porters, determined to join him. He was then at Luxemburg, closely watched, but by means almost entirely of the judicious measures and precautions of Avaray, he was enabled to escape from that town on the 21st of June, 1791. Avaray was from this time a close attendant on, and a most trustworthy and trusted servant and friend of, this prince. In 1799, on the marriage of the duke of Angoulême with the daughter of Louis XVI., the title of duke was conferred upon him by Louis XVIII. The marks of kindness bestowed by the king on him, however, awakened jealousies from which Avaray suffered considerably. Avaray followed the king in all his wanderings until 1801, when his health compelled him to spend the winter of that year, and of 1802, in the warmer climate of Italy. When Louis XVIII. retired to England, Avaray joined him, but in 1810 he was again obliged to have recourse to another climate, and set out for Madeira, where he died in 1811. Louis XVIII. himself composed the epitaph of his faithful servant. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AVAS, (Moses Judah,) an Egyptian rabbi of the seventeenth century, who had considerable reputation in his day, as a jurist and as a poet. His poems, however, and his treatises on the Talmud, (mentioned by Conforti,) and a volume of Legal Consultations, (seen by Wolf, and wrongly attributed to another writer,) do not appear to have been published. He died at Rashid (i. e. Rosetta). (De Rossi. Delitzsch, Geschichte der Jüdischen Poësie, p. 57.)

AVAUX. See MESME.

AVAUX, (Claude de Mesme, comte d',) was sent, in 1627, as French ambassador to Venice, and his negotiations there so pleased Pope Urban VIII. that he desired he might be sent in that character to Rome. Louis XIII., however, sent him soon after to Denmark, and subsequently to Poland and Sweden, and he had the honour of concluding the famous truce of twenty-six years between those two last-named countries. On his return to France, in 1643, he was sent to the Hague, and to Munster, in the character of plenipotentiary, to arrange a general peace. In this office he met with much trouble and interference from his colleague, Servien, and from Mazarin, whose creature Servien was. The duke of Longueville was sent as first plenipotentiary to prevent disagreement, and Avaux continued in his duties, when he was suddenly recalled, just before the con

clusion of the famous treaty of Munster, to which he had contributed so much. On his return to France, he was banished to his estates by Mazarin, but the troubles of Paris rendering the services of his brother, the president Mesme, necessary, he was recalled, and from this time consulted in all difficult matters of state. He died in 1650. He is considered to have been one of the most able negotiators that France has produced. He wrote,-Exemplum Litterarum ad Serenissimum Daniæ Regem Scriptarum, 1642; Lettres de d'Avaux et de Servien, 1650; Mémoires touchant les Négociations du Traité de Paix fait à Munster en 1648-1674. (Biog. Univ.)

AVAUX, (Jean Antoine,) grand-nephew of the preceding, was sent as plenipotentiary, by the French king, to the congress of Nimeguen, in 1672, where he brought the negotiations to a favourable conclusion. He went afterwards as ambassador to Holland in 1684, to James II. when in Ireland, and to Sweden in 1693, where he had a share in the preliminaries that led to the peace of Ryswick. He was also sent ambassador to the states-general in 1702. He died at Paris in 1709. The duke of St. Simon has spoken highly of him in his Memoirs. There were printed at the Hague in 1710, in 3 vols, Les Lettres et Négociations d'Estrades, de Colbert, de Croissy, et de d'Avaux, which related to the conferences of 1676 and 1677. D'Avaux wrote-1. Mémoire présenté aux EtatsGénéraux le 5 Novembre, 1681; and, 2. Négociations du Comte d'Avaux en Holland, published by Mallet in 1752. (Biog. Univ.)

AVAUX, (M. d',) distinguished as a concert player, composer, and musical author. His work, Lettre sur un Instrument ou Pendule nouveau, qui a pour but de déterminer avec la plus grande exactitude les différents degrés de vitesse ou lenteur de temps dans une Pièce de Musique, printed in Paris, (see Journ. Encyclop. Juin 1784,) is not wanting in original thoughts. His musical compositions (in all twenty,) comprise the Opérettes Cecilia, Theodore, &c., and many concertos, quatours, &c. (Univ. Lex. der Tonk.)

