enrolled as a citizen, in conjunction with his friend Athenion. After his death his library seems to have fallen into the hands of Mithridates, and when the latter had been vanquished by Sylla, it was carried by the conqueror to Rome. (Ol. 173, 4.)

APENS, (C.,) a Dutch engraver, who flourished about the year 1673. He resided at Groningen, in the Netherlands, about the year 1670. He engraved a portrait of Samuel Maresius, Theologian, in 4to, dated A. D. 1673.

APER, (Marcus,) one of the principal speakers in the dialogue De Causis Corruptæ Eloquentiæ. All that is known of him is derived from the part he sustains in that imaginary conversation. He was a native of Gaul, had been a traveller in his youth, had visited Britain, and afterwards followed with success the profession of an advocate at Rome. He passed through the offices of quæstor, tribune, and prætor, and appears to have been generally employed for the defendant in criminal prosecutions. (See Dialog. de Orat. cc. 7-9.) He is supposed to have died about 85 a. D.

The name of Aper would acquire much more importance in biography could it be ascertained that he was the author of the dialogue in which he takes a principal share. He would then, in literature, be a contemporary worthy to associate with Tacitus, Quintilian, and Pliny. The question of the authorship of the dialogue is discussed at some length by Bähr, Geschicht der Römisch. Literat. Svo, 1832, pp. 558-562, who gives a copious list of the advocates of the different claimants. Like M. Antonius, the orator (see Cic. de Orat. ii. c. 1, f.) Aper gave, or pretended to give, nature and impulse the preference over study and preparation in the art he professed. (De Orator. i. c. 2.)

APHAREUS, the son of Hippias, was both an orator and a writer of tragedies; which, according to Pseudo-Plutarch, in Isocrat. p. 839, amounted to thirty-seven, or rather thirty-five, for two were doubted as being the genuine productions of the adopted son of Isocrates. He is said to have gained the prize four times be tween Ol. 102, 4, and 109, 3. One of his speeches is quoted by Dionysius Hal. p. 102.

APHNIMARANUS, a Syrian ecclesiastic, who flourished under the patriarchate of Georgius, about the end of the seventh century of our era, and who founded the monastery of Zaphara, in the district of

Mosul. The name signifies, “Our Lord Converted."

APHRAATES, or PHARHADES, called Aphrahet by Abraham Ecchelensis, a Syrian divine, of Persian origin, and known among his contemporaries by the epithet of the Persian Sage. He flourished at the same time with Ephrem Syrus. His works consist of two volumes of Sermons or Homilies, and a book of Moral Verses, twenty-two in number, written in the peculiar taste for verbal ingenuity which has always distinguished the East. The first of these begins with the letter Olaph (the first of the Syriac alphabet), avoiding that letter throughout the remainder of the poem; the second begins with Beth, in like manner avoiding all words in which that letter occurs; and so on through the twenty-two letters of the alphabet.

APHTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Antioch, flourished, according to Saxius, about A. c. 315, and was therefore considerably junior to another of the same name, the father of Sabinus the sophist, and the contemporary of Aristides, one of whose declamations is quoted by the rhetorician, who is thought by Heumann to have been the professor of eloquence at Alexandria, mentioned by Philostorgius, iii. 15, especially as Aphthonius, in Progymn. ss. 12, has drawn a comparison between the acropolis of Alexandria and Athens respectively. Besides the Progymnasmata, which is little more than the refiction of a rhetorical treatise under the same title by Hermogenes, and the ground-work of Clarke's method of writing Latin themes, Aphthonius employed himself in putting into more elegant prose some simple fables of Æsop, written in Choliambics. The fables have been indeed attributed to another person; but they are just the kind of thing which a teacher of rhetoric would do, as shown by the similar practice of Theo, and they probably formed a part of the lost exercises (Meλerai) mentioned by Photius, cod. 133. The Progymnasmata were first published by Aldus, Ven. 1505, amongst the Rhetores Græci, together with some Scholia, which their recent editor, Walz, attributes to Maximus Planudes. There is likewise another commentary on Aphthonius by Doxopater, who from the mention of the deposition of Michael Calaphates is referred by Walz to a period not earlier than A. D. 1041. Of Doxopater's homilies, Walz says, very justly, that they afford a conspicuous proof of the author's loquacity and the dishonesty of

Trophonius, who has frequently transcribed Doxopater verbatim. Of the third anonymous Scholia on Aphthonius, first published by Walz, the author, says the editor, is the same person as he whose Scholia on Hermogenes are printed in the seventh volume of the Rhetores Græci, Stuttgard.

