taken, previous to her attainder. In the beginning of April, 1544, he was at tacked with his last illness, and surrendered the great seal. He died on the 30th of the same month, and was buried at Walden church. He left one child, a daughter. It should not be forgotten, that he re-founded Magdalen, or Maudlin college, Cambridge, originally called Buckingham college, which, as Parker, in his History of the University remarks, contains his own name, except the first and last letters Maudley N.

AUDLEY, (Edmund,) an English prelate, and son of James Lord Audley. He took the degree of B.A. at Lincoln college, Oxford, in 1463. He was successively bishop of Rochester, of Hereford, and of Salisbury. He was a benefactor to Lincoln college, and to St. Mary's church, Oxford, having contributed towards erecting the stone pulpit there. He died in 1524. (Biog. Brit. Wood. Godwin.) AUDLEY. See AWDELEY.

AUDOIN, (variously written Audovinus, Alduin, Audwin, and Autoin, and signifying, "Conqueror of old,") was the first Lombard king of the second dynasty, the first having expired in a direct line in the person of Walther, who died in his boyhood-whilst Ildigisal, the cousin and rightful successor of Walther, fled from the usurper Audoin. The Byzantine emperor Justinian, to secure himself an ally against the Ostrogoths, Gepidæ, Huns, and others who threatened the empire, entered into a league with Audoin, and gave him the frontier state of Pannonia. In return, Audoin sent his imperial ally an army of five thousand men to help him against the Ostrogoths in Italy, and proclaimed war against the Gepida, who had forcibly possessed themselves of Sirmium, in Lower Pannonia. At the moment that the hostile armies of Audoin and Thorisinn, the king of the Gepidæ, came in sight of cach other, they were unaccountably seized with a panic, and both fled, leaving only the two royal commanders, with their staffs. Audoin upon this sent a deputation to offer terms of peace to his enemy; the latter confessed to them the singular circumstances of his desertion, and both kings, believing that in this incident they saw an express prohibition from heaven of hostility between two people so nearly connected by national ties, willingly entered into a treaty of peace. But this was too contrary to the wishes of the Byzantine court to remain undisturbed; and, by the emperor's ma

chinations, war again broke out between the two powers, Audoin being reinforced by a chosen body of troops from the Roman empire, under the conduct of the Frankish prince Amalafried. In the battle which followed, Alboin, the son of Audoin, struck the Gepid prince, the son of Thorisinn, from his horse, and slew him, thereby deciding the victory in favour of the Lombards; but, with the military barbarity of the age, the young hero was disgraced by his father, for having neglected to bring off his fallen adversary's armour, and was forbidden to sit at the royal table until he should procure it. To go boldly to the court of Thorisinn, and to claim these spoils from the relatives of the slain,-men to whom it was almost a point of religion to shed his blood,-was a piece of daring in accordance with the boldness of the Gothic character, in which the contempt of danger, and the horror of shame, were elements equally prominent; but the boldness almost cost the young Alboin his life. A deadly strife began between him and the brother of the slain; but the old king declaring that no good could come of a contest in which the rights of hospitality were abused, delivered him the arms, and permitted him to depart in peace. After this, a second treaty of peace was set on foot, of which the chief article on the side of the Lombards was a requisition that the Gepida should deliver up Ildigisal, already mentioned as the lawful heir to the Lombard crown, and who had fled for refuge to the court of Thorisinn; whilst this latter made a similar demand of the person of Ostrigoth, whom he had expelled from the throne of the Gepida, and who was in like manner protected by Audoin. The council of the kingdom, on both sides, declared that they would rather perish with their wives and children, than stain themselves with such treachery; but the difficulty was at length got rid of, by each king permitting, or contriving, the escape of his protégé. A little after the conclusion of this treaty Audoin died, at the beginning of the latter half of the sixth century. (Ersch und Grüber.)

AUDOIN DE CHAIGNEBRUN, (Henri,) a famous surgeon of Paris, in the middle of the eighteenth century, who paid particular attention to the epidemic diseases to which animals are subject. He wrote several works on subjects connected with his profession. (Biog. Univ.)

