in 1791, afterwards entered the army, and, in 1796, was sent ambassador to Constantinople, where he died. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBERT, (François Hubert,) born at Nancy in 1720, was, for nineteen years, attached to the service of Stanislaus, king of Poland; being, for some time, a member of his council. He wrote, Vie de Stanislas, Paris, 1769, which has been much praised. He died about the end of the eighteenth century. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBERT, (l'Abbé Jean Louis,) born at Paris in 1731, died 1814. He was designed for the church, but his love of literature turned him from that profession. He soon became well known by his pieces inserted in the Mercure de France. He left this, however, to conduct a journal, which afterwards took the name of Petites Affiches, and has continued to the present time. He was likewise connected with several other journals. His fame depends chiefly on his fables. These were published in 1756, and soon ran through six editions. They have been translated into several languages, and are well known throughout Europe. Voltaire considered him worthy to be placed by the side of La Fontaine. He was intimate with many of the eminent men of his time, among whom were Buffon and Vergennes. He was a bitter opponent of the philosophers of his day. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBERT. The name of two French engravers.

1. Jean, flourished in 1700, who was by profession an architect. He engraved, but in a very slight manner, little more than etchings, several academy figures after Edme. Boucherdon, and a book of studies for drawing from Raffaelle and other masters, after designs by the same hand, and an upright oval portrait of Gillot. (Bryan's Dict. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

2. Michael, who died at Paris in 1740. He engraved portraits and history, in the latter of which he imitated the style of Gerard Audran. His manner is light and free. His works are very numerous, and a long list of them is given by M. Heinecken. (Strutt's Dict. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AUBERTIN, (Edmonde, 1595-1652,) a learned minister of the reformed church of Paris. He wrote, in 1633, a work enentitled, L'Eucharistie de l'Ancienne Eglise, which expressed the opinions of the protestants on the subject of transub

stantiation, and the real presence. Arnauld and Nicole replied to this in the Perpetuité de la Foi. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBERTIN, (Antoine,) born at Nancy, about the beginning of the seventeenth century, died in 1678. He wrote the Lives of St. Richarde, wife of Charles le Gros, and daughter of a king of Scotland, and St. Astier. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBERTIN, (Dominique,) was born at Luneville in 1751, and died in 1825. He entered the army in 1767, and rose from the ranks to be a captain. He wrote some memoirs relating to the war in La Vendée in 1793 and 1794, in which he had served. These memoirs are published in vol. i. of the Memoirs of General Hugo. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBERY, (Claude,) a French physician of the sixteenth century. Having embraced the reformed religion he retired to Lausanne, where he published a work on the Epistle to the Romans, which Beza caused to be condemned at the synod of Berne. This so disgusted Aubery, that he abjured the new tenets at Dijon, where he died in 1596. He wrote some learned works on philosophy. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBERY, (Antoine, 1616—1695,) a French writer of some celebrity in his time. He published-1. Mémoires pour l'Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, 1660-67. 2. History of the same Minister, in folio, 1660. 3. L'Histoire du Cardinal Mazarin, 1695. These works are written ill and clumsily, but as there is a great deal of information contained in them, not to be found elsewhere, they are ranked as authorities for French history. They are quoted by all the French historians who have treated of the period comprised in them. Aubery wrote a political treatise on the claims of the king of France respecting the empire, which gave great offence to the German princes. To pacify them, Aubery was thrown into the Bastile; but as his sentiments were not disagreeable to the king, he was treated well there, and soon set at liberty. He wrote some other works of a political and historical character. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBERY, or AUBRY, (Jean, in Latin Albericus,) a French physician of the seventeenth century, who wrote a work on Baths, and one entitled, Antidote de l'Amour. Another Aubery, Jean François, a physician, died at Luxeuil in 1795. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBERY, (Louis,) sieur du Maurier, son of Benjamin Aubery, French ambassador in Holland, in the seventeenth

