part in the sinful insurrection in our provinces, iu usurping, occupying, and invading them, or in doing such deeds as we complained of in our above-mentioned allocutions of the 20th of June and the 20th of September in last year, or those who have perpetrated some of those acts themselves, those who have been their warranters, supporters, helpers, counsellors, and followers, as well as those who counived at executing the above-mentioned deeds under whatever pretence and in whatever manner, or who perpetrated them themselves, to have taken on themselves the atonement of the major excommunication and religious punishment as they are determined in our Apostolic Constitution, and by the decrees of the General Councils, especially that of Trent (Sess. 22, chap. ii. on Reforms); and, if necessary, we excommunicate them again, we anathematize them, further declaring that they are to lose all privileges and graces, an indulgence which they enjoyed until now from our Papal predecessors, and that they cannot in any measure be released or absolved of these censures by any one except ourselves or the Romish Pontiff then reigning, except at the moment of death, but not in the ev nt of their recovery, when they are again subject to the above punishment, and are unable to receive any absolution until they have retracted, revoked, annulled, and abolished in public all they have committed, and have brought everything back fully and effectively to its former state, and have given complete satisfaction to the Papal power. . . . The present letter, as is well known, cannot be safely published everywhere, and especially in such places where it should be most required; therefore we will that this letter, or copies of it, shall be posted on the doors of the Lateran Church, on those of the church of the Prince of the Apostles (Basilica Principis Apostolorum), on those of the Apostolic Chancery and General Curia (Curia Generalis), in Monte Citaris, and at the corner of the Field of Flora of the city (in acie Campi Flora de Urbe), a is usual, and the so posted and published letters, and each of those letters, shall have the same power upon every one whom it concerns as if they had been presented nominatim personaliter." 26. Mr. Horsman makes another attack on the French Emperor and the policy of Ministers. He denounced the conduct of the Emperor in Italy as full of deceit. "I say," he repeated, 'that he has deceived the English Ministers, and has made them his tools for deceiving the English Parliament. (Opposition cheers.) I say that he has treated them with a duplicity which they had not the candour to avow, and with a contempt which they had not the spirit to resent. (Renewed cheers.) And, speaking of his proceedings in Savoy and Sardinia, and the manner in which he has announced his policy to Europe, I say he has added insolence to aggression, and perfidy to injustice!"-Lord John Russell, who on rising was received with loud cheering, said the hon. gentleman had raised a great many spectres, with which he had fought much more than with any reality existing. The chief was that the Ministers were continually rebuking the House for freedom of speech. On the contrary, Government had been satisfied with the forbearance shown. Once only it was thought Mr. Seymour Fitzgerald had forgotten the responsibility of his position, but he subsequently made a speech of such moderation and good intention, that he was perfectly satisfied. "But I must say that, as the right hon. gentleman the member for Stroud has given us so much warning and advice, and so much objurgation, I may be permitted to give him one piece of advice-that, seeing there is on the other side of the House an indisposition to enter upon any violent course of opposition, or any factious misrepresentation, I wonder that he does not himself take his place on the front seat of the Opposition bench-(Ministerial cheers)-and endeavour to show, to the shame of the right hon. gentlemen opposite, what faction can effect. (Renewed cheers.). . . Sir, my opinion, as I declared it in July and January, I have no hesitation to repeat-that such an act as the annexation of Savoy is one that will lead a nation so warlike as the French to call upon its Government from time to time to commit other acts of aggression, and, therefore, I do feel that, however we may wish to live on the most friendly terms with the French Government(cheers)-we ought not to keep ourselves apart from the other nations of Europe (loud cheers from both sides of the House)-but that, when future questions may arise, as future questions will arise, we should be ready to act with others, and to declare, always in the most moderate and friendly terms, but still firmly, that the settlement of Europe, the peace of Europe, is a matter dear to this country; and that settlement and that peace cannot be assured if it is liable to perpetual interruption-(loud cheers) to constant fears, to doubts and rumours, with respect to the annexation of this one country, or the union and connexion of that other; but that the Powers of Europe, if they wish to maintain that peace, and respect each other's rights, must respect each other's limits, and, above all, restore and not disturb that commercial confidence which is the result of peace, which tends to peace, and which ultimately forms the happiness of nations. (Loud cheers.)" 26. The foreign ambassadors at the Neapo litan Court present a joint address to Francis II. recommending political reforms. 27. Prussia protests against the annexation of Savoy to France. 29.