ting sarcasm against the conquered people. But they forgot that the boar was a Roman emblem, and figured on the standards of the legions. The outer boundary of the town was slightly changed on the south side, and became nearly what it is at the present day. Mount Sion remained outside the walls, and was covered with market-gardens. Those parts of the town which were not rebuilt, afforded masses of displaced masonry, which served as quarries for new buildings. The substructure of the temple of Herod (the present Harûm) excited amazement by its solidity; the Christians early pretended that those colossal foundations would only be shaken asunder at the coming of Antichrist.

one.

On the site of the temple, as we have already said, rose the temple of Jupiter Capitoline. Bacchus, Serapis, Astarte, the Dioscuri were associated therein with the chief divinity. The statues of the Emperor were, as usual, numerous; one at least of these was an equestrian The statues of Jupiter and Venus were likewise raised near Golgotha. When, at a later epoch, the sacred topography of the Christians became fixed, this proximity occasioned great scandal, and was looked upon as an intentional outrage. It was even supposed that the Emperor had meant to profane Bethlehem by installing there the worship of Adonis.

6

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, and Verus occupied themselves with the embellishment of the city and the amelioration of the roads leading to it. These public works irritated true Jews. "After all, the works of this nation are admirable," said Rabbi Judah-bar-Ilai one day to two of his friends who were sitting with him. They establish forums, construct bridges, build therma." A great merit truly!" replied Simeonben-Jochai; "it is because of their utility that they do all this; forums for brothels, baths for amusement, bridges for the sake of toll." The hatred of Greek life, always lively in the Jew, was redoubled at the sight of a material renewal which appeared its dazzling triumph.

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Thus ended the last attempt of the Jewish people to continue a nation possessing a city and a definite territory. It is with good reason that the war of Bar-Čoziba is called in the Talmud, "The war of extermination." Some serious commotions, and as it were revivals of quenched fires, occurred, indeed, in the first years of Antoninus but they were easily repressed. From henceforth Israel had no name nor country, and begins the wandering life which is, during centuries, to mark it out for the world's wonder. In the Roman Empire the civil position of the Jew was lost irreparably. Had Palestine so willed, it might have become a province like Syria; its fate would neither have been better nor worse than that of the other provinces. In the first century many Jews had attained to posts of extraordinary importance. This will no more be seen; it seems as though the Jews had vanished under the earth. They are only heard of as beggars who have taken refuge within the jurisdiction of Rome, seated at the gates of Aricia, assailing chariots and clinging to their wheels in order to obtain some trifle from the compassion of travellers. They are a flock of rayahs, having,

indeed, their statutes and personal magistrate, but outside of the common law, forming no portion of the State, occupying a position somewhat similar to that of the Tzigani in Europe. There was no longer a single rich, notable, respected Jew to be found dealing on equal terms with men of the world. The great Jewish fortunes only reappeared in the sixth century,--especially among the Visigoths of Spain,-in consequence of the false ideas spread by Christianity about usury and commerce. The Jew then became, and continued for a great part of the Middle Ages, a necessary personage, without whom the world could not accomplish the most simple transaction. It was reserved for modern Liberalism to put an end to this exceptional position. The decree of the Constituent Assembly of 1791 re-made the Jews members of a nation and citizens.

ERNEST RENAN, in Contemporary Review.

DRUNKENNESS IN ENGLAND.

There is a popular belief that drunkenness in England among the upper classes is dying out. It is true, I suppose, that men of birth and position are no longer in the habit of drinking their six bottles at dinner and sprawling under the table helpless. A man who would drink like this, at his own or a friend's table, nowadays would hardly be tolerated in respectable society. Drunkenness in England among the upper classes, though it may be dying out, I believe is very far from dead yet.

There is great difficulty in arriving at any definite knowledge of the amount of drunkenness in the so-called upper classes of society for while the lower classes seem to live out of doors, and all they do is known, the habits of the other class are so covered by the circumstances of their position that we only see and know that which crops out on the surface, and only occasionally are there reports of their intemperance at the police-courts, while the lower classes are represented there every day. Since my arrival in this country last summer I have received many letters from gentlewomen, persons of education and refinement, ladies who belong to the aristocratic circles, confiding to me the story of ruined homes, broken hearts, tarnished careers, the writhings of unnecessary sickness, the horror of the maniac's deathrevealing to me scenes perfectly appalling, all brought about by drink. It would be utterly out of place here to go into detail; but I may just mention one case among many. A gentleman, by his drunkenness, had dragged his wife, a lady of birth and refinement, from a high social position to one room in a low locality, a heap of rags for a bed, a box, with a cup of weak tea and a piece of dry bread on it-six children, the youngest a babe fourteen days old. The very day they were visited, through a letter I received, he had stolen the last blanket and got a shilling for it. The poor children were without shoes-he had

what shall I say of its ravages among the lower classesfile? The subject is appalling. With my voice I can s paper words fail me. By day I walk this brilliant metro keynote struck in every street is drink. At night alone, quarters accompanied by a detective, I peer into the slu behold sights of orgie which compel me to believe that d England, among the lower clesses, is far more prevaler was when, twenty-five years ago, I made similar investigat mysterious, and midnight London is a vast and seet where the Devil and his earthly agents brew the curse drunkenness !

