at Bonn for resisting the railway authorities there. The English residents interfered in a manner which led to a diplomatic correspondence with this country. The affair was amicably settled on the 1st May following.

13.-John Dalliger, a marine in the China Fleet, executed at the yard-arm for attempting to shoot Lieut. Hudson of the Severn, and also the second master. The rigging of every ship was manned by all hands to witness the execution. Punctually at one o'clock the prisoner was brought out stripped of his uniform; a rope was passed round his neck, the signal given, and in two seconds the bowmen had run him up to the fore-yard-arm. There a loop was loosed, and the body fell with a jerk at least six feet.

18. The Chinese Imperial Commissioners having expressed a desire to resume negotiations, the two secretaries of the embassy, Messrs. Parkes and Wade, accompanied by M. de Norman, attaché, Capt. Brabazon, Lieut. Anderson, Mr. Bowlby of the Times, and some others, depart for Tang-chow, to arrange the necessary preliminaries for an interview. They found the place occupied by Imperial soldiers, under the Tartar general, San-kolin-sin, and, while they were on the ground, the outposts commenced a sharp fight with Allied troops. Parkes and Loch were seized by the Chinese and carried before the General, who received them with rudeness and insult. The rest of the party, including eighteen sowars of Fane's Horse, were carried into the interior, where all, with the exception of a few of the sowars, miserably perished, owing to the excessive cruelty with which they were treated, their hands and feet being bound so tightly with cords that in some instances the flesh burst, and mortification ensued. Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch were conveyed prisoners to Pekin, and confined separately in prisons of the most filthy description. On the 22d Mr. Parkes was removed from the common prison to a separate ward, about eight feet square, on the opposite side of the court; and four gaolers were appointed to watch him. Here he received frequent visits from a Mandarin named Hang-ki, whom he had known at Hong Kong, and who was sent by Prince Kung, the Emperor's brother, to endeavour to extract information from him, and make use of him to obtain favourable terms with the British plenipotentiary, Lord Elgin. At last he was told that he should be taken out of prison; but Mr. Parkes generously refused to leave it unless he were accompanied by Mr. Loch. The result was, that on the 29th of September Hang-ki came to the prison with an order for the removal of both, from the Board of Punishments, to a temple, where quarters were provided for them, and where they were well treated until their final release. In the meantime, Lord Elgin refused to negotiate unless the prisoners were returned; and on the 25th of September he

replied to overtures from Prince Kung that the army would advance to the assault of Pekin, unless within three days the prisoners were surrendered and the Convention formerly signed ratified. As Prince Kung continued to evade these demands, the army marched forward on Pekin.

19. Slater and Vivyan, two keepers at Colney Hatch Asylum, tried at the Central Criminal Court, and acquitted, on a charge of manslaughter, in respect of a patient named Swift, who died after a severe struggle with another keeper not in custody.

28.-The Garibaldians capture Ancona, General Lamoricière surrendering with the entire garrison as prisoners of war. This achievement concluded the campaign in the Marches.

The Pope pronounces an allocution condemning the Sardinian Government, and praying that the pride of the Church's enemies might be broken, the hearts of prevaricators changed, and those who attacked her put to flight.

29.-At the Camp, Aldershot, Private Johnson of the 41st Foot shoots Sergeant Chipt and Corporal Coles, in revenge for having been sentenced to twelve days' extra drill. He feigned drunkenness when apprehended, and insanity when put on his trial at Winchester Assizes, on the 12th December; but the jury with short deliberation found him guilty, and he was sentenced to be executed.

October 5.-During the continuance of a severe storm, which swept over the northern part of Britain, the lone island of St. Kilda was rendered almost desolate. Every house was unroofed, the scanty crops were blown into the sea with the soil in which they grew, every shed and shelter was swept away, and the very boat by which they kept up a communication with the mainland was blown out of its shelter and destroyed. In this crisis of the island H.M.S. Porcupine appeared in the bay, and, on becoming acquainted with the state of matters, Captain Otter not only gave relief himself, but induced the Highland Society and others to send out abundance of food and seed to the starving islanders.