AUDOUIN, (Pierre Jean,) born of poor parents, embraced early the doc

trines of the French revolution, and published the Journal Univ rsel, a paper which he signed Audouin sapeur du bataillon des Carmes, and which conduced much to produce the violence by which that period of French history was disgraced. In acknowledgment of the services rendered to the party of the 10th August, Audouin was named, in 1792, Deputé de la Convention Nationale. Here he became member of a comité de surveillance, which the Gironde afterwards denounced as arbitrary and tyrannical. He voted moreover for the death of Louis XVI., and even against either appeal or delay. After the downfal of Robespierre, he became a little more reserved. In the year 4, he became a member of the Conseil des Cinq-cents. The fear of royalism and reaction continually haunted the imagination of Audouin. On the 27th Messidor, year 5, he pronounced a speech on the Liberté des Cultes. Afterwards he supported the Directory, and having quitted the corps legislative in 1798, he entered the bureau of the minister of police. After the 18th Brumaire, he became co-editor of the Journal des Hommes Libres, soon after suppressed. Napoleon, who allied himself with all men for the sake of effecting his purposes, made Audouin commissary of commercial relations at Napoli di Romagna, where he remained a long time. Expelled from France, after the restoration, as one of the regicides, he passed many years of exile, and died recently; one of the last of the revolutionary phalanx of 1793. He used to call the aristocracy of the rich, "la faction millionaire." (Le Moniteur. Biog. des Vivans.)

AUDOUIN, (François Xavier,) commonly called Xavier Audouin, born at Limoges, in 1766, became vicar of the church of St. Maurice, in the same town, in 1791. He early embraced the principles of the revolution, and became in 1792 member of the municipality of Paris. In the same year he was sent to La Vendée, to report on the causes of the insurrection which was about to break out in that province. He married the daughter of Pache, the minister of war, and became the colleague of Bouchette, who succeeded the former. He distinguished himself in the club of the jacobins, by the exaltation of his sentiments, and complained on the 13th of September, 1793, "that after having put terrorism on the orders of the day, agiotage was now to be substituted in its place." In January, 1794, he delivered in the

above club a discourse on the Crimes of the British Government, and invited all publicists to take into consideration that grave subject. After the Prairial, an 3, he was denounced as one of the accomplices of the revolutionary government. He was arraigned on that account, when the changes, which came on after the Vendémiaire, an 4, saved him. The directory ordered him to write the History of the War (of the Revolution). After occupying several official situations in those more quiet times, Bonaparte nominated him sécrétaire général of the prefecture at Moulins. Xavier Audouin published several works, some of which possess a sterling value. 1. Du Commerce Maritime, et de son Influence sur la Richesse, et la Force des Etats. Paris, 1800. 2. L'Histoire de l'Administration de la Guerre; 4 vols, 8vo, 1811. 3. Reflexions sur l'Armement en course, sa Législation, and ses Avantages. Paris, an 9, 2 vols, 8vo. The latter work insisted on the necessity of bringing the French navy to a higher degree of perfection and extent,-ideas which the present time is only likely to realize. Audouin published also several political pamphlets. (Publiciste Philanthrope, par Xav. Audouin. Moniteur, &c.)

AUDOUIN, (Pierre, 1768-July 12, 1822,) a modern French engraver, born at Paris, was a pupil of Beauvarlet, and has gained a very high reputation, both for the style and number of his works, of which there are nearly one hundred, produced in about thirty years. He engraved for the Galleries du Musée Français, and the Musée Royal, published by Pierre and Henri Laurent, the following plates:-Jupiter and Antiope, after Correggio; the Virgin, called La Belle Jardinière, after Raffaelle; Il n'est plus temps, after Bouillon; Charity, Melpomene, Erato, and Polymnia, after Le Sueur; Venus wounded; the Entombment of Christ, after Caravaggio; and some portraits and fancy subjects after Dutch painters, such as Niceris, Netscher, &c.

