never assumed to take the lead. Still less found; cuses on the surface quite suffi would you have supposed that he would cient in the present state of things to ac have had the boldness to flout the house as count for his contradicting all the usua he has since done; or so ostentatiously to calculations on which ministerial populari defy the sovereign people through their re-ty is based. presentatives. All honor to him for his His demeanor in the house is a study. courage, though it might have been exer- As he enters below the bar, his red discised in a better cause. It is because Sir patch-box in haud, his figure towers above James Graham affects or really feels an in-most of the members, notwithstanding that difference to the good opinion of the house, of late years he has contracted a slight that they submit so spaniel-like to his ca- stoop. Extreme hauteur, tempered by a prices or his studied coldness and indiffer- half-sarcastic superciliousness, is his preence, and pay so much attention, often so vailing characteristic; and, as he slowly much deference, to his opinion. drags along his tall and massive frame, features from this odd expression of the countenance, till you see that the superciliousnsss is real, though exaggerated by the physical peculiarity. There are no traces of ill-nature in the face; but, on the other hand, there is nothing to encourage. Meanwhile he has seated himself, placed his red box on the table before him, stretched himself out to his full length, and awaits, with arms folded and hat slouched over his face, the questioning to which he knows he will be subjected at this particular hour, from half-past four to half-past five. A hardness and impassability of temper-which still retains much of the fine proament, which is to censure or obloquy as portion of youth, in his heavy-measured, aladamant or rhinoceros-hide, joined to a most slip-shod tread, towards his seat at the wonderful knowledge of human nature, right of the Speaker's table, there is a selfgreat talents, clear perception, readiness, satisfied, almost inane expression of coundetermination of purpose, and a steady re- tenance, produced by a peculiar fall of the solution to seize all opportunities and yield nether lip and a distorted elevation of the none, give him great advantage in an as- eyebrows, that does not by any means presembly where the average of ability is not possess you in his favor, or suggest any above mediocrity, and where there are so high idea of his intellect. He rather looks few who have the courage or feel the incli-like some red-tape minister of the Tadpole nation to stand forth as champions. With school, or some pompous placeman, conthe exception of Mr. Duncombe, Mr. Fer-ceited of his acres. But by and by you rand, and Mr. Wakley, the members gene-learn to separate the more fixed habit of the rally bend before his consistent will and determination of purpose, which, in such a place, are almost tantamount to a strong or superior mind. If they would say the truth, they are not a little afraid of him. At the same time it must not be forgotten that such a man as Sir James is in these times particularly useful. Utilitarianism, on which are grafted some of the colder and harsher doctrines of political economy, has become the political religion of our public men. Centralization, with its train of paralyzing evils, has become the fashion able machinery of government. The far-not left long in his moody silence. Some ther the ear and eye are removed from the one has put a question to him. It is Mr. actual scene, the less chance there is of Duncombe, who, if one is to judge by the the evil being seen or the complaint heard. malicious twinkle in his eye, and his affectThe selfishness of classes needs excuses. ed tone of moral indignation, has got hold It thinks to hide its naked hideousness in of some grievance some letter-opening systems. Weaker natures fear to lay down, delinquency, or some case of magisterial still more to carry out principles, which cruelty and Home-Office indifference, with this selfishness would fain see adopted. A which he has worked upon the members firmer spirit, which, perhaps, because it has who do the British-public' part in these faith in such principles, asserts them broad-little political dramas, for they are crying ly and maintains them in act, through good hear! hear!" with a forty-John-Bull powand evil report, becomes a powerful and er. Does the home-secretary start up to valuable ally. A Sir James Graham will answer? Is he indignant at the insinua be clung to, in an instinctive deference for tions thrown out by his smart and ready anhis vigor of mind and boldness of