AVED, (Jacques André Joseph, Jan. 12, 1702-March 4, 1766,) an eminent painter, born at Douay, was the son of a physician, but left an orphan in his infancy. One of his uncles, who was a captain in the Dutch guards, took him to Amsterdam, intending him for a military

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life; but the works of Bernard Picart, an able designer and engraver, excited his admiration, and determined him to follow the fine arts. He travelled through the Low Countries to perfect himself by the study of the works of the great masters, and went to Paris in 1721, and became a pupil of the painter Lebel, at the same time that Carle Vanloo, Boucher, Dumain le Romain, were his scholars. Admitted to the academy in 1729, he became a member in 1734, and in a short time gained high reputation as a portrait painter. His works have been extravagantly praised; but they show a neat and agreeable touch, and harmonious colouring. A portrait of Mehemet Effendi, ambassador from the Porte, which was shown to Louis the Fifteenth, procured him the advantage of painting that monarch himself; as well as many persons about the court. He died of apoplexy. Many of his portraits are engraved, and there is a large folio plate called Temple de la Paix, engraved by G. Le Brun, with the motto Paci perpetuce, after a picture by him. (Biog. Univ. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AVEÉLE, or AVELEN, (John vander,) a Dutch engraver, who resided at Leyden, and flourished about the year 1696. He was chiefly employed by the booksellers, and among other plates engraved the frontispiece for the nineteenth volume of the work entitled Thesaurus Antiq. Rom. published in 1698, by Peter vander Aa. Several of the plates for Lilii Giraldi Opera, Lugd. Bat. 1696, folio, are by him; also the cabinet of the Fine Arts, copied from that which was engraved and published at Paris by Perault. Mr. Strutt gives two artists of this name, but they are evidently one. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AVEEN, (Adrian,) a Dutch engraver, born at Amsterdam, who flourished about the year 1700. He engraved many views of country houses of the gentry in Holland, executed in a neat, but formal style. (Bryan's Dict.)

AVEIRO, (the duke of, died 1759,) one of the alleged conspirators in the mysterious affair which led to his death, and that of the conde de Atougia, and others, in the reign of José, king of Portugal. (See JosE.) He was burnt alive, and his ashes thrown into the sea; some were strangled before they were burnt.

AVELAR, a Portuguese painter, who became so rich by the practice of his profession, that his name was made pro

verbial. No further information appears concerning him.

AVELINE. The name of five French engravers.

1. Joseph, (1638-1690,) an artist, whose works are but little known.

2. Anthony, (1662-1712,) who was also a designer, was born in Paris. He engraved a number of plates of landscapes, and views of the palaces and houses in France, and other parts of Europe, executed in a neat and agreeable style. His works, if marked, are thus: Aveline in. et fec. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

3. Peter, (1711-1762,) son of the preceding, was also a designer. He was instructed in the art of engraving in the school of the Poillys, and his style partakes much of that of Jean Baptist Poilly. His drawing is stiff and formal, and his selection of subjects bad; but his engravings, though not highly finished, are many of them very clear. He executed some after his own designs, but by far the greater number after other artists. Mr. Heinecken gives a long list of his works. He is stated in the Biographie Universelle to have been born in 1710, and to have died in 1760; but Heinecken states those events as above. Peter Aveline was a member of the Academy of Painting in Paris. (Biog. Univ. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

4. J. Francis Anthony, the son, according to Mr. Heinecken, but Mr. Bryan says, the cousin, and scholar of Peter, was born in Paris in 1718, so that the former must be clearly wrong. After practising some years in France, he removed to England, and according to Bassan, died in indigence in London. Amongst his plates are portraits of some of the early kings of France; the Four Seasons, after Peter Aveline; the Flemish Musician after Teniers, marked A. Aveline, sculp.; a set of six large Chinese figures and subjects after J. Pillemont, London, published 1759, marked F. A. Aveline, sc. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes. Bryan's Dict.)

5. John, brother of the last, was born at Paris, and worked for the booksellers. Amongst his works is a view of the Chateau of Chenonceau, after a picture painted by M. Dupin de Franclieu. This chateau was built for Catherine de Medicis, by the most able architects of Italy. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AVELLENADA, (Alfonso Fernando d',) deserves notice for the egregious vanity which made him continue the

great work of Cervantes. La Segunde Parte del ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, appeared at Tarragona in 1614, during the lifetime of Cervantes, who did not spare Avellenada.

Spain boasts of some other personages of this name.

1. Diego (died 1598,) a Jesuit of Grenada, who wrote on Confession.

2. Another of this name, a resident of Toledo, wrote a history of his family in 1613.

3. A third, a lawyer of Guadalaxara, wrote on the laws affecting agriculture, Madrid, 1606.

AVELLINO, the name of two painters.