-The Queen of Spain agrees upon preliminaries of peace with Morocco, the Emperor consenting to pay 20,000,000 piastres as indemnity, and to leave Tetuan in the meantime in the hands of Spain. A treaty was signed April 27. 30. Sir Robert Peel draws attention to the position of Switzerland, in consequence of the annexation of Savoy to France, and endeavours to show from documents sent to him from Chambery, that the pretended popular wote was the result of coercion on the part of French agents. He also censured Mr. Bright for first describing the annexation as a "miserable question," and then attempting to fix the guilt of the agitation on the House of Orleans. April 1.-Died in London, aged 60, Colonel William Mure, of Caldwell, author of a carefully written "History of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece." 2. At the opening of the Sardinian Parliament, the King said: "Out of gratitude to France, for the sake of Italy, to cement the union of the two nations, whose origin, principles, and destinies are common, a sacrifice was necessary, and I have made the one which was dearest to my heart. With reserve of the suffrage of the people, of the consent of Parliament, and with due regard to the right secured to Switzerland by virtue of international laws, I have stipulated a treaty of annexation of Savoy and of the county of Nice to France." The Treaty of Cession was submitted to Parliament on the 12th, and approved of by a majority of 229 against 33 votes. Garibaldi, who sat as deputy for Nice, his native town, was amongst those who spoke and voted in the negative. 4. Revolutionary outbreak at Palermo, Messina, and Catania. 12. Considerable excitement was created in mercantile circles in the metropolis by the sudden and unexpected rise of the rate of discount, first to 44, and now to 5 per cent. The step was said to be owing to the withdrawal of 1,550,000l. by the great discount house of Overend, Gurney, and Co., in resentment at the application of the Bank rule against re-discounting. The experiment terminated in the amount being returned to the Bank in the course of a week, and discount was thereupon reduced to its former rate. At a Reform meeting in Manchester, Mr. Bright defended the right of working men to engage in strikes when the condition of trade made such a step necessary. "It has never yet been proved," he said, "that trades unions or that strikes are always bad. I dare say that in nine cases out of ten-it may be, for aught I know, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundreda strike had been better avoided. But the strike is the reserved power; and if I were a working man I should never say I would surrender my right, in combination with others, to take such steps as are legal and moral for the advancement of my interests and the interests of those who worked with me. But if these strikes are sometimes-it may be often, it may be mostly-bad, and that, I think, all classes of persons would agree to, still the House of Commons and Mr. Whiteside and his party are not the parties to upbraid the working men with what they do upon this matter. The House of Commons itself was a great trades union from 1815 to 1846. (Cheers.) You know that the shibboleth of the country members was wheat at so much, barley at so much, oats at so much; and one of them, wishing to be minute in the profession of his faith-the member for the North Riding of Yorkshire-was for establishing a proportionate price for new milk cheese. (Laughter.) Now, we combined against this system. We 'struck.' (Loud applause.) Why, Nature herself, constant and beneficent as she always is, struck' against this inhuman system. The very harvest rotted in your fields. As in the old time the bondsmen of Egypt were liberated by means of the plagues of Egypt, so famine, and fever, and an exodus greater than that which Moses led, was necessary, and came and succeeded in striking off the manacles from the industry of the people of this kingdom." 16.-The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone installed as Rector of Edinburgh University. He addressed the students on the subject of university work, and the spirit in which it ought to be undertaken. 17. Great fight for the championship, at Farnborough, between Tom Sayers and Heenan the "Benicia Boy," an American. The contest being generally regarded as a kind of international trial of "pluck," gave rise to excitement in quarters where such events are seldom talked of, and even revived for a time the faded glories of the prize-ring. Peers, it was said, were there, and peers' sons; members of Parliament in plenty; authors, poets, painters, soldiers, even clergymen, "men about town," members of "the Fancy," a vast variety of low lifemuch of it of a suspicious character, and some of it long past suspicion. Sayers, aged 34, who at present held the belt, stood 5 feet 8 in., and when in fair fighting trim weighed from 10 st. 10 lbs. to 10 st. 12 lbs. Heenan, aged 28, a native of Troy, U.S., stood about 6 feet 2 inches, and was otherwise firmly knit together. Umpires and a referee having been appointed, there was a toss for a choice of position. This was won by Heenan, and he selected the highest ground, where he would have the sun on his back, thereby placing Sayers in such a position that he would have the full glare in his eyes. In a few minutes over two hours, thirty-seven rounds were fought-the last five amid great confusion, owing to the police and others breaking in upon the ring and the men were then hurried away by their friends, Heenan all but blind from punishment in the face, and Sayers with his powerful right arm useless. The appropriation of the stakes and honours gave rise to a sharp controversy in pugilistic circles-a controversy which was far from being settled by the presentation of a belt to each of the champions. 