the wish of the former to resume his crown, after he had abdicated in favour of his son, Charles Emmanuel III. Arborio published some sermons; and also a work entitled, Decreta condita in prima Diocesana Synod. 1729. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARBORIO DE GATTINARA, (Giovanni Mercurin,) brother of the archbishop of Turin, born 1685, died 1743; was also an ecclesiastic, and published some funeral orations and sermons. (Biog. Univ. Supp.)

ARBORIUS, (Æmilius Magnus,) a learned man, under the emperor Constantine, who confided to him the education of one of his sons. He was a native of the country of the Ædui; and was one of the most eloquent persons of his age, and extensively acquainted with astronomy and mathematics. He died at Constantinople about 335. The poet Ausonius, his nephew and scholar, has dedicated two poems to his memory. His works are lost. (Biog. Univ.)

ARBRISSEL, (Robert d',) a French ecclesiastic of the eleventh century, celebrated as the founder of the abbey of Fontevrault, and of the religious order which took its name from it. He was born at the village of Arbrissel, near Rennes, in 1047, and studied at Paris, where he was received doctor in theology. Encouraged by the bishop of his diocese, who rewarded his literary and pious labours by the dignities of archipresbiter and official, he attacked with vigour and success the corruptions which then prevailed among the clergy. On the death of his patron, the bishop who succeeded was less favourable to the reforming principles of Robert d'Arbrissel, and the latter went to teach theology at Angers, where he attracted the attention of pope Urban II., who was so pleased with his sermons that he conferred on him the title of apostolical preacher, and gave him permission to preach "per universum mundum." He determined to avail himself to the full extent of this privilege, and went preaching from one part to another, followed by crowds of both sexes, who were attracted by his eloquence and his reputation. At last he determined to settle in the wilderness of Fontevrault, where, in 1103, he founded a monastery, which soon became very considerable. The women were employed in prayer and other devotional exercises, whilst the men occupied themselves in draining the marshes, clearing the land, and cultivating the ground. The mixture of men

and women was taken advantage of by his enemies, and formed the ground of scandalous imputations, which appear to have been entirely unfounded, though they have been carefully raked together by the sceptical Bayle. The piety of Robert d'Arbrissel can scarcely be doubted; the pope took his order under his especial protection, and it spread and increased fast. The founder was present at the council of Baugency in 1104, and not long after died at the priory of Orsan, in the diocese of Bourges. He was buried at the abbey of Fontevrault.

ARBUCKLĚ, (James, born 1700, died 1734,) a native of Glasgow, and educated in the university of that city, who removed himself early in life to the north of Ireland, where he had a school. There is a work of his published at London, in 8vo, 1729, entitled A Collection of Letters and Essays on Moral Subjects, lately published in the Dublin Journal. There is said to be a collection of his Poems in print, but there is no copy of it in the library of the British Museum. He is also said, in the Biographical Dictionary, to have begun a translation of Virgil, and to have been highly esteemed by his learned contemporaries. Little appears to be known of him.

ARBUTHNOT, (Alexander,) principal of the university of Aberdeen, born in 1538, was the son of the baron of Arbuth not. He studied civil law in France under Cujacius; and on his return to Scotland became a zealous partizan of the reformation, and took orders. In 1568 he was a member of the General Assembly held in Edinburgh, and was employed by it to revise a book, called The Fall of the Church of Rome, which had given great offence, and gave rise to an order that no book should thereafter be published without the license of commissioners appointed by the assembly. He was soon afterwards appointed minister of Arbuthnot and Logy Buchan; in 1569 was made principal of King's College, Aberdeen. Mr. Arbuthnot was moderator of the General Assembly in 1573, and again in 1577. On this last occasion, a practice arose of delegating all matters of importance to a committee, called the Congregation, who discussed them, and left for the assembly little to do except the approving of their resolutions. In this Mr. Arbuthnot took an active part; but having given offence to James VI. by editing Buchanan's History of Scotland in 1582, he was commanded by the king to remain at Aberdeen, in order

and

that he might not be present in the assembly, where his influence in the managing committee or congregation was very great. Soon after this his health failed, and he died in 1583. He was well acquainted with philosophy and the mathematics; eminent as a lawyer and a divine; and was of great service to the church of Scotland and to his country. His only printed work was, Orationes de Origine et Dignitate Juris. Edin. 1572. (Biog. Brit. M'Kenzie's Scots Writers, iii. 186.)

