

'With this view he left Rome on the 29th of

the father and mother, each, with 10,000| In September young Charles returned to scudi. The infant, immediately after his Rome, waited on the pope, and on this ocbirth, was exhibited to a crowd of Italian casion received from him a special bull, prelates and nobles, among whom mingled declaring him qualified to enjoy all spirita few Scotch and English, upon a state- ual benefices, and conferring on him the bed, under a splendid canopy, while in the general expectancy of the same.' The pope's own chapel, and in his presence, a wording of this is very obscure, probably solemn Te Deum was chanted. All this arising from a double translation; still it was, we think, sufficiently un-English; nor shows plainly enough by how many links was the education of the young prince con- the Pope sought to bind the aspirant to the ducted in a less foreign manner. His first British throne to him. A second time instructors-if by such a name they could young Charles smelt gunpowder,' during be called-were the Earl and the Countess the campaign of the allied army in Lomof Inverness, the openly avowed mistress bardy. The time, however, approached, of his father, and a Miss Sheldon. Subse- when it was resolved that he should make quently he was taken under the care of his a tour through the principal cities of Italy. injured mother, a princess descended from This took place in 1737; when he adopted John Sobieski, and by her committed to the title of Count of Albany, and set out the superintendence of the Chevalier Ram- with a suite of about ten persons. say, and afterwards of one Thomas Sheridan. The writer of the work before us complains of Lord Mahon's remark that April, and passed through Loretto, Bologna, Charles Edward was deficient in the most Parma, Genoa, Milan, and Venice. At the common elements of knowledge,' but he last named city he made some stay, and realtogether fails to disprove it. In 1735, turned by Padua, Bologna, and Florence, to Charles lost his mother, and the father now Rome, where he arrived again on the 9th of led a more retired life than ever,-spend- July. During this tour the young prince had ing his mornings in prayers at the tomb of been the object of much respectful attention. a wife, whose days had been shortened by tation of four senators, came to wait upon In Bologna, the Cardinal Legate and a depuhis infidelity, and then partaking dinner him; in Genoa, the same compliment was 'with ten persons attached to his court,' paid him by the Spanish envoy and the heads whom he left early in the evening. This of the noble houses; and at Milan he was mode of life must have been sufficiently visited by the aged General von Traun, then monotonous and wearisome to a spirited boy; but in his fourteenth he was sent, under the protection of the Duke of Berwick, in order that he might be initiated into the art of war, at the siege of Gaëta. Before his departure, Charles had an interview with Pope Clement XI., by whom he was always recognized as heir-apparent of the British throne, and as such honored with an arm-chair; and from the hands of the ruler of papal Christendom, the young aspirant, on whom the eyes of so many episcopalians were fixed in longing affection, received the payment of his military

outfit.

year

age

governor of Lombardy. In Venice, he was not only invited to the senate, but the seat served for crowned heads when they visited was assigned to him that had usually been rethe city. At Venice also he had an opportunity of conferring, for about an hour, in the Church of St. George, with the young Elector of Bavaria, who afterwards wore the imperial crown of Germany, under the title of Charles VII. In Florence a variety of balls Count of Albany's visit; and at the court he and entertainments were given in honor of the would likewise have been an object of the most marked attention, had it not been for the jealous interference of the English minister. This interference was perfectly in accordance with the steps to which the prince's Italian tour gave rise in London. of The British gov

That a true prince,' even at the thirteen and three-quarters, should exhibit marvellous wisdom and marvellous intrepidity, was a matter of course but that his cousin Don Carlos, of Spain, should have presented him with a valuable jewel, and saluted him by the title of Prince of Wales,' shows, we think, that the boy, even at that early age, possessed an energy of character which the enemies of England rejoiced to behold.

Guastalli, the Genoese resident secretary at ernment, without the least reserve, required of London, that he should intimate to the authorities of the republic, that its interests would be better consulted by showing respect to the reigning dynasty in England than to the family of the Stuarts; and the reception which much amiss, that Businiello, the Venetian resCharles had met with in Venice was taken so ident in London, was directed, without ceremony, to leave England within three days.'— vol. i. pp. 112-114.