1. Giulio, (about 1645-1700,) a Sicilian, born at Messina, and thence called Il Messinese, is said to have been the pupil of Salvator Rosa, and painted landscape in his grand style, though somewhat softened in effect, and ornamented with views of ruins and architecture, and with figures introduced, designed with spirit and boldly touched. He was one of those who revived the art of landscape painting in Ferrara, where he settled, which had been nearly disused since the time of Dossi. There is scarcely a collection in Ferrara or Romagna, which does not possess specimens of his works. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. v. 229.)

2. Onofrio, (1674-1741,) a Neapolitan, according to Domenici, who was brought up in the school of Francesco Solimene. He afterwards resided many years in Rome, executing commissions for private persons, and painting in the churches. The vault of S. Francesco di Paola, is considered his best performance; and in the church of S. Maria de Montesanto, is an altar-piece by him, representing a subject taken from the Life of S. Alberto. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. ii. 302. Bryan's Dict.)

AVELLINO, (Francesco,) an Italian physician of considerable reputation, who flourished about 1630. He was the author of two tracts. (Biog. Univ.)

AVELLONI, (Francesco,) born in Italy in 1756. He performed, first, at some of the theatres of his native country as a strolling player: Subsequently he betook himself to dramatic compositions, some of which partake of a rather sombre character, and exhibit the desire of the author to imitate Dante, or Shakespeare, as in his Julio Willenvel, or the Assassin. He also divided the subject of Henry IV. into three parts, and some

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of the pictures are said to be faithful. He wrote also comedies, as the Magic Lantern, &c. He lived latterly in rather indigent circumstances in Venice, and died some years ago.

AVEN. See D'AVEN.

AVENARIUS, a family whose members were conspicuous for their exertions in church music.

Avenarius, Philippe A., born at Lichtenstein about 1553, died as chief pastor in Zeitz. He had exercised previously the occupation of an organist, and published in 1572, Cantiones sacræ 5 vocum. Nurembergæ, 4to. They were very much esteemed. (Draud. Bibl. Cl. p. 1616.)

Avenarius, Mathæus A., son of the preceding, born in Eisenach, 1625, died 1692, pastor in Schmalkalden, was possessed of extensive musical knowledge, and published a work under the title, Musica.

Avenarius,Johann, son of Mathæus, born in 1670, died in 1736, being then chief pastor and inspector of the Gymnasium at Gera. He wrote several theological, but more musical works. In his Sendschreiben an M. Gottf. Ludovici von den Hymno-poetis Hennebergensibus, 1704, 4to, he explained the hitherto unknown origin of many ancient German church songs. In 1718, he published Erbauliche Lieder-Predigten über 4 evangelische Stens und Trost Liedes. On this subject he published a still larger work in Gera, from 1729 to 1731, in 4to. All the above works (in fact, all ancient works on music) are rare. (Gerber. Univers. Lexic. der Tonkunst.)

AVENELLES, (Aubin d',) was born about 1480. He wrote some verses printed at the end of an old translation into French of Ovid's Art of Love. They are entitled, Le Chef d'Amour, et les Sept Arts Libéraux. (Biog. Univ.)

AVENELLES, (Pierre des,) an advocate of the parliament of Paris, 1560. Having become acquainted with the objects of those engaged in the conspiracy of Amboise, he caused the cardinal of Lorraine to be informed of them, by which means they were easily defeated. He published an abridgement of Plutarch's Lives. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AVENTINUS (Johann,) the author of the Annales Boiorum, was born at Abensberg, in Upper Bavaria, and took his Latin appellation from the name of his birth place; his family name being Turmayr. At the university of Ingol stadt, which he entered in 1495, he devoted himself chiefly to the study of

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M. ed. Ven. 1549.) He lived as physician at the court of the Almoravide sovereigns of Morocco and Cordova; and after the extinction of their dynasty, A. H. 542, (a.d. 1147), at that of Abdalmumen their successor. (Nicoll and Pusey, loco cit.) He seems to have been a person of great piety and excellence of character. He himself mentions his praying to God to direct and prosper his exertions (lib. i. tract. 13, cap. 6, p. 20, I); and Leo Africanus (De Med. et Philos. Arab. cap. 16) says, that he never would take any money except from the rich, and that he gave away large sums to his enemies, saying, that "those who hated him should do so from their own envy, and not from any fault of his." According to the same authority, he died at the age of ninety-two, A. H. 561 (A.D. 1168-9); but according to Ibn Alabari (ap. Casiri, tom. ii. p. 132), A. H. 557, (A.D. 1161-2), at Seville. His principal work is entitled,