ARBUTHNOT, (John, M.D. 1675— 1734-5,) one of the most celebrated wits and physicians of the reign of queen Anne. He was the son of an episcopal clergyman of Scotland, and born at Arbuthnot, near Montrose. He studied at the university of Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.D. By the revolution his father was deprived of his preferment; young Arbuthnot therefore quitted his native country, and went to reside at Doncaster, a place remarkable for its salubrity. Here he experienced little success, and was induced speedily to quit it. To a neighbour who observed him galloping away, and who inquired whither he was going, he facetiously replied, "To leave your confounded place, where I can neither live nor die." He arrived in London, and found an abode in the house of Mr. William Pate," the learned woollen draper," but he did not practise physic while resident with him; he supported himself by teaching the mathematics. In 1697 Dr. Woodward published his Essay towards a Natural History of the Earth, &c. in which he put forth some singular opinions relating to the Deluge. Arbuthnot immediately entered upon a critical examination of this essay, and published it simply with his initials, J. A., M. D. It excited much curiosity, and obtained great notoriety, for he showed Woodward's opinions to be inconsistent with mathematical principles or sound philosophy. This enabled him to commence practice as a physician. His manners were elegant and agreeable, and he rapidly rose into favour; his wit and pleasantry are said to have often assisted his prescriptions, and in some cases even to have superseded the necessity of them. By his learning he soon became associated with the chief literary men of the day, and he lived and corresponded with Pope, Swift, Gay, Parnell, and others, and was a member of the Scriblerus Club, the object of which was "to ridicule all the false tastes in learning, under the

character of a man of capacity enough, that had dipped into every art and science, but injudiciously in each." In the correspondence between Swift and Pope, Arbuthnot is frequently mentioned as a person destined to take an active part in the projected Memoirs of Martin Scriblerus; and no one could have been better qualified to perform his part of the labour, for he abounded with wit and science. The death of queen Anne put a stop to the plan, and deprived the world of a work which would, doubtless, have insured the admiration of posterity. The first part or book only appeared, and was published in Pope's works. It was from the pen of Arbuthnot. Dr. Johnson, who could not relish the piquancy of the wit, condemns the specimen, and contends that the satire can only be understood by the learned. He accuses the authors of having raised phantoms of absurdity to be driven away, and of curing diseases that were never felt. The Travels of Gulliver by Swift, and The Art of Sinking in Poetry by Pope, may be considered as emanating from the same association. Arbuthnot was very intimate with Harley and Bolingbroke (the rival ministers), with Atterbury, Congreve, Addison, and many other celebrated men. He was a Tory, and many of his pieces have a political tendency. In 1700 he published An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematics to Young Students in the Universities. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1704; and in 1710 communicated a paper, which was printed in the Philosophical Transactions, (vol. xxvii. p. 186,) on An Argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the Births of both Sexes. The equality of the sexes is here treated of in a mathematical manner, by which he deduces that polygamy is contrary to the law of nature and justice, and to the propagation of the human race. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1710, having in the preceding year been appointed one of the physicians in ordinary to the queen, an appointment he obtained by his successful treatment of Prince George of Denmark, who was suddenly taken ill at Epsom. By his skill he secured the confidence of the prince, who recommended him to the queen; and upon the indisposition of Dr. Hannes, a physician of little pretence, but a favourite with her majesty, who conferred the honour of knighthood upon him, Arbuthnot was called in to attend on the queen.

G

He was speedily in high favour; the queen estimated his talents. Swift calls him "the queen's favourite physician," and "the queen's favourite."