19. In the House of Lords, Earl Grey ob tains the appointment of a committee to inquire "what would be the probable increase of the number of electors from a reduction of the franchise, and whether any, and what, change was likely to be made in the character of the constituencies by such increase." 23.-Earl Cowley having obtained special leave of absence from the embassy at Paris, defends himself in the House of Lords from a charge brought against him by Lord Normanby, of treating as private communications notes which had passed between the Foreign Minister and the French Ambassador on the subject of the annexation of Savoy, at a time when the interference of Britain might have been more effective than it afterwards was. Close of the voting in Savoy and Nice on the question of annexation to France. In Savoy, 130,533 voted in favour, and 235 against; in Nice the votes were 25,743 for annexation, and 160 against it. Baron Bruck, Finance Minister of Austria, commits suicide. A deficiency in the national accounts had previously been discovered of 1,700,000l. - Insurrection in Spain, leading to a renunciation of the claim to the throne put forward on behalf of the Count of Montemolin, eldest son of the late Don Carlos. This renunciation was afterwards annulled at Cologne. 26.-Died, the Duke of Terceira, President of the Portuguese Council. 27. Captain Speke and Mr. Grant embark in the steam-frigate Forte at Portsmouth, on their expedition to explore the source of the Nile in Central Africa. After some delay at the Cape and Mozambique, they arrived at Zanzibar on the 15th August, and commenced their journey across the continent early in October. -The third reading of the Church Rates Abolition Bill carried in the House of Commons by 235 to 226. 29. The Liverpool Sailors' Home, the foundation-stone of which was laid by Prince Albert in 1846, destroyed by fire. The whole of the inmates, about 120 in number, escaped; but the flames spread with such rapidity that the retreat of many was cut off, and they were rescued through the window by ladders. Two men rendering assistance fell into and were consumed in the burning ruins. May 1.-The Pope appeals to his "beloved children" of every nation for the loan of 50,000,000 francs. 3. After a debate carried on in a languid manner for six nights, and protracted over a period of two months, the Government Reform Bill was read a second time without a division, and ordered to be discussed in committee on the 4th of June. Died in Belgrave-square, aged 72, Dr. Thomas Musgrave, Archbishop of York. He was succeeded by Dr. Longley. 4. The Prussian Chambers resolve to aid the inhabitants of Schleswig and Holstein in the maintenance of their political rights. Statue of Mendelssohn inaugurated at the Crystal Place by a torchlight procession. 66 6 5.-Garibaldi sails from Genoa with a body of 2,000 men, whom he had induced to volunteer to assist the Sicilians in the insurrection against Francis II. At Talamona he issued a procia mation : Italy and Victor Emmanuel!'-that was our battle-cry when we crossed the Ticino; it will resound into the very depths of Ætna. As the prophetic battle-cry re-echoes from the hills of Italy to the Tarpeian Mount, the tottering throne of tyranny will fall to pieces, and the whole country will rise like one man.' The Piedmontese official Gazette said the Government disapproved of the expedition, and attempted to prevent its departure. On the 9th of October, when the insurrection had accomplished its design, the King in an address to the people of Southern Italy said: "The people were fighting for liberty in Sicily when a brave warrior devoted to Italy and meGeneral Garibaldi-sprang to their assistance. They were Italians. I would not, I ought not, to restrain them."-On the 10th of May Garibaldi effected a landing at Marsala, and assumed the title of Dictator of Sicily "in the name of Victor Emmanuel of Italy." On the 27th he attacked Palermo in the most daring manner, and drove the Neapolitan troops into the citadel, which they afterwards evacuated during an armistice. 7.-In the course of a debate raised by Mr. Horsman as to the connexion of Mr. Walter, M. P., with the Times, Lord Palmerston said: "My right hon. friend has stated that he did not know what the influence was which drew Mr. Delane, one of the editors or managers of the Times, to me; and if by that statement he means to imply a wish on my part to exercise any influence over the line of conduct which is pursued in the case of that journal, I can only say in answer to this charge, in the words of Mrs. Malaprop, that I should be but too glad to plead guilty to the soft impeachment, and to know that the insinuation which it involves was really founded on fact. (A laugh.) If there are influences which, as the right hon. gentleman says, have fortunately led Mr. Delane to me, they are none other than the influences of society. My right hon. friend has observed, in that glowing address which he has just delivered to us, that the contributors to the press are the favourites and the ornaments of the social circles into which they enter. In that opinion he is, it seems to me, perfectly correct. The gentlemen to whom he refers are, generally speaking, persons of great attainments and information. It is, then, but natural that their society should be agreeable. My acquaintance with Mr. Delane is exactly of that character. I have had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Delane frequently in society, and he has occasionally done me the honour to mix in society under my roof. That society was, I may add, composed of persons of all shades of politics-(cheers)-of various pursuits; and I need hardly say I feel proud when persons so honour me without undertaking any other engagement than that which Mr. Delane always makes good-of making themselves agreeable during the time of their stay.' 8.