century. He was the author of Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire de Hollande, and edited some documents relating to the massacre at Cabrières and Merindol in 1551. He died in 1687. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBESPINE, (Claude de l',) baron de Châteauneuf, was the first who bore the title of "sécrétaire d'état," his predecessors having had that of "sécrétaire des finances." He had the reputation of being one of the ablest negotiators in Europe, and both at home, and in the character of a diplomatist, rendered important services to his country in the reigns of Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX. He died in 1567. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBESPINE,(Madeleine d',) a French lady of great beauty, and the ornament of the courts of Charles IX., Henry III., and Henry IV. Ronsard has celebrated her in a sonnet. She died in 1606. Her statue is in the French Museum. She was the aunt of the two Aubespines next mentioned. She was married to Nicolas de Neufville, secretary of state. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBESPINE, (Gabriel de l', made bishop of Orleans in 1604; 1579-1630,) a learned French theological writer. He wrote, De Veteribus Ecclesiæ Ritibus, and a treatise, De l'Ancienne Police de l'Eglise. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBESPINE, (Charles de l', 15801653,) marquis of Châteauneuf, brother of the preceding. He acquired great reputation in the embassies on which he was sent, and in 1630 was appointed governor of Touraine, and keeper of the seals. His behaviour in the trials of the marshals Marillac and Montmorency, was considered to be highly disgraceful to him. He had been brought up as page in the family of the father of Montmorency, and he had a direct interest in finding Marillac guilty. Besides this, he was an ecclesiastic, and therefore ought to have abstained from criminal proceedings. Notwithstanding these reasons, he procured a brief from the pope, which authorized his presiding at the trials of these two illustrious personages. For some cause that is not known, the seals were taken away from him in 1633, and he was shut up in the castle of Angoulême till the death of Louis XIII. Anne of Austria recalled him, but again banished him about two years after, for being of the party of the importants. Not being able to live without intrigue, he threw himself into the arms of the

party of La Fronde. The regent, however, gave him the seals again in 1650. The rest of his life was passed alternately in favour and disgrace. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBETERRE, (David Bouchard, vicomte d',) was born of a protestant family, but he returned to the catholic religion to obtain the restitution of the family estates, and was made governor of Perigord by Henry IV. He was killed in a siege in 1598. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBETERRE, (Joseph Henri Bouchard d'Esparbès, marquis d', 17141788,) marshal of France. He was a distinguished officer of the French army, and was wounded at the battle of Dettingen. He was employed by Louis XV. in negotiations at Vienna, Madrid, and Rome, between 1758 and 1767. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBIGNAC, (Francis HEDELIN, who is better known by the title of Abbé d',) was born at Paris in 1604, and died at Nemours in 1676. He was perpetually leaguing or quarrelling with the men of letters of his time. He had long controversies with Corneille and Menage, and many were the epigrams and pamphlets that they gave rise to. Among his works may be noted, Traité de la Nature des Satyres, Brutes, Monstres, et Demons; Pratique du Theatre, a work of some note at the time; and, Histoire du Temps, ou relation du Royaume de Coquetterie. They are but little read now. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBIGNE, (Théodore Agrippa d',) was born at St. Maury in 1550. At the age of thirteen he was at the siege of Orleans, and displayed there a coolness remarkable in one so young. On the death of his father, whose affairs were much embarrassed, he was sent to Geneva, where he studied for a time under Beza. Of a peaceful and studious life, however, he was soon tired, and accordingly he secretly withdrew to Lyons, and took service there under the prince de Condé. He soon left the prince for a much greater man, Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. He distinguished himself very much in Henry's wars, and was no less able in negotiating than in fighting. These talents, joined to great vivacity and agreeableness, rendered him one of the choicest friends of Henry. D'Aubigné was, however, better fitted for the camp than the court. A freedom of speech, almost rude, a tiresome boasting of his own exploits, and a disinclination to pander to the king's pleasures, prevented his advance there. He was con

