Mal. i. II. R.V., "In every place incense is offered unto my name, and a pure offering"; Amer., "In every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering." iii. 17. R.V., "They shall be mine,...even a peculiar treasure." Amer., "They shall be mine, even mine own possession." Of Commentaries and helps to the study of the Minor Prophets the following may be mentioned: (1) IN ENGLISH. George Adam Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets ("Expositor's Bible"), London, 1898. A stimulating book written in full sympathy with modern criticism, but independent in view. The treatment of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi is to be found in vol. II. S. R. Driver, The Minor Prophets ("Century Bible"), Edinburgh [Preface dated 1906]. A useful book, but perhaps too small to represent fairly Dr Driver's powers. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi are treated in vol. II. C. H. H. Wright, Zechariah and his prophecies ("Bampton Lectures"), London, 1879. Dr Wright, without giving a definite decision, is generally in favour of the "integrity" of the book. He argues strongly against the view that Zech. ix., x. is a pre-exilic passage. His work is learned and still of value. A. F. Kirkpatrick [now Dean of Ely], The Doctrine of the Prophets ("Warburtonian Lectures"), London (First edition, 1892; Third, 1901). Three lectures are given to Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi (pp. 413-478 and 494— 513). Beside an account of the teaching contained in these three books there is a critical discussion of the date of Zech. ix. xi. and of Zech. xii.-xiv. The meaning of several difficult passages is discussed as occasion arises. International Critical Commentary: Haggai and Zechariah by H. G. Mitchell, D.D.; Malachi by I. M. Powis Smith, Ph.D.: Edinburgh, 1912. A full record of the opinions of scholars and commentators on the three Prophets. (2) IN FRENCH. A. van Hoonacker, Professor at Louvain, Les douze petits Prophètes, Paris, 1908. Full and careful, and perhaps at its best in the commentary on Haggai and Zechariah. Other important works by the same author are Zorobabel et le second temple (1892) and Nouvelles études sur la Restauration juive après l'exil de Babylone (1895). Tony André, Privat-docent at Geneva, Le prophète Aggée, Paris, 1895. An elaborate work containing full and clear discussions of all problems connected with the Prophet. The author holds that Hag. ii. 10-19 is somewhat earlier than the rest of the book, and that it does not come from the hand of Haggai. (3) IN GERMAN. Heinrich Ewald, Die Propheten des alten Bundes (2te Ausg.), Göttingen, 1867. In three volumes. Zech. ix.—xi.; xiii. 7—9 is included in vol. I as the work of an unknown prophet contemporary with Isaiah the son of Amoz; pp. 248—271 (E.T. i. 305—333). Zech. xii. 1— xiii. 6 with ch. xiv. is to be found in vol. II as the work of an unknown pre-exilic prophet between Habakkuk and Jeremiah; pp. 52—63 (E.T. iii. 49–59). Finally Haggai, Zechariah i-viii., and Malachi appear together in this order in vol. III. 177-230 (E.T. v. 36—86). Ewald's dates for Zech. ix.—xiv. cannot be accepted, but his work contains much that is stimulating and useful for the present day. J. Wellhausen, Die kleinen Propheten übersetzt, mit Noten ("Skizzen und Vorarbeiten," 5es Heft), Berlin, 1892. The notes on Haggai and Zechariah and Malachi occupy pp. 167-202. A collection of emendations and suggestions, not a finished book. There are also commentaries by W. Nowack, Göttingen, 1897 [and later]; K. Marti, Tübingen, 1904; Paul Riessler, Rottenburg a. N., 1911. All deal violently with the text, Marti more so than Nowack, and Riessler more than Marti. B. Duhm comments on Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi in his Anmerkungen zu den Zwölf Propheten, in Z.A.T.W. for 1911, pp. 107 ff., 161 ff., 178 ff., 189 ff. Like his predecessors he proposes many emendations of the text. But so corrupt a text as Riessler and Duhm presuppose would be past mending. Gustav Hölscher, Die Profeten, Untersuchungen zur Religionsgeschichte Israels, Leipzig, 1914. Contains much on heathen Ecstasy and Soothsaying, which illustrates some of the phenomena of Prophecy in Israel. Pages 332-358; 447-453 deal specially with Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Aquila § 9. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Arch. (Archaeol.) B.D.B. = = = The literal translation of the O.T. into The Oxford Hebrew Lexicon by Brown, Camb. Companion = Cambridge Companion to Biblical Studies (1916). Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible (1898-). Encyclopaedia Biblica, edited by T. K. a Historical Geography of the Holy Land by Literature of the Old Testament by S. R. The Old Testament in Greek edited by Masoretic Text, the standard Jewish text of Palestine Exploration Fund, usually with a reference to one of the Quarterly Statements. The Peshitta, the Syriac version of the Old Testament, made perhaps in the first or second century of our era. It shows marks of both Christian and Jewish influence. The translation of O.T. into Greek made by Symmachus who lived probably late in the second century A.D. The Targum, a translation into Jewish Aramaic, well edited by P. de Lagarde (Lipsiae, 1872). Theodotion Vulg. Z.A.T.W. The revised edition of the LXX issued by Theodotion an Ephesian, a Jewish proselyte, who is said to have lived under the emperor Commodus (180—192 A.D.). Theodotion's work is hardly an independent translation, as some reckon it. = The Vulgate, St Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin, 383-405 A.D., carefully edited by Mich. Hetzenauer, Oeniponte, 1906. Zeitschrift für alttestamentliche Wissenschaft edited by K. Marti, Giessen. NOTE. The reference to angels (Zech. ii. 3; al.) and to Satan (Zech. iii. 1 ff.) have been supposed by some to be due to "Persian" or "Zoroastrian" influence exercised on the Hebrew religion after the Captivity. But the whole subject of such influence is very obscure. Those who wish to pursue it should consult J. H. Moulton, Early Zoroastrianism (London, 1913), Lecture ix. HAGGAI I month, in the first day of the month, came the word N the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth 1 CH. I. 1-11. THE PROPHET'S SUMMONS TO THE JEWS TO TAKE THOUGHT FOR THE HOUSE OF THE LORD. 1. In the second year of Darius] Darius became king in 521 B.C.; his second year would therefore correspond with 520-519 See the Introduction, § 5. B.C. Darius the king] This is Darius son of Hystaspes who reigned 521-485 B.C. The title by which he is commonly known, King of Persia" (cp. Ezra iv. 5) gives no notion of the huge extent of his dominions. He and his successors occupied a unique position in Western Asia, so that the Persian king was known to the Greeks (as to the contemporary Jews) simply as Barileús, "the King." The fact that the son of Hystaspes is called simply "Darius the king" or merely "Darius" in Haggai and Zechariah (Hag. i. 1, 15; ii. 10; Zech. i. 1; al.) suggests the conclusion that the prophecies were redacted and provided with these headings at least before 424 B.C., when the second Darius, "Nothus,' came to the throne. In 336 B.C. a third Darius, Codomannus," became king of Persia. " in the sixth month, in the first day] The reason for this carefulness in giving an exact date appears from ch. ii. 18, 19. Haggai pronounces that the Jews' obedience to JEHOVAH will be rewarded the same day by JEHOVAH'S blessing. Since the year began in Nisan (March-April), the sixth month, Elul, corresponds with August-September. came the word...by Haggai...unto Zerubbabel] The striking form of this statement corresponds with Haggai's teaching as to the function of the prophet. The word of JEHOVAH does not come "to" Haggai, but "by" i.e. "through" Haggai the prophet unto Zerubbabel the governor. Haggai is only the instrument, the voice, by which the Divine word reaches the ears of the man to whom it is sent. The lawful destination of the word of JEHOVAH is the ruler (or in this case, the twin rulers, civil and religious) of Israel. HAGGAI I |