Gay, in the Prologue to The Shepherd's Week, makes the following allusion to his skill in recovering the queen from a dangerous illness:

"A skilful leach (so God him speed)

They say had wrought this blessed deed;
This leach Arbuthnot was yclept,
Who many a night not once had slept,
But watch'd our gracious sovereign still;
For who could rest while she was ill?
Oh! may'st thou henceforth sweetly sleep!
Sheer, swains! oh! sheer your softest sheep
To swell his couch; for well I ween,
He saved the realm who saved the queen.
Quoth I, 'Please God, I'll hie with glee
To court, this Arbuthnot to see."

He attended her majesty with Dr. Mead in her last illness in 1714; and her death affected him so greatly, that he withdrew to Paris to recruit his spirits. He was deprived of his apartments at St. James's; and upon his return to London, took a house in Dover-street, whence he writes to Pope: "Martin's office is now the second door on the left hand in Dover-street, where he will be glad to see Dr. Parnell, Mr. Pope, and his old friends, to whom he can still afford a half-pint of claret." Literary occupation seems to have solaced him under the distress occasioned by the queen's death, and the destruction of the Tory party.

In 1712 he wrote the History of John Bull, a political allegory of great merit, and full of wit and humour. Pope and Swift have vouched for his being the sole author of this piece, which was particularly intended to throw ridicule upon the virtues of Marlborough, and make the people discontented with the war. Sir Walter Scott has admirably illustrated the satirical allusions contained in this production, in his edition of Swift's works. A translation of it in French by the Abbé Velly, was printed in 1753 in 12mo. In 1716 he printed The Petition of the Colliers, Cooks, Cook - maids, Blacksmiths and others, addressed to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London. In 1718 he visited France; and in 1722 went to Bath, being unwell and in bad spirits. In 1723 he was appointed one of the censors of the Royal College of Physi

cians; and in 1727 delivered the Harveian oration, which was published in the same year in 4to. In this year also he pubfished his most celebrated work, entitled, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures; a second edition of which, with an Appendix by Benjamin Langwith,

D. D. was printed in 1754; and it has a poetical dedication to the king by Charles Arbuthnot, student of Christ Church, Oxford. This work displays considerable` learning and judgment. He possessed a good share of antiquarian knowledge, and was industrious in research. Although the work is not free from errors, it may yet be consulted with advantage. It contains a curious account of the doses of medicines given by ancient physicians, and of the prescriptions of Celsus, Paulus, &c. This work was translated into Latin by D. Koenig, Utrecht, 1756. In 1727 also appeared Miscellaneous Poems, by Arbuthnot, Swift, Pope and Gay, in three vols, 8vo; and in the following year, he published An Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies, in which he contends for the necessity of attending to meteorological observations as illustrative of the prevalence of different diseases. This work went through several editions, and was translated into French by Boyer at Paris, in 1742. In 1731 he put forth An Essay concerning the Nature of Aliments, and the choice of them, according to the different Constitutions of Human Bodies. This was written to prove that the dietetic part of medicine depended as much as any other upon scientific principles, and may be looked upon as a physiology of aliment. This work also went through several editions; the second in 1732 having Practical Rules of Diet in the various Constitutions and Diseases of Human Bodies. It was translated into French by Boyer at Paris, in 1741, and into German, and published at Hamburgh in 1744, in 4to. In 1732 he contributed to detect and punish some impositions and abuses, carried on under the name of the Charitable Corporation; and in 1733 he wrote The Freeholder's Political Catechism, an edition of which appeared in 1769, in 8vo. His health was bad; he suffered greatly from asthma and dropsy, and in 1734 went to reside at Hampstead, but soon returned to his house in Corkstreet, Burlington-gardens, where he died Feb. 27, 1734-5. Of his marriage no particulars are recorded; but he left two children, George and Anne. The former was one of the executors to Pope's will, and held the place of first secretary in the Remembrance Office under Lord Masham. Arbuthnot is more distinguished by high moral feelings, and great intellectual endowments, than by his ability as a practical physician. Humanity and benevolence formed conspicuous traits

