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ARGUMENT OF

EPISTLE

III.

Of the Nature, and State of Man with refpect to Society.

I. THE whole Univerfe one fyftem of Society, 7, &c. Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, 27. The happiness of Animals mutual, 49. II. Reason or Inftinct operate alike to the good of each Individual, 79. Reafon or Inftinct operate also to Society, in all animals, 109. III. How far Society carried by Inftinet, 115. How much farther by Reafon, 128. IV. Of that which is called the State of Nature, 144. Reafon inftructed by Instinct in the invention of Arts, 166, and in the Forms of Society,

176. V. Origin of Political Societies, & 196. Origin of Monarchy, 207. Patriarchal Government, & 212. VI. Origin of true Religion and Government, from the fame principle, of Love, 231, &c. Origin of Superftition and Tyranny, from the fame principle, of Fear,

237, &c. The Influence of Self-love operating to the focial and public Good, 266. Restoration of true Religion and Government on their first principle, & 285. Mixt Government, 288. Various Forms of each, and the true end of all, & 300, &c.

N.Blakey invet del.

Ravenet sculp

See some fit Passion every Age supply, Hope travels through, nor quits us when we die

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Essay on Man, Cp.II.

EPISTLE III.

H

ERE then we reft: "The Universal Caufe "Acts to one end, but acts by various laws."

VARIATIONS.

VER. I. in feveral Edit. in 4to.

Learn, Dulnefs, learn! "The Univerfal Caufe &c,

COMMENTARY.

WE are now come to the third epiftle of the Effay on Man. It having been fhewn, in explaining the origin, ufe, and end of the Paffions, in the fecond epiftle, that Man hath focial as well as felfifh paffions, that doctrine naturally introduceth the third, which treats of Man as a SOCIAL animal; and connects it with the fecond, which confidered him as an INDIVIDUAL. And as the conclufion from the fubject of the firft epiftle made the introduction to the fecond, fo here again, the conclufion of the fecond

(Ev'n mean Self-love becomes, by force divine,
The fcale to measure others wants by thine.)

maketh the introduction to the third.

VER. I.

Here then we reft: "The Univerfal Caufe

"Acts to one end, but acts by various laws."

The reafon of variety in thofe laws, which tend to one and the fame end, the good of the Whole generally, is, because the good of the individual is likewife to be provided for; both which together make up the good of the Whole univerfally. And this is the caufe, as the poet fays elfewhere, that

Each individual feeks a fev'ral goal,

But to prevent our refting there, God hath made each need the affiftance of another; and fo

On mutual wants built mutual happiness.

In all the madness of superfluous health,

The trim of pride, the impudence of wealth, Let this great truth be present night and day; 5 But most be present, if we preach or pray.

Look round our World; behold the chain of Love

Combining all below and all above.

COMMENTARY.

It was neceffary to explain these two firft lines, the better to fee the pertinency and force of what followeth (from ỷ 2 to 7) where the poet warns fuch to take notice of this truth, whofe circumstances placing them in an imaginary station of Independence, and a real one of infenfibility to mutual Wants (from whence general Happiness refults) make them but too apt to overlook the true fyftem of things; viz. Men in full health and opulence. This caution was neceflary with regard to Society; but still more neceffary with regard to Religion: Therefore he especially recommends the memory of it both to Clergy and Laity, when they preach or pray; because the preacher, who doth not confider the firft Caufe under this view, as a Being confulting the good of the whole, must needs give a very unworthy idea of him; and the fupplicant, who prayeth as one not related to a whole, or as difregarding the happiness of it, will not only pray in vain, but offend his Maker by an impious attempt to counter-work his difpenfation.

VER. 7. Look round our World; &c.] Next he introduceth his fyftem of human Sociability (7, 8) by fhewing it to be the

VER. 3.

NOTES.

fuperfluous health,] Immoderate labour and study are the great impairers of health: They, whose station fets them above both, muft needs have an abundance of health, which not being employed in the common fervice, but wafted in Luxury, the poet properly calls a fuperfluity.

VER. 4.impudence of wealth,] Because wealth pretends

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