On the return of the Bourbons to France he executed the portraits of the royal family, which are most justly admired. Amongst others, mention may be made of Henry the Fourth, a bust after a design by Bouillon; Louis the Eighteenth, the Duke de Berri, and the Duchess de Berri, also busts. The last work he published was an engraving, the whole length, of Louis the Eighteenth, after the Baron Gros. He was occupied in engraving a plate, after a picture by

M. Kinson, representing the Duchess de Berri showing to Mademoiselle the Portrait of her Father, when he was attacked by illness, of which, a year afterwards, he died. Audouin received a medal at the exhibition of 1819, and was engraver to the king, and a member of the Academy of Arts of Vienna; but he was not a member of the Institute, though his works were frequently spoken of with praise in the reports and official publications of the class of fine arts. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUDOUL, (Gaspard,) a French lawyer, who lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1708 he published a work entitled, Traité de l'Origine de la Régale. This work was condemned in a brief of Clement XI. in 1710, which, however, was suppressed by the parliament. The author was opposed, in this book, to Baronius and Bellarmine. (Biog. Univ.)

AUDOVERE, the first wife of Chilperic, king of France, who was separated from him by the treachery of the celebrated Fredegonde. She retired to a monastery, in which she was strangled by order of Fredegonde in 580.

AUDRA, (Joseph,) was born at Lyons in 1714. In 1770 he published the first volume of a work, entitled, Histoire Générale. This met with Voltaire's high approbation. He said, that some fanatics indeed, who had "ni l'esprit ni mœurs,' might be angry with it, but that he had nothing to fear. The archbishop of Brienne, however, condemned the work. This so affected Audra that he was attacked instantly by a fever, which settled in his brain, and carried him off in twentyfour hours. (Biog. Univ.)

AUDRADUS, surnamed MODICUS, chorévêque of Sens, in the ninth century, a man of reputation and learning in his time, but celebrated most for his pretended visions, the object of which seems to have been the suspension of the domestic hostilities which then ravaged France. In 849, Audradus Modicus visited Rome, and presented some of his writings to pope Leo IV. On his return he was deposed, along with the other chorévêques of France, by the council of Paris. His prophecies were committed to writing, in the form in which they are now extant, about the beginning of the year 854. Extracts from them, illustrative of the history of that time, were printed in Duchesne's Collection of French Historians, and will also be found in the collection of Dom Bou

quet, vii. 289. Audradus, entitled, Fons Vitæ, was printed by Casimir Oudin, who erroneously attributed it to Hincmar. For a longer account of Audradus, see Hist. Lit. de Fr. v. 131.

A Latin poem, by

AUDRAN. The name of ten French artists, all of the same family, eight of whom were engravers, and two painters, and most of them attained to the highest eminence.

1. Charles, or Karl, (1594—1674,) was born at Paris, and was the first of the family that became eminent in the art of engraving. He was a son of Louis Audran, an officer belonging to the wolfhunters, in the reign of Henry IV. of France. In his infancy, he showed a great disposition for the art. He received some instruction in drawing and design, and when young, went to Rome to perfect himself, where he produced some plates that were admired. He adopted that species of engraving which is entirely performed with the graver, and his works bear much resemblance to those of Cornelius Bloemart, though they are more finished. On his return, he settled at Paris, where he died. In the early part of his life he marked his plates with a C, but his brother, or as some say, his cousin-german, Claude, having adopted the same initial, he changed his, and used K, for Karl.

2. Claude I. (1592—1677,) mentioned above, and said in the Biog. Univ. to have been born in 1597; he engraved a few plates, but not well, and lived in Paris, whence he removed to Lyons, where he died. He was the father of the three next following of the name.

3. Germain, (1631-1710,) the eldest. son of Claude I., was born at Lyons, but removed to Paris to study under Karl. On his return, he published several capital prints, and was soon made a member of the Academy at Lyons, and chosen professor. He died there, leaving four sons, Claude, Benoit, Jean, and Louis, all artists. Among his works are ornaments, vases, ceilings, &c.; and a large book of Views in Italy, and a book of six landscapes from Gaspre. He sometimes signed his plates Ger. Audran,

Sc.