Yes, the great curse, of England is the drink. The f nobody. In re-stating it here, I simply say over again i through a new channel, that which I have been saying i public addresses in Great Britain and in the United S my strength, and all my power, and all my energy, for t seven years; and mean to go on saying, with God's help, t of my life. It is impossible that a fact should be constan by any human being for such a length of time, and w purpose, without its becoming hackneyed, as the phrase: who is familiar with my utterances will look in this place new. My hope is that those utterances may here reach m never heard the sound of my voice, and to whom there ness of what I say lies in their unfamiliarity with it. As the knowledge of the evils involved in prevalent drin must spread and spread, until every creature shall be p iar with the hard fact that stands at the head of th "The great curse of England is the drink.'

It is the theory of those-and I thank God they are mar and noble men and women-who have accepted this ha basis of their war upon existing customs; it is their theor and only cure for this gigantic curse lies in TOTAL ABSTIN is no half-way measure. Every individual is ready to drunkenness is an evil, and that it is our duty to do all move that evil. So far we are all agreed. But our theor only way to remove that evil is to remove the cause. Th fectly simple in its form-it is the drink. The cure is to lutely alone. It is not against moderate drinkers we is not against any class or condition of men: it is agai itself, and its use as a beverage. Some say it is useful as It has been recommended to me as a medicine. One ma that the water on the Continent would be sure to make m

I ought at my age to take a little claret to qualify it. I was told a similar thing about the water in Canada, and about the water in California, and I always said I would take the risk. Let him who will be afraid of water. The danger is not there. In my sixty-second year, after having traveled 420,000 miles and delivered nearly 8000 public addresses on the subject of temperance and other topics, I am able to say that, since 1846, I have never been in bed a whole day from illness. Yet I do not argue that alcohol is useless as a medicine; I leave that to men who are better able to present the scientific phases of the subject. I deal with facts only, and lay no claim to being either a man of science or a logician. It is enough for me to present plain facts and truths. Find me a man, sixty years old, who will say, 'I am sixty years of age, and I never drank a drop of intoxicating liquor, but I regret that I did not learn to drink it when I was a young man.' Where can you find such a man as that? The whole world cannot produce him. But it can produce men enough to curse the day they touched the first drop-men enough who can trace all their troubles, all their sorrows, and nearly all their offences against God and humanity, to that one cause. It is not necessary to argue that they can also lay at drink's door their bodily ills. The wrecks of manhood who may be seen shambling through English streets covered with sores, bloated, the waters of death lying stagnant in their eyes, the fevers of death burning on their hot foul breaths-these are no doubt examples which seem so far removed from the readers of this magazine, that they can hardly touch them with their lesson. But there is abundant testimony of physicians and scientific men to the evils wrought in every frame by the drink. Says Sir William Gull, 'Many a man is poisoned by drink who has no conception that he is at all injured by it.'

I might fill these pages easily with the testimony of others regarding the terrible curse which drink is to this country. There is no lack of witnesses. They tell us that 140,000,000l. are annually spent in Great Britain for drink. This is only about 10,000,000l. more than are spent for this purpose in the United States, according to the statisticians. Only! But it represents vastly more sorrow, vastly more crime, vastly more ruin and woe; for the drink in America costs much more money than it does here, and consequently the figures do not relatively indicate the gallons of liquor swallowed. The London Times, in commenting upon the money spent for drink in England and Wales, on one occa sion, said:

'We drank, it appears, last year, in spirits, malt-liquors, wine, cider, &c., more than seventy-two million gallons of pure alcohol, at a cost in round numbers, of 120,000,000l. It is calculated that at least hali of this money is spent by the working classes; and as they desire principally strength or quantity in their drink, we shall probably not be wrong in assigning to them very much more than half our entire yearly consumption. There is no more alcohol in a bottle of wine than in half a pint of ardent spirits, and the cost of one may be a guinea, and of the other ninepence or a shilling. It is clear that if the work

S.

for a sum so small as that which will enable a British w satisfy his craving for a dram.

But my appeal here should, perhaps, be more par moderate drinker. It is from the moderate drinkers o that the labourers to abolish drunkenness receive their sition; partly because the moderate drinker is harder the evils of drink than any other man is, but particula moderate drinkers hold the influence. If none drank by not take long to close every dram-shop in England, tl the sot goes for very little; and in point of fact it ma upon the moderate drinker rests the burden of responsi tends that the drink does him no harm; and because harm it must be a good thing. If sots abuse it, is that a he, who is not a sot, should not use it? If he finds it i he will stop; and so forth, and so on. Precisely at wh drink begins to do a man harm, no one can tell. If and scientists, who tell us alcohol is a poison, speak tr quite sure they do-then the first dram he drinks must work upon him; and the day will come- it almost alway when he will be forced to admit that he is being harmed become a sot, though his vital organs may be fearfully as I have more than once said, no man ever became a was not a moderate drinker in the first place. Cut off moderate drinkers, and the drunkards would all vanish of the earth within thirty years. Death would do that y thoroughly; not a human being would be left, who was n Once I heard the Rev. E. H. Chapin, standing in the Tr Boston, say, 'Would to God that the first drop of intoxi man should take into his system would produce in him sult of years of drunkenness!' It seemed an awful thin moment's reflection showed what it signified. If this w would drink the first glass. He would no more drink it drink sulphuric acid. He would recognise it then for wh a terrible poison. Now its slow insidious work is acco such stealth, in each individual case, that men dare take t they dare take the risk of hell. If the penalty were insta the sin, none would dare to sin. If the parent who sees a glass without fear of ill results could see that son trans into a drunkard, with blistered lips and besotted gaze, would set the decanter on the table? No, no. It is on danger is remote that we dare it; it is only because the ing is afar off that we think we may escape it. Some do