gal Al-Teisír fi l-Modawati wa' l-Tadbir," Facilitatio Medicamentorum et Regiminis;" and is highly praised by Dr. Freind, in his History of Physic, who is more full in his account of Avenzoar than of any of the other Arabians, and thinks he comes more justly under the character of an original writer. His work, which consists of three books, is entirely of a practical nature, and is chiefly the result of his own experience; the following are a few of its most curious and interesting contents. He says, a physician ought to be able to practise in all the branches of the profession, to prepare his own medicines, and to perform all sorts of surgical operations, but not to do so unless forced by necessity, (lib.ii. tract 6, cap. 1, p.31,E, F.) He, however, excepts lithotomy, which he considered to be forbidden by his religion, "quòd honesto viro non liceat nec conveniat secundùm legem videre pudenda." (This seems to show that there were in his time surgeons, who confined themselves to this particular operation, as indeed would appear to have been the case, when what is commonly called the

• Averroës (unless there is some mistake in our copies of his work) says he attained the age of a hundred and thirty-five, (Coll. lib. iv. cap. 40, p. 73, 0); but as this would make the year of his birth either A.H. 422 (A.D.1031), or A.H. 429 (A.D. 1037-8), it does not seem to agree with his calling himself "a young man," juvenis, when he was sent for to Cordova to attend Ali Ben Yussef (lib. i. tract. 4, cap. 1. p. 5, A), who reigned from A.H. 500 (A.D 1006-7) to A.H. 539 (A.D. 1144.)

Hippocratic Oath was drawn up, in which we find this passage, ou teμew de ovde μην λιθιωντας, εκχωρησω δε εργατησιν avopaσi пρntios τηode, "I will not cut any one for the stone, but will give up this operation to hired workmen.") He makes distinct mention of hydrops pericardii, (lib. i. tract. 12, cap. 4, p. 19, E,) a disease which Galen (De Locis Affect. lib. v. cap. 2) had detected in the body of a monkey, from which he was led to believe that it occurred also in the human subject. He describes certain tumours within the pericardium, resembling pellicles, (ibid. cap. 5,) and likewise abscesses of the same, (ibid. cap. 7.) He relates an experiment which he had performed on a goat, to prove the safety of bronchotomy, and speaks favourably of the operation in cases of cynanche, though, he says, he should not like to be the first person to perform it, (lib. i. tract. 10, cap. 14, p. 15, 0.)* For dysphagia, arising from paralysis of the oesophagus, or any such cause, he proposes the following remedies:-1. The introducing liquid food into the stomach by a tube made of tin or silver, (compare Aretæus, De Cur. Morb. Acut. lib. i. cap. 4, p. 215, ed. Kühn, who makes a similar proposal, though the instrument may not have been exactly the same); 2. The placing the patient in a bath of milk, (which, by the way, is a proof that the ancients believed in absorption by the cuticle, see Simeon Sethus, De Aliment. Facult. in Asparagus, p. 9, ed. Lutet. Par. 8vo, 1658;) 3. The injection of nutritious fluids, by which, he says, some support will be conveyed to the body, (lib. i. tract. 10, cap. 18, p. 16, F, G.) He mentions an operation very like lithotrity (lib. ii. tract. 4, cap. I, p. 29, F), but does not describe it so fully and exactly as Celsus (De Med. lib. vii. cap. 26, § 3.) In some instances his practice appears to have been bolder than that of most of the other authorities; thus, though Galen had for

As it is said in the Biog. Univ., and repeated in Ersch and Grüber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie, this operation, it may be useful to state that it had that Avenzoar was the first person who thought of before his time been recommended by Asclepiades, Antyllus, and Paulus Ægineta, among the Greeks,

(see ASCLEPIADES and ANTYLLUS,) and disapproved of by Aretaus (De Cur. Morb. Acut. lib. i. cap. 7, p. 227), and Cælius Aurelianus (De Morb. Acut. lib. iii. cap. 4, p. 193, ed. Amman. Among the Arabians, it had been recommended by Rhazes (Contin. lib. iii. cap. 7, p. 68, C, ed. Venet. 1506), Avicenna (Canon. lib. iii. Fen. 9, tract. 1. cap. II, p. 610, ed. Venet, 1564), and Albucasis, (Chirurg. lib. ii. cap. 43, p. 226, ed. Oxon. 1778.) So that in fact (as far as the writer is aware) Avenzoar should rather be said to be the last of the ancient medical writers that mentions this operation, than the first, '