in his character. His friends were most warmly attached to him. Dr. Johnson gives him high praise. He extols him as "a man of great comprehension, skilful in his profession, versed in the sciences, acquainted with ancient literature, and able to animate his knowledge by a bright and active imagination; a scholar with great brilliance of wit; a wit, who in the crowd of life retained and discovered a noble ardour of religious zeal." Arbuthnot's Letters to Swift and to Pope fully develop his character, and place him in the most honourable and amiable point of view. They are, at the same time, full of manliness and tenderness; his principles are fixed and founded on a sincere love of virtue. Pope says that he was fitter to live or die than any man he knew; and that his good morals were equal to any man's; but his wit and humour superior to all mankind. Swift said, "he has more wit than we all have; and his humanity is equal to his wit." In 1750, some of his MSS. were put to the press, and published as The Miscellaneous Works of the late Dr. Arbuthnot, at Glasgow, in 2 vols, 12mo; a second edition appeared in 1751. These volumes contain many pieces that had appeared in Swift's Miscellanies, and a variety of pieces printed anonymously, some of which are unquestionably Arbuthnot's, whilst others are of doubtful parentage. His son pronounced these volumes to be an imposition upon the public, and not the works of his father, in a letter he addressed to the newspapers, Sept. 25, 1750. Positive as is this assurance, and though some few may be spurious, the style and character of many fully prove them to be genuine.

ARBUTHNOT, (Mariot,) an admiral in the British navy, was born about the year 1711. He was said to be nephew to the celebrated Dr. Arbuthnot, the friend and associate of Swift, as also of Pope. Contemporaneous with the first American war, his achievements were confined to the western world. After the failure of the French at Savannah, the capital of Georgia, Admiral Arbuthnot, the commander-in-chief of the station, prepared to escort Sir Henry Clinton and his troops on an expedition which had long been projected against South Carolina. Shifting his flag into the Roebuck of 44 guns, (vessels of a light draught of water being best calculated to carry into execution the service required,) he departed New York on the 26th December, 1780. Five 74-gun ships accompanied the ex

pedition as far as the vicinity of Charlestown, which port, upon reaching, these vessels, as unavailable for future operations, were directed to leave for New York, under the orders of Captain Drake of the Russell, leaving the vice-admiral a squadron consisting of the Roebuck (44), Renown (50), Romulus (44), the Blonde, Perseus, Camilla, and Raleigh, frigates of an inferior force.

In consequence of a long continuance of boisterous weather, and the interminable annoyances which the boats employed to sound the channel encountered from the enemy's galleys, it was not till the 20th of March that the British squadron, after the larger ships had been considerably lightened, succeeded in passing the bar; when the enemy, who had a considerable naval force in the harbour drawn up in the order of battle, as if prepared and determined to dispute the passage, abandoned their position, and retired towards the town, where most of the armed ships, together with several merchant vessels, were sunk purposely to block up the channel and obstruct the navigation.

At the desire of Sir H. Clinton, some heavy guns were landed from the ships of war, with a detachment of seamen; and by the 9th of April the army, consisting of 7550 men, had constructed and opened batteries against the town. On the same day, the British squadron sailed and passed Sullivan's Island under a heavy fire from the forts; and soon after a brigade of seamen and marines were landed, and took possession of a post at Mount Pleasant without opposition, the enemy flying into Charlestown on their approach. Thinking it practicable to carry the fort on Sullivan's Island by storm, the vice-admiral determined to make the attempt; and on the night of the 4th of May, 200 seamen and marines were landed. This detachment succeeded in passing the fort before daylight, unobserved by the enemy, and took possession of a redoubt on the east end of the island. The ships of the squadron being brought up to support the attack, and all being perfectly prepared to commence the assault, a summons was sent into the fort, the garrison of which almost immediately surrendered as prisoners of war.