To the preceding Aphthonii may be added a third, mentioned by Symmachus as a scribe of the emperor Honorius; and a fourth, Ælius Festus, a fragment of whose writings is quoted by Isaac Vossius in his work De Viribus Rhythmi et Poematum Cantu, p. 90.

APIAN, (Peter,) in German Bienewitz, was born at Leysnick in Misnia, in 1495, and made professor of mathematics at Ingolstadt in 1524, where he died in 1552, aged fifty-seven. He was greatly distinguished as a mathematician and astronomer, and has left behind him the following works:-1. Tractatus Cosmographiæ, 4to, Landshut, 1524, frequently reprinted till nearly the close of the sixteenth century, and in its matter and arrangement very similar to the modern school books on the Use of the Globes. 2. Folium Populi, fol. Ingolst. 1533, containing an account of a curious instrument which he designated by that name, and which was intended to show the hour in all parts of the earth by the sun's rays, and was extended to show as well the unequal hours of the Jews. 3. Introductio Geographica, cum Epistola Joannis de Regiomonte ad R. P. et D. Bessarionem Cardinalem Nicenum, atque Patriarcham Constantinopolitanum, de Compositione et Usu cujusdam Meteoroscopii Armillarii, cui recens jam Opera Petri Apiani accessit Torquetum Instrumentum pulcherrimum Sane et Utilissimum, fol. Ingolst. 1533. This is quite a different work, of much higher scientific pretensions, than his treatise De Cosmographia; the torquetus, a sort of quadrant, is in reality an Arabic instrument, and is mentioned by Grostest in his treatise De Sphærâ. 4. Instrumentum Primi Mobilis, fol. 1534. This work contains trigonometrical tables, with one hundred astronomical problems. 5. Instrumentum buch durch Petrum Apianum erst von new beschriben, fol. Ingolstad. 1533. 6. Inscriptiones Sacro-Sanctæ Vetustatis non illa quidem Romanæ, sed totius fere Orbis, fol. Ingolstad. 1534 (see Biog. Univ.) 7. Astronomicum Cæsareum, fol. Ingolstad. 1540. This was his principal work, and contains a number of interesting observations, with the descriptions

and divisions of instruments. In this work he predicts eclipses, and constructs the figures of them in plans. In the second part of the work on the Meteoroscopium Planum, he gives the description of the most accurate astronomical quadrant, and its uses. To it are added observations of five different comets, viz. in the years 1531, 1532, 1533, 1538, and 1539; where he, for the first time, teaches that the tails of comets are always projected in a direction from the sun. 8. Besides these works, he prepared for the press several others, viz. Ephemerides for various years; a Treatise upon Shadows; books on arithmetic and algebra; on gauging; Ptolemy's works in the original Greek; the Perspective of Vitello; Universal Astrolabe of Numbers, &c.; all of which are enumerated in his Astronomicum Cæsareum.

His son Philip, who succeeded him in his mathematical chair at Ingolstadt, died at Tubing in 1589, where he had been forced to retire, having embraced the Protestant religion. He was the author of-1. De Cylindri Utilitate. 2. De Usu Trientis Instrumenti Astronomici Novi, 4to. Tubing, 1586. Tycho has preserved, in his Progym. p. 643, his letter to the landgrave of Hesse, in which he gives an opinion on the new star in Cassiopeia, of the year 1572.

APICIUS. There were three celebrated epicures of this name:

1. Apicius, contemporary with Sylla and Nicomedes III. of Bithynia. He was mentioned by Poseidonius in the fortyninth book of his continuation of Polybius. He was the accuser of Rutilius Rufus. See Ernesti Clavis Ciceronian. and Athenæus, lib. i. c. 12, and iv. c. 66.

66

2. M. Gavius Apicius, who lived in the times of Augustus and Tiberius, called by Plin. H.N. 10, 68, " Nepotum omnium altissimus gurges." Apion the grammarian wrote a treatise, Hepi τηs Aπikiov Tpvpns. (Athenæus, 7, 12.) The second Apicius is mentioned by Seneca, Consolat. ad Helviam. x. After having expended upon his table 807,2917. 13s. 4d. and squandered immense grants and salaries, he put an end to his life by poison, when only 80,7291. remained of his former wealth. (Cf. Martial, ep. iii. 22.) His luxurious habits are described by Seneca, De V. B. xi.; epp. 95, 120; Martial, ep. ii. 69; iii. 80; x. 73. Juvenal. Sat. iv. 23. He kept an academy of gourmands, and discovered the tongue of the phoenicopterus (redwing, turdus iliacus) to be a delicacy. Several

kinds of pastry and cakes were named after him Apiciana.