4. Claude II. (1639-1684,) second son of Claude I., was born at Lyons, and was placed in the school of Perrier, and in 1658 went to Paris. Charles le Brun observing his facility in painting, employed him for the beginnings of his Battles of Alexander. He soon adopted

a style of his own, and became an eminent painter of the French school. In 1675, he was received into the Academy for a picture representing the Institution of the Eucharist, and nominated professor in 1681. His principal works are, the Decollation of St. John Baptist, St. Denis, St. Louis, and the Miracle of the Five Loaves; the Great Staircase of Versailles; the Gallery of the Tuileries, &c. It was he who composed and executed, in conjunction with the regent, the subjects of Daphnis and Chloe, which were engraved by Benoit Audran. He died in Paris. M. Durdent, in the Biographie Universelle, states his birth to have been in 1641, but as he was the elder brother of Gerard, who was born in 1640, it must be clearly a mistake.

5. Gerard, or Girard, (Aug. 2, 1640 -1703,) the third son of Claude I., and the most celebrated of his family, and perhaps one of the greatest engravers that ever lived, for spirit, vigour, and decision of execution. He was born at Lyons, whence, after receiving the elements of the arts of engraving and design under the tuition of his father, he went to Paris, and had the benefit of the tuition of his uncle Karl. He afterwards visited Rome, and is said to have studied under Carlo Maratti, where, during a residence of three years, from 1666 to 1668, he executed some plates, which gained him high reputation, particularly a portrait of pope Clement IX. from a picture painted by himself, and a ceiling painted by Pietro di Cortona; besides making numerous copies after Raffaelle, Domenichino, and other great masters, both in chalk and in oil. His fame induced the great minister Colbert, who was a liberal encourager of the arts, to invite him to return to Paris, a proposition which he accepted, and on his arrival was appointed engraver to the king, with a considerable pension, and apartments in the Gobelins. Soon after he was appointed by Louis XIV. to engrave for him the set of the Battles of Alexander, which grand work spread throughout Europe the fame both of Le Brun and of Audran. He was elected a counsellor of the Academy in 1681. The works of this great engraver are very numerous, some of them after designs of his own. He died at Paris. M. Ponce, in the Biographie Universelle, thus speaks of his style: "In his experienced hands the graver and the point appear to be metamorphosed into the pencil, and

to have acquired both its richness and its softness." The works of Audran contain a judicious mixture of free hatching and dots, placed together apparently without order, but with an inimitable degree of taste. They are familiar to every admirer of the art of engraving."

6. Claude III. (1658—1734,) the son of Germain, called Claude the younger, or the nephew; was a painter, and born at Lyons. He painted ornaments, arabesques, and grotesque figures; in which capacity he was appointed designer and painter to the king. He worked much at the Luxembourg, of which he was keeper, and died there. Gillot says, that the celebrated Antoine Watteau was his pupil. His brother Benoit engraved after him a set of six plates, folio, representing the twelve months of the year, in compartments, with grotesque ornaments.

7. Benoit İ. (Nov. 3, 1661-1721,) an engraver, was the second son of Germain Audran, and was born at Lyons, and studied under his father and his uncle Girard. He was appointed engraver to the king, received a pension, was made a member of the academy, and nominated one of its counsellors. AIthough he never equalled the admirable style of his uncle, yet his works are bold and clear; his drawing of the figure correct; and his expression admirable, particularly in his heads. His plates are very numerous; a list is given by M. Heinecken. He died at Louzouer, near Sens, at an estate which he had purchased with the produce of his talents.

8. John, (1667-1756,) an engraver, and third son of Germain, born at Lyons, was also a pupil of Girard Audran. He engraved the Battles of Alexander, small size; the Rape of the Sabines, after Poussin, &c. În 1707, Louis XIV. appointed him his engraver, to which he added a pension, and assigned him apartments at the Gobelins, and the year after he was admitted to the Academy. He died at the Gobelins, in Paris, leaving three sons, one of whom was an engraver. The hand of a great master is visible in his works, and though he did not attain the extraordinary perfection of Girard Audran, his claim to excellence is very considerable.

9. Louis, (1670-1712,) the last son of Germain, born at Lyons, whence he removed to Paris, like his brothers, to study in the school of his illustrious uncle. He died suddenly at Paris, before he had produced many plates. His most esteemed works are, the Seven