7.-General Guyon, commander of the French troops in the Papal States, informs the inhabitants of Viterbo that his column is approaching the town, and will require accommodation. The Gonfalonière answers :-"The Municipal Commission of this town, of which I have the honour to be president, is disagreeably surprised at the receipt of your communication that a column of French troops is coming here. Relying on the assurance of your Emperor that no intervention would take place in Italy, we proclaimed the Government of King Victor Emmanuel, the friend and ally of France. His Majesty sent a commissioner to govern us, and we have maintained the most perfect order with the unanimous consent

of all the citizens. Persons and property were never so secure here as they have been since the installation of the King's Government, and we can conscientiously say that we do not deserve to have our tranquillity troubled. If, however, your orders, General, should be such that you cannot change your determination, you will not meet with the slightest resistance, but you will find the town deserted, unless you assure us that you will not be followed by the reaction. I myself and the entire municipality will seek a place of safety, as will also the other citizens, who are almost all liable to prosecution by the clerical government."

7.- Loss of the Galway Company's American steamship Connaught. She became waterlogged and altogether unmanageable when about 300 miles off Boston on her outward voyage; and, to add to the horror of the situation, it was then discovered that she was on fire between decks. A small American brig of 198 tons burthen answered the Connaught's signal of distress, coming up at the moment when the fire was bursting out on the deck and threatening to devour everything in its way. First the women and children, and latterly the whole passengers and crew, amounting in all to 591 people, were taken on board the little brig and landed safely at Boston. The Connaught, with all her cargo, passengers' luggage, and 10,000/. in gold, received at St. John's, went down soon after.

8. Mr. William Brown's munificent gift to Liverpool of a Free Library was this day formally handed over to the Corporation, and inaugurated by a procession, dinner, and speeches.

9.-The King of Sardinia issues a manifesto to the people of Southern Italy explaining and justifying his proceedings since the Treaty of Villafranca. He concludes:-"I have proclaimed Italy for the Italians, and I will not permit Italy to become a focus for cosmopolitan sects, who may meet there, to contrive schemes of reaction or of universal demagogic intrigues. People of Southern Italy! my troops advance among you to maintain order. I come not to impose my will; but to make yours respected. You may freely manifest it. Providence, who protects the cause of the just, will suggest the vote which you should place in the urn. Whatever the gravity of events, I wait calmly the judgment of civilized Europe and of history, conscious of having fulfilled my duties as a King and as an Italian. My policy will, perhaps, not be inefficacious in reconciling the progress of nations with the stability of monarchy. As for Italy, I know that there I bring to a close the era of revolutions.

10. The Peruvian frigate Callao upset when being drawn into the dry dock at San Lorenzo, and 150 of the people on board drowned, including many of the sick and wounded in the hospital. The vessel afterwards went to pieces.

12.-The Allied troops enter Pekin. The

siege-guns were in position, and the Chinese Government had been informed that the cannonade would be opened on the following day, at noon, unless the city were previously surrendered, and one of its gates placed in our hands. The result was that all the demands of the Allies were unconditionally acceded to, the gate was thrown open to the troops, and for the first time in history the flags of England and France floated victoriously on the walls of Pekin. The Emperor had abandoned his capital on pretence of attending a hunting expedition. Being ignorant at the time of the barbarous treatment of the prisoners, Lord Elgin simply made provision for having them delivered up to him; but a few days later, when their fate was ascertained, he communicated to Prince Kung the only conditions upon which the city would be spared :-"Of the total number of twenty-six British, seized in defiance of honour and of the law of nations, thirteen only have been restored alive, all of whom carry on their persons evidence, more or less distinctly marked, of the indignities and ill-treatment from which they have suffered; and thirteen have been barbarously murdered, under circumstances on which the undersigned will not dwell, lest his indignation should find vent in words which are not suitable to a communication of this nature. Until this foul deed shall have been expiated, peace between Great Britain and the existing dynasty of China is impossible. The following, therefore, are the conditions, the immediate acceptance of which will alone avert from it the doom impending on it: What remains of the palace of Yuen-Ming-Yuen, which appears to be the place at which several of the British captives were subjected to the grossest indignities, will be immediately levelled to the ground: this condition requires no assent on the part of his Highness, because it will be at once carried into effect by the Commander-in-chief. A sum of 300,000 taels must be paid down at once to the officers appointed to receive it, which sum will be appropriated, at the discretion of her Majesty's Government, to those who have suffered, and to the families of the murdered men. The Convention drawn up at Tien-tsin must be immediately signed. It will remain as it is, with the single change that it shall be competent for the armies of England and France to remain at Tien-tsin until the whole indemnities spoken of in the said Convention are paid, if the Governments of England and France see fit to adopt this course.' The Summer Palace, consisting of a great variety of buildings, scattered over a park of immense size, and which had contained, before it was plundered, all the luxuries Chinese art could furnish, or wealth supply, was accordingly set on fire by a detachment of our troops, and totally destroyed. The Convention was signed at Pekin on the 24th of

October.