3. The third Apicius lived under Trajan, and was famous for having the secret of preserving oysters. (Suidas, Oorpea.) He sent some of this fish from Europe to Trajan, beyond the Euphrates, during the Parthian war, which were fresh on their arrival. One of these culinary sages made a voyage to Africa to eat crayfish; and finding them not so good as those caught at Minturnæ, returned without deigning to land. For a scandalous imputation on Apicius II. see Tacit. Ann. iv. 1, and Dio. 57, 19.

Under the name of Caelius Apicius, there is extant a treatise De Re Culinaria, in ten books. The style is incorrect, and replete with barbarous words and phrases. Hence it has been conjectured that Apicius, like our own " Mrs. Glasse," is the title of a collection of culinary rules and recipes, by one M. Cælius, or Cæcilius; or, at best, an extract with interpolations from some work no longer in being, of one of the Apicii. See Funcius de Immin. L.L. Senectut. x. § 29, ff. Fabric. Biblioth. Lat. ii. c. 25. Those who are curious about the Res Culinaria Veterum, may consult with advantage the Flora Apiciana of J. H. Dierback. Heidelberg, 8vo,

1831.

APINUS, (Johann Ludwig, 16681703,) a German physician, was professor of surgery and physiology at Altdorf, and author of one or two medical works.

APINUS, (Sigismund Jacob, 16931732,) a distinguished philologist, and son of the preceding. The most valuable of his works are-Dissertationes de Intellectu puro;. De Regulâ Lesbiâ. Altdorf, 1715. De Variis Discendi Methodis, &c., Altdorf, 1719. Vitæ Professorum. Nuremb. 1728. (Biog. Univ.)

APION, a celebrated Greek commentator on Homer, and one of the most learned and laborious of grammarians, and hence called Moxos, labor, and ПELOTOVIKηS, the many-conqueror, was the son of Posidonius, as stated by Julius Africanus, quoted in Eusebius, P.É. x. 10. Heliconius, according to Suidas, called him a Cretan; but he was born at Oasis, in the land of Apis, to whom perhaps he traced his origin and name; although Josephus accuses him of abjuring his country, and pretending to be a native of Alexandria. He was the pupil of Didymus, "the brazen-bowelled," and it is probably to this circumstance Tiberius Caesar alluded, when he called him "the Cymbal of the world;" whereas, says Pliny, to

whom we owe the anecdote, in Pref. Hist. Nat. he was rather the drum of the town

crier. Despite, however, of this sneer at a fellow bookworm, Pliny speaks of Apion's work on the Pyramids as being worthy to be placed amongst those of the twelve authors on a subject, which has subsequently, and especially within the last forty years, excited at once and baffled the curiosity and researches of the learned. As a specimen of his manner of interpreting Homer (whose soul, he said, he had invoked—in imitation probably of Ulysses in the Odyssey-to reveal the place of the poet's birth, but which he was sworn not to divulge) it may be stated that, as the two first letters of the Iliad taken together denote 48, he inferred from thence that Homer wrote the exordium of the Iliad after he had completed both poems; and thus meant to show that, as the two contained fortyeight books, a single Homer, and not two persons of that name, as some grammarians asserted, was the author of both epics. The fullest particulars of the life of Apion have been preserved in the pages of Josephus and Philo, from whom we learn that he was sent on an embassy by the people of Alexandria, to complain to Caligula of the Jews who were settled there, and by whom a counter-embassy was sent, headed by Philo, to justify their conduct. Animated by the hatred which the Egyptians ever bore to the Jews, Apion, amongst other charges, insisted chiefly on the refusal of the Jews to consecrate images to Caligula, and to swear by his name, while all other subjects of the empire were ready to dedicate altars and temples to him. Nor did he stop here; for in his work on the Antiquities of Egypt, he is said to have lost no opportunity of reviling the Jewish people, in whose behalf Josephus nobly stepped forward; and it is from him we learn that Apion, who was not living when the answer appeared, died in great torture, after having unsuccessfully undergone the very act of circumcision for which he had ridiculed the Jews. Although, says Pliny, he boasted of his power to confer immortality upon those to whom his books were dedicated, yet he is himself known only by the chance quotations of other writers. His treatises on the Roman Dialect, the Luxury of Apicius, and the Knowledge of Metals, are mentioned respectively by Athenæus and Pliny; while Aulus Gellius has translated his story of the Lion and Androclus. As another specimen of the nature of his