-The Government proposal to repeal the Excise duty on paper carried by a majority of 9 in a house of 429. - Died, aged 74, Horace Hayman Wilson, Boden Professor of Sanscrit in the University of Oxford. 9.-In the Central Criminal Court the Rev. Mr. Hatch is successful in his attempt to procure a conviction for perjury against the girl Plummer, 11 years of age, who had charged him with indecent conduct to her in his own house, and for which he was now undergoing confinement in Newgate. In the first case the mouth of Mrs. Hatch, a most essential witness on her husband's behalf, was necessarily closed; but now, in the way the prosecution was laid, she was put into the witness-box, and gave evidence showing it to be impossible that Mr. Hatch could have committed the offence charged against him without her cognizance. In this she was corroborated by other visitors at the house. Baron Channell summed up the evidence in an address of eight hours' duration. The jury were absent two hours, and delivered their verdict as follows: "We find the prisoner, Mary Eugenia Plummer, guilty; and while we recommend her to the utmost extent of mercy, we venture at the same time to express a hope that your lordship, if you have the power to do so, will direct that any imprisonment to which she may be subjected may be accompanied by a proper course of training and education, of which she has hitherto been deprived, and probably would still be deprived, at home." The verdict was received with applause. After a suitable admonition, she was sentenced to three weeks' imprisonment, and then to be sent to a reformatory for two years. 10. Died at Florence, aged 50, Theodore Parker, American theologian. 11.-Sir C. Wood explains that the recall of Sir C. Trevelyan from Madras was rendered necessary by his having published a protest against the financial measures of Mr. Wilson, the Finance Minister. 12. Died, aged 55, Sir Charles Barry, R. A., architect of the new Houses of Parliament. 15.-George William Pullinger, late chief cashier of the Union Bank of London, tried before Mr. Baron Channell at the Central Criminal Court, for defrauding that bank to the extent of over 260,000/. The whole of the large payments into the Bank of England passing through his hands, Pullinger found that he virtually possessed the entire control of these funds, inasmuch as the pass-book forming the only check remained in his hande till it was consigned to the ledger-keeper. Emboldened by his success in altering this pass-book for trifling amounts, he persevered in his crime to meet alleged losses on the Stock Exchange, and ended by appropriating the almost incredible amount above mentioned. The fraud was detected on the 19th April, when the prisoner was accidentally absent. He was now sentenced to fourteen years' penal servitude on the first indictment, and six years' on the second. 15. Discussion in the House of Lords on the resignation by Sir C. Trevelyan of the post of Governor of Madras. Meeting in St. Martin's Hall to protest against the conduct of the Lords in threatening to reject the clause of the Budget relating to the repeal of the paper-duty. Mr. Bright was the chief speaker. The Neapolitans defeated by Garibaldi at Calatifimi. 16. At the meeting of the National Republican Convention at Chicago, Abraham Lincoln was selected as candidate for the Presidency of the United States. Died, aged 68, Lady Noel Byron. She married the Poet in January 1815, separated thirteen months afterwards, and lived since then in the quiet performance of acts of charity. 18. At Sandown Fort, Isle of Wight, Sergeant Whitworth, R. A., murders his wife and six children by cutting their throats with a razor, and then attempts to commit suicide with the same weapon. Whitworth was tried at the Winchester Assizes, but was found to be in a state of mind not capable of understanding or pleading to the indictment. 21.-After a long debate in a crowded House the Lords reject the bill repealing the paperduty by a majority of 193 to 104 votes. The principal speeches in opposition were delivered by Lord Monteagle, who moved the rejection of the resolution, by the Earl of Derby, and by Lord Lyndhurst, who completed his eightyeighth year on the day of debate, and who showed from the journals of the House, and the conferences which had taken place with the other branch of the Legislature, that it was no unusual thing for their Lordships to exercise their constitutional veto upon bills repealing as well as on bills proposing taxes. He found precedents for the step in 1689, when a poll bill was thrown out; in 1709, when an alteration in the malt duties was made; in 1790, when bill for removing stamps was rejected; in 1805. when a bill abolishing Custom-house fees was rejected; and again in 1808, when a bill repeal. ing certain duties on coal, and altering others, was thrown out without even a complaint being raised. "I may be told," concluded the venerable peer, there is a surplus. That is a I leave perilous matter into which I do not choose to enter. It