purpose.tagonist? Does he burn to relieve himself Such a man serves, to rule. Less remote of the odium of having sanctioned a syscauses of his influence may, however, be tem of espionage, or of having neglected to redress some wrong-as he, the poorence to popular censure, which are so faman's ex-officio trustee, is bound to do? tally urged to his prejudice. In still more Oh, no! he is no hurry. The breath o dubious cases, as, for instance, in that of the questioner has full time to cool, and the Mazzini, Sir James Graham has carried voice of moral indignation to abate its en- this impassibility and indifference to an inergy ere he stirs. Then he uncoils him-sulting extent. If he believed himself self, rising slowly to his full height, and right, of course he showed great moral confronting his antagonist with a well-as- courage: but moral courage in a bad cause sumed consciousness of the extreme absurd is scarcely distinguishable from obstinacy; ity of his question, and the absolute im and Sir James Graham's conduct in that pregnability of the defence; if, indeed, he case laid him open to great obloquy, much shall condescend to make any answer at of which was deserved. Yet the deall; for you are left in doubt a moment, termination he showed under such cirwhether he will not allow his supercilious cumstances rather increased than diminishexpression to expand into a contemptuous ed his influence with the house. If it laugh, and so sit down again. However, made him, politically speaking, hated by such things not being allowed by the sove- many, it also made him feared. Such reign people, and, as ministers, however steady self-possession, joined to such taldespotically disposed, must answer ques- ents and information, and to such debating tions, the next thing to be accomplished is powers as he has in his former career disto give as homœopathic a dose of informa- played, though now he rarely exercises tion as possible, conveyed in the largest them, are quite sufficient to account for possible amount of indifference, supercili- that influence which we have ascribed to ousness, and wholesome parliamentary con- him; in the absence of personal respect tempt. There are stereotyped forms. The which, generally speaking, he does not initiated know almost the words. The command; or of party gratitude, which he cool, phlegmatic, impassable style is, of has done little to deserve on the one hand, course, peculiar to the particular Home- and so much to forfeit on the other. Secretary of whom we speak. His idea of the functions of his office seems to be, that he is to exercise the utmost possible power with the least possible accountability. He is to know nothing, see nothing, do nothing, but what he is absolutely compellable to know, see, or do. If the enemy can ferret out a fact and prove it, so much the 1. better for his case. Then, perhaps, it may be admitted. But the usual course is for Sir James, in his low, monotonous voice, and steady, determined manner, to give an elaborate, formal statement of words, with as few facts as possible, and leaving the matter as nearly as possible where he found it. This course has its IF Africa owns one peculiar district on advantage; for the questions put are often which her ancestral curse is specially enunmeaning, and even detrimental to the tailed, it is surely that portion of the public service. Sometimes, however, mat-southern shore of the Mediterranean ters grow more serious. The cool, hard. flanked by the pathless sands of the Desert impassable functionary is compelled by a of Sahara, which is known by the modern sense of duty to make a more elaborate appellation of Algeria.' In former times, statement, and then it is you perceive his indeed, the hand of the Algerines hath superiority as a minister. The clearness. been against every man'—and foul were firmness, extent of information, and sound the outrages and cruelties which rendered knowledge of his duty he displays, show their city a byeword, and their name a rehim to be not deficient, either in act or in proach. explanation, when he thinks it necessary. His questioner is then put hors de combat, and he himself gets a sort of license for that superciliousness and apathetic indiffer 2. From the Foreign Quarterly Review The French in Algiers, and Abd-el- ་ "Ergo exercentur, pœnis, veterumque malorum Suplicia expendunt." Rhadamanthus himself could not inflict a severer expiation for former license, than | pedition was not entirely successful, it partheir present condition. The red pennon ed the way for future attempts; and Hassan, of the pirate is forgotten in the aggressions the Governor of Egypt, established a nomiof the