inquiries, we are told by Aulus Gellius that Apion explained the reason for wearing a ring on the third finger of the left hand, by stating that the anatomists of Egypt had discovered that there was a nerve which ran from that finger alone to the heart. Of his Notes on Homer, some fragments are to be found in the Venetian Scholia, Suidas, the Etymologicon Magnum, &c.

APOCAUCUS, a person of low birth, but unbounded ambition, held the office of protovestiarius of the eastern empire, at the period when the emperor Andronicus the younger was succeeded by his son John Palæologus. His intrigues, and his contentions with Catacuzenus, the great domestic, and regent during the emperor's minority, continued long to distract Constantinople. At length Apocaucus succeeded in gaining the mind of Anne of Savoy, the emperor's mother; his rival was ejected from the regency, and a civil war ensued. Apocaucus was now master in the capital, and his tyranny knew no bounds. The prisons of Constantinople were not spacious enough for the reception of all those who fell under his wrath, and he ordered the old prison of the palace to be enlarged. While occupied in superintending the works of this new edifice the prisoners broke loose and murdered him, June 11, 1345. The empress avenged his death by a fearful massacre of the assassins. (Gibbon, lxiii.) APOLLINARIUS, (St.) bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, about 177 A. D. presented to Marcus Aurelius an apology for the Christians, and wrote against the pagans and heretics of that time, especially the Montanists; but his writings are lost.

APOLLINARIUS, or APOLLINARIS, as the name is spelt by Socrates and Sozomenus, a grammarian of Laodicea in Syria, in the fourth century. Suidas (v. Aroλivapios) says that he flourished during the reigns of Constantine and Julian the Apostate; that he lived onwards to that of Theodosius; and that he was the contemporary of Basil, Gregory of Nazianzen, and Libanius the sophist. In the heat of Julian's persecution of the Christians, when the emperor interdicted them from the reading of the Greek profane authors in their schools, Apollinarius undertook to write works to supply their place. With this view, he made a translation from the Bible in Greck heroic verse, which was to take the place of Homer, and which, like the Iliad, was divided into twenty-four books, distin

guished by the twenty-four letters of the alphabet. Suidas says that this work comprised the whole Hebrew Scriptures (Taσav rηy rev 'Eẞparwv ypa¶ny); while Sozomenus (v. 18) says that it consisted only of the Jewish history up to the time of Saul (Tŋv 'Eẞpaikηy aрxaιoλoyiar μexpi της του Σαουλ Βασιλείας); and the his torian Socrates (iii. 16) describes this work as being a translation of the books of Moses only. But we learn from the two historians that he did translate other parts of the Scripture, some of which he gave in the form of comedies, in imitation of Menander; others as tragedies, in the manner of Euripides; and others in the shape of odes, like those of Pindar. Suidas says that he excelled equally as a grammarian, a poet, a philosopher, and an orator. He wrote for the use of the Christians, treatises on grammar and rhetoric. His son (see next article), whose genius seems to have been as universal as his own, joined in the attempt to supply the wants of their scholars when deprived of the use of ancient Greek writers; and, according to Socrates, for this purpose he turned the four Gospels, and the Acts of the Apostles, into the form of Platonic dialogues. The elder Apollinarius wrote a book addressed to Julian, 'Yep Aλndeias (de Veritate), in which he defended Christianity by reason, without any reference to Scripture. The emperor is said to have returned to the bishops who sent it to him, the sarcastic and epigrammatic reply-Ανεγνων, έγνων, κατεγνων,—“ Ι have read it, understood it, and condemned it." (Sozom. ib.) Suidas attributes to the elder Apollinarius, besides epistles and various commentaries on the Scriptures, a work against the heretic Porphyrius, in thirty books; but this is said, on better authority, to be the work of the son. The only work preserved bearing the name of Apollinarius, is a translation of the Psalms into Greek hexameters; but it seems not quite certain whether it be the work of the father or of the son. Two or three editions of this work appeared in the sixteenth century, and it was afterwards inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum.