forms no part of the programme which I have marked out for myself. that to my noble friend opposite (Lord Monteagle), who, I have no doubt, will sufficiently clear up that portion of the subject. The question comes to this: if your Lordships are satisfied, as you must be, that you have not only the power but the constitutional right to reject this bill, and if you are satisfied that there is an actual deficiency-that next year there must be an enormous deficiency-and that the present state of Europe is such as to create continual anxiety; then I ask your Lordships, will you consent to give up, not for the present year only, but permanently, a sum of nearly a million and a half? (Cheers.) That is the proposition I put to your Lordships, and I am satisfied what your answer will be. As I said I would confine myself to this question of privilege, I will only further observe that the illusions—perhaps I may say the delusions— created by the introduction of the Budget seem to have passed away; and we have learnt that, although brilliant eloquence has charms, yet, like other seductions, it is not without its dangers. The same schemes may bear the impress of genius, of imprudence, of rashness. Satis eloquentiæ, sapientiæ parum, is not an irreconcilable combination. If my noble friend will move the amendment of which he has given notice, I shall give him, for the reasons I have stated, my cordial support." 22.-Wreck of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Company's ship Malabar in the harbour of Point de Galle, Ceylon. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros were on board with their suites, and among the many precious things lost were papers and credentials bearing upon the Treaty of Tien-tsin, which they were going out as Ambassadors Extraordinary to compel the Chinese Government to ratify. The vessel in a sudden gale was swept from her temporary moorings and drifted on a reef close at hand, where her bottom was stove in. The passengers and crew, with a portion of the luggage and cargo, were saved: portions of the latter were afterwards recovered by divers. Died at Fulham, aged 44, Albert Smith, an agreeable contributor to the amusements of the day. 25.-Lord Palmerston obtains the appointment of a committee to ascertain and report on the practice of each House with regard to the several descriptions of bills imposing or repealing taxes. -The Home Secretary announces that the Crown had resolved to grant the prayer of the petition submitted by Convocation, for permission to revise the 29th Canon, prohibiting any parent from being godfather to his own child." 27.-Capture of Palermo by Garibaldi. 28. So calamitous were the storms of the early summer, that on this day alone 143 wrecks took place off the English coast, 36 of them being completely beaten to pieces. One fleet of Yarmouth fishing-boats was entirely swamped, and every person on board drowned: they numbered 186, and left among them 72 widows and 172 children. Subscriptions on their behalf were collected to the amount of 10,000l. 28. At the annual meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, the Founder's gold medal was presented to Lady Franklin and Sir Leopold M'Clintock-to the former as a testimony of "the services rendered to science by her late gallant husband, and also as a token of respect and admiration for the devotedness with which she has pursued those inquiries which have resulted in clearing up the fate of the crews of the Erebus and Terror, and at the same time in making important contributions to our geographical knowledge of the Arctic regions; to the latter "in acknowledgment of the very great and valuable services he had performed services appreciated not only throughout this country, but throughout all Europe and America." Lady Franklin, in acknowledging the honour, claimed for her husband the crowning discovery of the Northwest Passage, which cost himself and his companions their lives. 29. In the Sardinian Chamber of Deputies, after the adoption of the Treaty of Cession, Signor Ratazzi rose to demand explanations of Count Cavour, who in reply expressed his regret at having been compelled to say very delicate things, but the responsibility attached to his remarks upon the question must rest with Signor Ratazzi. Count Cavour further said: "We have no guarantees from France in favour of the annexed provinces of Italy, as we have not asked for any. We have considered the declarations of France that she would ensure a policy of non-intervention on the part of the foreign Powers to be sufficient. France has not exercised the least pressure respecting the autonomy of Tuscany: she has limited herself to simple non-official diplomatic conversations, in which we have declared the autonomy of Tuscany must disappear. To this France has not made the least objection." Speaking at Manchester on the rejection of the Paper Duties Bill, Mr. Bright reminded his hearers that there was no dissolution for the House of Lords. "If a peer dies, there is no measurable instant of time between the death of him who dies to-day and him who votes to-morrow. The spirit does not pass from the body into space with greater rapidity, or with a more unseen motion, than passes the legislative power from the dead peer to the living one. The only things that do not die are the prejudices, the alarms, the selfinterests, the determination to combine for the interest of their body, which necessarily, in all countries and in all ages, have acted upon irresponsible powers like that which our House of Lords is now assuming to become. Our |