tri-color. Providence or ambition nal Arabian supremacy over an immense -has assigned to the Great Nation' the region, more than 2300 miles in length, task of avenging, and that, perhaps, alto- comprising under the general name of Bargether too ruthlessly, the ancient insults of bary, the states of Morocco, Fez, Algiers, the lawless corsairs of Algiers. Tripoli, and Tunis. We propose, in the present article, to take a rapid review of the rise and fall of this piratical state, and to enter into some brief considerations of the position and prospects of its French conquerors. But though the Arabs overcame the_resistance of the aboriginals and of the Romans who still remained in the country; and though their half-disciplined and predatory tribes roamed at pleasure through these fertile districts; it was not in the power of such an unconnected and marauding people, whose principal strength lay in their fervent but evanescent religious enthusiasm, to form any lasting projects for The north-western coast of Africa has undergone, perhaps, more than the usual vicissitudes to which national as well as individual life is subjected. Mauritania Cæsariensis-for such was the name which that district which we now term Algeria the subjugation of the provinces they overreceived from the Romans, when the battle ran. Many, indeed, settled in the country of Thapsus reduced Numidia under their they had invaded, and in time became exsway, is a region whose most prominent posed, in their turn, to aggressions, such as feature is the two parallel chains of moun- those by which they had themselves profittains which traverse the country from west ed. But the greater number preferred the to east. The southern and more lofty of wild charms of a desert life to the sober the two is called the Great, and that which fringes the Mediterranean coast, the Lesser Atlas. Ancillary ridges, usually stretching north and south, unite at unequal intervals the two Atlases, and enclose within their arms valleys and table-lands of exquisite fertility; while the northern slopes of the lesser Atlas are covered with the rich and varied vegetation of the East, and yet preserve some of the peculiar advantages of more temperate climates. pleasures to which alone a citizen can aspire. Princes, however, of Arabian blood, the Zeirides,-reigned over the northwestern coast till the beginning of the twelfth century; and it was under their patronage that Abdallah, the marabout,* implanted in the bosom of his countrymen that love of Islamism, which, if it has imparted to the resistance of their hardy descendants the ferocity of a religious war, -has also stamped it with a generous selfdevotedness which irresistibly challenges our admiration and our sympathy. This productive colony was lost to the Western Empire, under the third Valentinian. Bonifacius, the imperial governor in But, in addition to the aboriginal tribes,. Africa, desirous to revolt, but diffident of the remaining Roman colonists, the Vanhis own resources, resolved upon an exper-dals, and their Arabian conquerors-and iment, which is never tried but once, and we must add to our list the ubiquitous Jew invoked the aid of a foreign power. Gen--another people combined to swell the seric and Gonderic, the young and ambi- heterogeneous throng, which dwelt in these tious leaders of the Vandals, having alrea-regions. The Spanish Moors, driven from dy devastated Spain, cheerfully promised their native fields in Granada and Andalutheir assistance; and these princes estab-sia, found here a temporary refuge where lished on the ruins of the kingdom they they might brood over vain hopes of future were summoned to preserve, a dynasty revenge. which (though at one time menaced by the famous Belisarius,) continued to sway the north of Africa, until its conquest was achieved, at the close of the seventh century by the enterprising khalifs of Arabia. This confused mass, in course of time, subsided into separate and independent kingdoms-of which Algiers, Morocco, The A marabout is the Levite of the Arabs. distinction is hereditary and is confined to a paricular tribe. He is considered a saint both before and after death, and enjoys many privileges and The reduction of the West had indeed been attempted by the Saracens somewhat earlier; for in the year 647 Abdallah, the foster-brother of Othman, led thither an army of 40,000 men; and though this ex-after death, 4 vast degree of influence. The word marabout indifferently applied to the tomb or the saint and Tunis, were the most considerable. | Algeria is at presnt divided, placed there a The history of the two last must from this Spanish garrison and menaced the capital period be