The conduct of the British administra-under Marshal Saxe, to be landed near tion on this occasion was, however, strictly London. We think this alone sufficient to in accordance with international law. throw discredit on the Jacobite statement, Our author, on this part of his subject, that the country was ready to hail the reindulges in much sentimental twaddle, such turn of the Stuarts. Preparations went as the eager glances of his hero toward on, young Charles was invited to France, the open sea,' and his anxiety to distin- and the old Pretender put forth two procguish the British flag. Now these are no lamations appointing his son regent, and proofs of his love for England. Indeed, calling on the people of the United Kingfor her, her institutions, and her people, how dom to take up arms. These proclamacould he have any? The resident at Rome tions are not given; but they should have from his earliest years, the favorite protegé been, since to us their animus is certainly of the Pope, the son of a foreign mother, that of a man who considers himself robbed of a foreign-born father-surrounded, too, of his property, and determined to recover by friends who viewed the restoration of it by all means. his family as a conquest, what sympathy could he possibly have with England?

Early in 1744 Charles set out for Paris. Fifteen ships of the line and five frigates. We have thus minutely traced the early soon after made their appearance in the career of Charles, because, for want of con- Channel; and a message from the king to templating their hero before he appears on the parliament, and addresses from both the stage of public life, many historians houses full of loyalty, showed that the nahave altogether mistaken his character, and tion was aware of the enterprise. By a consequently his motives. It has been for- singular intervention-may we not call it getfulness of this, that has exhibited Crom--of Providence, this fleet was dispersed by well as the personal enemy of the king; a violent storm, in which several transports whereas a reference to his early history will prove, that of all the agents in the great civil war, he stands freest from such a charge. It has been forgetfulness, or neglect of this, that has, in the case before us, induced many writers to believe that the young Pretender actually felt a love for Britain; whereas, from the circumstances of his early years, he must have felt quite Not until the next spring did the young as much love for Sweden or Denmark. adventurer make his second attempt; and That he was anxious to become king of then, wearied at the delays of the French Great Britain is evident, and the reasons government, he actually embarked without are evident also; but as to true English their aid. For the necessary expenses he feeling, the young Pretender, and the wee pawned his jewels, which seem to have been German lairdie,' might just shake hands

about it.

Up to 1741 Europe had enjoyed tolerable repose. At this period the war of the queen of Hungary, as it was in England popularly called, began. In 1743, England took the part, and it certainly was the side of justice, of Maria Theresa; and France of the king of Prussia. To take advantage of this war, to advance the claims of the Stuarts, seemed to the Scottish Jacobites most desirable; and they accordingly formed an association for the purpose. Almost simultaneously an association of English Jacobites was formed; and both the Scotch and English urged upon the old Pretender the necessity of securing the aid of France. Cardinal Fleury, in answer to James's application, promised 13,000 men to be landed in the Scottish Highlands, and 10,000,

with troops were lost, many vessels dismasted, and the project was abandoned. War was now declared against France; the alarm at the intended invasion subsided; and, occupied in the queen of Hungary's war, as it was called, all expectation of a renewal of the attempt seems to have passed away.

very valuable; two of his adherents raised him 180,000 livres; and Anthony Walsh, a Jacobite settled at Nantes, and one Ruttledge, supplied the two vessels, together with arms and powder, in which he was to sail for Scotland. Again delays took place, but at length, about the middle of July, they left Belle-Isle. On the fourth day of the voyage the two vessels fell in with the Lion, a fifty-eight gun ship, commanded by the gallant Captain Brett, well known to the readers of Anson's Voyage. The larger vessel engaged the Lion, but was compelled to put into Brest; while the Dentelle, on board which Charles was, escaped. The following day, however, the little vessel was chased by an English manof-war; but at length it safely anchored in the small island of Erisca, one of the Hebrides, on the 2nd of August.