14. Professor Henslow contributes to the

Athenæum the result of his investigation in the much-talked-of gravel pits of Amiens and Abbeville. From the extremely loose texture of the different beds, or rather bands, of gravel, from the confused intermixture of various samples, and from the broken and fragmentary character of the ivory found with the flint instruments, he was led to believe that the beds were formed by a comparatively recent flood, which carried with it masses of various geological formations, and thus utterly confused their chronological arrangement. He had, therefore, returned from his excursion impressed with the conviction that the facts he witnessed did not, of necessity, support the hypothesis of a pre-historic antiquity for these works of man; and that the bones of extinct animals found associated with the Celts need not, of necessity, be supposed to have belonged to individuals contemporary with the men who formed the flint intruments.

20.-The Emperor of Austria suddenly entering (as M. Deak described) the path of Constitutionalism, issues a diploma conferring on the Reichsrath legislative powers and the control of the national finances.

22.-Imperial interview at Warsaw between the Emperor of Russia and the Emperor of Austria.

25. Commenced at the Central Criminal Court the trial of George Mullins, for the murder of Mrs. Emsley, an aged widow lady of considerable means, but parsimonious habits, residing in Grove-road, Stepney. She was last seen alive on the evening of the 13th August, and on the 17th, when suspicion was excited by her disappearance, it was found that she had been barbarously murdered in the lumberroom of her house, and a considerable amount of her property stolen. From information given by Mullins, a shoemaker named Emm, who collected rents for the murdered woman, was apprehended, and a portion of the stolen property found in an out-building adjoining his house, but to which Mullins himself or any other might have access. The other evidence against Emm was of the most inconclusive description. Mullins himself (who had formerly been a sergeant in the K Division of the Metropolitan Police) was apprehended, the theory being that he had acted against Emm, first with the view of diverting suspicion from himself, and, next, to secure the large reward of 300/. offered by Government for the discovery of the murderer. It was now established in evidence that Mullins was seen going in the direction of the cottage on the night of the murder; that he could get easy access to the house, from the circumstance that he was employed by the deceased to job about her property; that she was murdered when in the act of exhibiting paper-hangings; that when last seen he had in his hand a plasterer's hammer, with which the wounds might have been inflicted; that the marks in the clotted blood on the stair-head corresponded with an old boot worn

on the night in question by the prisoner; that on his mantelpiece was found a piece of tape corresponding to that binding the parcel concealed near Emm's house, and also a piece of wax, with which the thread tying an inner parcel was covered-evidently for the purpose of strengthening the suspicion against Emm, who was by trade a shoemaker. It was also proved that Mullins was seen near to where the parcel was found a few days before he informed against Emm; and finally, that his wife had disposed of a silver pencil-case known to have been in the possession of the deceased when she was murdered. On the second day of trial the jury, after deliberating upwards of three hours, returned a verdict of Guilty, and sentence of death was passed by the Lord Chief Baron. He was executed on the 19th of November, having written a statement, not exactly in the form of a confes sion, but declaring his belief that Emm was innocent.

26. The King of Piedmont with his army having crossed the frontier into the Abruzzi, Garibaldi advances with a body of volunteers to meet his Majesty, then marching upon the line of the Volturno. The interview took place between Teano and Speranzano. "Seeing the red shirts," writes a witness, "the King took a glass; and having recognised Garibaldi, gave his horse a touch of the spur, and galloped to meet him. At ten paces distant the officers of the King and those of Garibaldi shouted Viva Victor Emmanuel.' Garibaldi made another step in advance, raised his cap, and added, in a voice which trembled with emotion, King of Italy!' Victor Emmanuel raised his hand to his cap, and then stretched out his hand to Garibaldi, and with equal emotion replied, I thank you,

Spain withdraws her minister from Turin, and protests against the invasion of the Papal territories by Sardinia.