abandoned in order to pursue the itself. fortunes of Algiers itself. The Algerines in this extremity sumExposed to all the temptations, which moned to their assistance a prince of Arasituation, poverty, and the hereditary crav-bian extraction, Selim Eutemi; who ening for wild and hazardous adventure con-joyed great influence among the tribes of spired to afford, it is not strange that the the desert. This chieftain accepted the coast of Barbary became the dread of eve- sovereignty they offered him, and for a ry Mediterranean cruiser; but the maritime while enabled them to resist the efforts of depredations of its oocupants, however da- the generals of Ferdinand. But, in a few ring, did not attain any formidable degree years, it was again necessary to resort to of organization till the commencement of foreign aid, and in an ill-advised moment the sixteenth century; when the restless Selim begged succor from Barbarossa (to ambition of two brothers, in humble sta- whom we have already alluded under his tion, laid the foundation of that lawless more proper name of Horuc,) who at that power-friends of the sea, but enemies of time had become one of the most notorious all that sailed thereon'-as they exultingly of the Mediterranean corsairs. The pirate proclaimed themselves, which for nearly came; and the infatuated Selim went with three centuries rendered the name of Al- open arms to greet his future murderer. giers at once an object of hatred and of terror. Barbarossa, on his arrival, took the command of the fleet and army, and spared no A potter in the island of Lesbos enjoys pains to ingratiate himself with the Algethe ambiguous celebrity of being the father rines. A mixture of cruelty and liberality of these youths. Horuc and Hayraddin was peculiarly attractive to a people already have not been the only truants who have predisposed to piracy; and when Barbarosshrunk from a life of industry; but seldom sa caused Selim to be stabbed in his bath, has truancy been attended by such disas- and himself to be proclaimed king, he trous consequences to mankind. Both found no more serious opposition than a few brothers joined the pirates of the Levant, subsidiary murders, and the distribution of and Horuc, the elder and more determined a few bags of sequins, were sufficient to villain of the two, soon learned how high a extinguish. premium, bravery, when united with a total want of humanity and principle, bore among those roving adventurers. With wickedness sufficient to overawe, and with daring to fascinate, their comrades, the young Lesbians gained rapidly in resources and influence;-but, in all probability, would never have aspired beyond the command of a few privateers, had not a fortunate conjuncture of circumstances opened to them a field for more permanent con-second, but a purer Cleopatra-preferred quest. History has not failed to embellish this crime, in itself sufficiently treacherous, with the incidents of romance. It is said that other passions, besides that of ambition, impelled Barbarossa to shed the blood of his suppliant and his host. The innocent incendiary was Zaphira, Selim's Arabian bride, who, on the murder of her husband, repelled with a noble indignation the amorous overtures of the usurper, and—a death itself to rewarding his crimes with her love. Spain, even before she sank to the condition of a third-class state in Europe, was But Barbarossa, though immediately sucnever remarkable either for the justice of cessful in his projects, had not gained pos her arms, or the liberality of her counsels. session of a quiet throne. The Spaniards, Not content with persecuting the unhappy masters of the province of Oran, attacked Moors with relentless fury, couched under him with European skill and Eastern persea pretended zeal for the furtherance of verance; and the self-elected sovereign of Christianity, Ferdinand V., guided by his Algiers found his piratical bands, however clever and ambitious minister the Cardinal superior on their native element, totally unXimenes, pursued them even to their Afri- able to cope with soldiers regularly discican retreats. In the year 1505 he despatch- plined. It was in vain that the fierce usured to the coast of Barbary a powerful force, per fought with a courage that should under Peter, Count of Navarre; who sub-animate only the bosom of a patriot; in dued Oran-a town which has given its vain did he scatter his ill-gotten treasure on name to one of three Regencies into which the banks of the Sinan, in the hope of ar resting the steps of his merciless pursuers: This expedition, one of the most sucHeaven could not suffer the prolonged ex-cessful exploits of Charles's eventful