This success was followed by the surrender of Charlestown itself, about the 11th of the same month, when the Pro

Under command of captains Hudson, Orde, and Gambier.

vidence and Boston, American frigates, Ranger, of 20 guns, L'Aventure, a French ship of 20 guns, a polacre of 16, and several other small vessels, fell into the hands of the British, whose whole loss during the siege did not exceed twentythree killed, and twenty-eight wounded. Early in the ensuing spring the enemy, according to Charnock," encouraged by the reduced state of Arbuthnot's squadron, one of whose ships, the Culloden, of 74 guns, was totally lost; the Bedford, of the same force, dismasted; and two other ships, one of 64 (the America) driven to sea; the other of 50 guns (the Adamant), absent, are said to have contemplated an attack on the British admiral, who then lay in Gardiner's Bay, Long Island. This attempt, however, they resolved to abandon on more mature reflection and better information concerning the position of the British ships. Foiled in their first point, the enemy next directed their attention to the small naval force which had been despatched from New York to cooperate with General Arnold on the Virginia station. In this they were also disappointed; but on their return were fortunate enough to capture the Romulus of 44 guns, whose captain had not been apprised that an enemy was off the coast.

Embarking two thousand troops, the French chef-d'escadre put to sea, with a strong easterly gale, on the evening of the 8th of March. Arbuthnot, who had accurate intelligence of the enemy's motions, prepared to pursue on the following day, and on the 10th was fortunate enough to clear the coast of Long Island with the whole of his squadron, having by great exertions, working night and day, put the Bedford in a state fit for service. On the 16th the French squadron was discovered steering for the Cape of Virginia, and after much manoeuvring, and manifesting little inclination for battle, were brought to distant action about two o'clock. The enemy began to fall into disorder after an hour's contest; but a thick haze, which had prevailed previous to, and during the action itself, together with the disabled state of some of the British ships which led into action, made it impossible to pursue the partial advantage, and rendered the contest indecisive. The British chief put into Lynnhaven bay, where he had it in his power to cover and protect the operations of the

On this occasion captain Cosby, in the Roebuck, distinguished himself in an eminent manner.

army in Virginia; and the French, defeated in all their projects, returned successless to Rhode Island.

So says Charnock; but we place more confidence in the accounts of officers who participated in this "unsatisfactory fight." In the Political Magazine and Parlia mentary Journal for May 1781, are several letters from parties concerned. One writer unhesitatingly asserts, "more might have been done;" and adds: "As for the two admirals, they had little share of the action; and the ships astern never came in, owing to the blunder of ordering the signal for the line at two cables' length asunder, and keeping it up the whole time; whereas, had he (the admiral) hauled it down, our ships would have each taken one of the enemy, and have stuck by her; when, no doubt, almost the whole of the French fleet would have been taken, sunk, or destroyed."

In another letter from an officer present, it is asserted that "the whole cause of our failure was the admiral not hauling down the signal for the line, and making the signal for close action." This officer concludes his letter in the following words :-"I am tired of telling our misfortunes; I wish I could obliterate such a day out of my memory."

The fact is, Arbuthnot was a sorry tactician; he permitted the French to out-manœuvre him in every evolution performed. His courage was never doubted; but, like many of his contemporaries, he was deficient in skill, and let slip the opportunity at which it was most desirable to engage the enemy. Vide Sir Charles Ekin's Naval Battles.

Shortly after this encounter, the viceadmiral proceeded to England, struck his flag, and during the war remained unemployed. He died in London the 31st Jan. 1794, having attained the rank of admiral of the blue, and reached the advanced age of eighty-three.

ARC, (Jeanne d'.) See JOAN.

ARC, (Philippe Auguste de Ste Foix, Chevalier d',) natural son of the comte de Toulouse, died in 1779; leaving, besides some other publications, a Histoire Générale des Guerres, 1756-8, not completed, and Histoire du Commerce et de la Navigation des Anciens et des Modernes, 1758, of which that part relating to the commerce of the ancients only was executed. (Biog. Univ.)

ARCA, (Lionardo dell',) an Italian engraver, who flourished about the year 1600. He engraved, according to the Abbé de Marolles, some plates of orna