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27. Several of the European Courts expressing disapproval of the late_proceedings of the King of Sardinia, Lord John Russell now writes to Sir James Hudson, our minister at Turin:-"Her Majesty's Government do not feel justified in declaring that the people of Southern Italy had not good reason for throwing off their allegiance to their former Governments her Majesty's Government cannot, therefore, pretend to blame the King of Sardinia for assisting them. There remains, however, a question of fact. It is asserted by the partisans of the fallen Governments that the people of the Roman States were attached to the Pope, and the people of the kingdom of Naples to the dynasty of Francis II.; but that Sardinian agents and foreign adventurers have by force and intrigue subverted the thrones of those sovereigns. It is difficult, however, to believe, after the astonishing events which we have seen, that the Pope and the King of the Two Sicilies possessed the love of their people. How was it, one must ask, that the Pope found

it impossible to levy a Roman army, and that he was forced to rely almost entirely upon foreign mercenaries? How did it happen again, that Garibaldi conquered nearly all Sicily with 2,000 men, and marched from Reggio to Naples with 5,000? How but from the universal disaffection of the people of the Two Sicilies? Neither can it be said that the testimony of the popular will was capricious or causeless. It must be admitted, undoubtedly, that the severance of ties which bind together sovereigns and their subjects is in itself a misfortune: notions of allegiance become confused, the succession of the throne is disputed, adverse parties threaten the peace of society; rights and pretensions are opposed to each other, and mar the harmony of the State. Yet it must be acknowledged, on the other hand, that the Italian revolution has been conducted with singular temper and forbearance. The subversion of existing power has not been followed, as is too often the case, by an outbreak of popular vengeance. The extreme views of democrats have nowhere prevailed. Public opinion has checked the excess of public triumph. The venerated forms of constitutional monarchy have been associated with the name of a prince who represents an ancient and glorious dynasty. Such having been the causes and the concomitant circumstances of the revolution of Italy, her Majesty's Government can see no sufficient ground for the severe censure with which Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia have visited the acts of the King of Sardinia. Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe."

30.-Died, aged 85, Admiral Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald.

31. The Middlesex magistrates quash a conviction obtained against Rosier for disorderly conduct in the church of St. George'sin-the-East, partly on the ground that the police-magistrate had not fixed a time when the fine of 37. was to be paid.

November 3.-Explosion of the steamship Tonning in Yarmouth Roads. Eight of the crew were blown into the sea and drowned; the mutilated fragments of other three were found in the ship; seven were frightfully scalded; and the most of the live stock on board were killed and crushed into a shapeless mass. The survivors were taken off by the fishing-boats, and the wreck towed by a smack into Yarmouth harbour.

The Sardinian army commences the siege of the fortress of Gaeta, where Francis II. had resolved to make a final stand.

4.-Chappell's pianoforte factory, Crownstreet, Soho, destroyed by fire, and one woman killed by an explosion which took place.

6.-Died, aged 74, Admiral Sir Charles Napier, M.P. for Southwark.

Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, elected President of the United States.

7.-King Victor Emmanuel enters Naples in state, and issues a proclamation to the Neapolitan and Sicilian people :-"The results of the vote by universal suffrage give me the sovereign power over these noble provinces. I accept this new award of the national wili, moved, not by any monarchic ambition, but by conscientious feelings as an Italian. The duties of all Italians are augmented. Sincere concord and constant self-denial are more than ever necessary. All parties must bow before the majesty of the Italian nation, which God uplifts. We must here inaugurate a government which may give security of free existence to the people, and of severe rectitude to public opinion. I put my reliance on the efficacious co-operation of all honest men. Where power is bounded by the laws, and strengthened by freedom, the Government has as much influence on the public welfare as the people excel by public and private virtues. We must show Europe that, if the irresistible force of events has broken through the conventionalities grounded on the calamities by which Italy was for centuries afflicted, we know how to restore to the united nation the empire of those unchangeable principles without which every society is infirm, and every authority is exposed to struggle and uncertainty.'

before a full Divorce and Probate Court in the 9.-Miss Sheddon commences her pleadings Legitimacy Declaration case of Sheddon v. Patrick. After occupying the court about fourteen days, the Judge Ordinary dismissed the appeal, being of opinion that the balance of testimony was against Ann Wilson being legally married earlier than the death-bed marriage celebrated at New York in 1798.

Garibaldi departs from Naples for his retired home at Caprera.,

11.-The famous Kildare-street club-house, Dublin, destroyed by fire, and three of the female servants burnt. The plate and wines were saved, but the furniture, pictures, and library were all consumed.

13. Vice-Chancellor Wood gives judgment in the suit of Di Sara v. Borghese, arising out of the will of the late Earl of Shrewsbury. The plaintiff, the Duchess Di Sara, the only surviving child of the late Princess Borghese, formerly the Lady Catherine Gwendaline Talbot, second daughter of John, Earl of Shrewsbury, claimed to be entitled, upon the preliminary contract for the marriage of her mother, to one moiety of the real estate, and also one moiety of the personal estate, of which the Earl of Shrewsbury was possessed at the time of his death, besides a dowry in money of 40,000/., which the contract also stipulated, and of which one half had been