reign, istence of such a monster and in dying levelled for a time the power of Barbarossa the death of a soldier he experienced a fate far too lenient for his crimes. to the dust. Ten thousand Christian slaves spread the fame of their deliverer through every state of Europe, and Spain for once enjoyed the sweetest triumph a nation can taste; that of having been the successful and disinterested champion of humanity and legitimate warfare. But other engagements soon diverted the attention Charles from the humbled pirates; and with a pertinacity peculiarly their own, they were soon bolder and more prosperous than ever. of Hayraddin, his successor, known (as well as his brother) by the soubriquet of Barbarossa, was less cruel in disposition, and was an equally enterprising commander. Finding himself unable to contend single-handed against Spain, he became a vassal of the Grand Seignior in return for his protection; and so ingratiated himself with the Turkish court by his matchless skill in naval tactics that Solyman raised him to the dignity of a pasha, sent him against the Barbarossa in person indeed no longer celebrated Genoese admiral, Andrew Do-directed the affairs of his capital. His duria; and as he proved successful in his op-ties as the Turkish high admiral detained erations against this formidable commander, him at the court of Solyman, but his place the grateful sultan assisted him to gain the at Algiers was ably filled by Hassan Aga, a neighboring kingdom of Tunis by a ma- Christian renegade; and it was when comnœuvre very similar to that which had manded by this general, that the pirates wrested the sovereignty of Algiers from the taught Charles a lesson which deeply morfamily of Selim. The Bey of Tunis, how-tified that haughty prince, and amply revengever, Muley Haschen, had the good fortune ed them for their former disasters at Tunis. to escape from the clutches of Hayraddin, The occasion of this fresh invasion by and make his way to Spain, where he claimed the assistance of Charles V. IIis petition was successful; for the emperor, ambitious of the renown which in those days attached to every expedition against a Mahomedan state, fitted out an immense armament to effect his restoration. The the emperor was the atrocities committed by the pirates on the coast of Spain; and the forces which he assembled were even more numerous than before. Every thing apparently conspired to its success. audacious Algerines had forgotten to spare the dominions of the Pope; and his HoliOn the 16th of July, 1535, Charles sailed ness promised absolution to all who took from Sardinia with more than 30,000 troops part in the expedition, and the crown of on board his fleet. The Goletta at Tunis martyrdom to those who should fall. The had long been considered one of the strong- chivalry of Spain, and many of the gallant est forts on the Mediterranean, and Barba- knights of Malta, crowded on board the rossa had intrusted its defence to Seiran, a fleet as volunteers, and even ladies of birth renegade Jew, of unquestioned courage and character did not disdain to share the and ability. But the numerical preponde-hardships of the voyage. But as the army rance of the Christian army was too over- was disembarking, a violent storm produced whelming to allow of any prolonged resist-that disorder which is fatal to an ill-arrangance. The Goletta was taken by a coup-ed project; and the torrents of rain which de-main; and the tardy loyalty of the in- poured for several days together, proved an habitants of Tunis began to declare itself important auxiliary to the spirited sallies of against the usurper. In this extremity Hassan. Day by day the immense host beBarbarossa risked all in a pitched battle. came more demoralized and broken; the The impetuous onsets of the Moors and prestige of former success was dispelled; Arabs, though led on by the fierce janissa- and at length, without receiving any fatal ries of the sultan, failed to break the serried blow, it melted insensibly away as ranks of Charles's veterans, and the sudden on the mountain,' and Charles, having lost apparition of a body of Christian slaves, all, not excepting his honor, was glad to who had taken advantage of the confusion re-embark the shattered remains of troops to free themselves from their fetters, accel- that had conquered at Pavia. erated a victory that had hardly ever been Very dolorous is the narrative of this doubtful; Barbarossa was compelled to ill-fated expedition, which has been transabandon Tunis, and save himself, by amitted to us by the pen of an English volhasty flight, from the dungeons of Madrid. unteer, Sir Nicholas Villagnon, who,-while snow |