APOLLINARIUS, (the younger,) son of the preceding, was also by profession a grammarian, but he became an ecclesiastic, was first reader in the church, and afterwards bishop of Laodicea, He is supposed to have died about 382. As has been stated in the preceding article, he was at first a useful member of the christian church, but at a later period he

imbibed certain opinions relating to the humanity of Christ, which were not less dangerous than the heresies that he had formerly combated, and which became still more extravagant in the hands of his disciples. These opinions were condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362; again at Rome in 377; and in 378, after which Apollinarius was deposed from his bishopric. Sozomen. vi. 25, tells us that Apollinarius exercised his poetical talents in composing popular songs, which were sung about the streets, and even by the women amid their daily avocations, and which contributed not a little to spread his name and opinions. APOLLINARIUS SIDONIUS. See

SIDONIUS.

APOLLODORUS. Of this name, so frequent in Greek history, the best known is the native of Athens, who was the pupil of Aristarchus the grammarian, and of the philosopher Panatius. But though he was, like the rest of the school of Aristarchus, a very voluminous writer, yet time has preserved only some scattered fragments of his works, together with a portion of his Bibliotheca, which contains an account of the different persons connected with the mythology of Greece. It commences with the creation, and ends abruptly with the history of Theseus. Tanaquil Fevre, the father of the celebrated Madame Dacier, and one of its editors, considers the present work to be only an abridgement of a larger one, On the Gods of Greece. Clavier, its last French translator, goes even a step farther, and believes that Apollodorus never wrote at all a work under the title of the Bibliotheca, and appeals to Steph. Byz. in Avun, to show that at the end of the fifth century there was a tradition current of some person having abridged Apollodorus. He considers, moreover, the work we now have to be the prose representation of another in verse, and that it is not only filled with poetical expressions, but exhibits even fragments of poetry-a remark that our ears do not enable us to confirm in the passages he quotes, nor any where else. He seems to have been misled by knowing that Apollodorus wrote, in trimeter Iambics, a Poetical Chronology in four books, commencing with the fall of Troy, and derived probably from the authors who detailed the adventures of the chiefs on their return home. He is said to have written also, in the same measure, a work on geography, which Seymnus of Chios, and Dionysius of Charax, took as their models.

Such was the reputation Apollodorus once enjoyed, that some epigrammatist, either in praise or ridicule of him, has put the following sentiments into his mouth :

"From my brains draw of Time the coiled up fold,
And thou shalt know what fables taught of old.
No need hast thou in Homer's page to look,
Or Lyric, Tragic, Elegiac book,

Nor search of Cyclic bards the lengthy strains;
In me thou'lt find what all the world contains."

It was first published from a MS. in the Vatican at Rome, 1550, by Egius of Spoleto, accompanied with a Latin translation, and notes which exhibit considerable learning. Its latest and best editor was Heyne, who printed it twice at Gottingen; first, in 4 vols. 8vo, 1782, and again, in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1803; and, strange to say, the former is the more complete work of the two, as it contains what the other wants-the collection of the fragments of Apollodorus; for which, however, an Index Verborum was perhaps intended to compensate. It has been twice translated into French; the last time by Clavier, in 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1805, enriched with the MS. notes of Sevin and Coray. Of the other individuals of the same name, Fabricius has given a list that may be thus abridged :

1. A writer on agriculture, mentioned by Aristotle, Polit. I. 7.

2. Writers of comedy. Of these there were three one of Athens, another of Crystus, and a third of Gelo. According to Suidas, the Athenian was the author of forty-seven comedies, five of which carried off the prize. Of the other two, the titles of about thirty plays have been preserved; but it is very difficult to assign each to its respective author. Schweighauser indeed considers, not without reason, the Athenian and Carystian to be the same person. One of the plays of the Carystian was imitated, says Donatus, by Terence, in his Phormio, and probably another of the same dramatist in the Hecyra; and hence perhaps for the Evvea, quoted by J. Poilux, x. 153, and the 'Tepeta, by Athenæus, vi. p. 243, D., we must read in both places Εκυρη.

3. A writer of dreams, and a native of Telmissus, mentioned by Artemidorus.

4. Grammarians.-One of Cyrene, quoted by the Scholiasts on Aristophanes and Euripides; another of Cuma, whom Clemens Alexandr. in Strom. i. calls the first of critics; and a third of Tarsus, who was also, according to Suidas, a tragic writer.

5. A writer of hymns, known only by