tinually offending the people of influence, and though the good-natured Henry was never otherwise than kind and friendly, yet he gave him nothing in reward for his services. He retired, or was forced, to Maillezais, of which place he had the government. There is something amusing in the relation which Henry and D'Aubigné bore to each other. Henry gave him nothing, and would not defend him effectually from the malice of his court enemies; but then he was always kind, gracious, frank, and friendly when they met, and this, spite of all insinuations against him. D'Aubigné was always grumbling, but was deeply attached to his master, and was a loyal and zealous servant of the crown, and one on whom the most perfect reliance was placed and safely placed. After the death of Henry, d'Aubigné published two volumes of the History of his Times, which were at first passed over, though he had treated the characters of great persons with boldness and freedom. He composed a third, much more objectionable in these respects, which he was advised not to publish. The advice he rejected, and the volume was published. The consequences were, that not only were the two former ordered to be burnt by the parliament of Paris, but he himself was obliged to make a hasty flight to Geneva, to escape impending punishment. This was in 1620. At Geneva he married a rich widow, and died there in 1630. There are many anecdotes and amusing stories told of this brave and

eccentric man.

He published—1. Les Aventures du Baron de Fæneste, 1630. 2. Histoire Universelle depuis l'an 1350 jusqu'à l'an 1601, 3 vols, folio, 1616, 1618, and 1620, and which were reprinted at Amsterdam in 1626. The second edition is more complete than the first, but the latter contains some satirical touches not to be found in the other. This work, as has been before mentioned, was burnt by order of the parliament. It is one of the authorities for the history of France, of the period of which he treated, and is frequently quoted by the French historians. 3. Histoire Secrète d'Aubigné, écrite par lui-même, which has been often printed with Les Aventures de Fæneste. They contain a number of curious and interesting particulars. He also published plays, satires, and other pieces. He had two sons, who distinguished themselves as physicians: Nathan, who was made a citizen of Geneva in 1627, and practised

there, and Tite, also a physician there, born in 1634; they were both authors. He was, also, the grandfather of Madame de Maintenon. (Biog. Univ. Life of D'Aubigné, London, 1772.)

AUBIN, a French protestant minister, born in Loudun in the seventeenth century, who was obliged to quit his country after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and took refuge in Holland. He published, L'Histoire des Diables de Loudun, ou de la Possession des Religieuses Ursulines, et de la Condemnation et du Supplice d'Urbain Grandier, Curé de la même Village; Amsterdam, 1693; which made much noise at the time. He also published a French translation of Brandt's Life of Admiral de Ruyter, and a Dictionary of Sea Terms. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUBIN, or ST. AUBIN, the name of four French artists.

1. Augustin de St., a very laborious engraver, and an eminent designer, born at Paris in 1720, and studied under Etienne Fessard, according to Heinecken; but Bryant says, under Laurent Cars. He was a member of the Académie Royale. Amongst a prodigious number of works, he engraved a collection of gems for the duke of Orleans, and the collection of medals, amounting to nearly three thousand, belonging to M. Pellerin. M. Heinecken gives an immense list of his works, which appear to be dated from 1762 to 1779.

2. Charles Germain de St., a designer and engraver, brother of Augustin, born in Paris in 1721. He engraved several plates, from his own designs, of flowers and fancy pieces.

3. Gabriel Jacques de St., a painter and engraver, another brother of Augustin, born at Paris in 1724. He painted historical subjects, and engraved, from his own designs, six statues of the christian virtues in one plate, and a view of the exhibition of pictures in the Louvre, in 1753. Several of his pictures are engraved by other artists.

4. Pougeain de St., painter of portraits in crayon, who lived at Paris. A portrait, by him, of Poullain de Saint Foix, is engraved by J. Tardieu; another of the duke de Brissac, by Chaueer; and one of Mlle. Clairon, and one of Mlle. Dangeville, both by J. Michel. No date of his birth or death is given, nor is it said whether he was related to the preceding. (Bryan's Dict. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AUBLET, (Jean Baptiste Christophe Eusée,) a celebrated botanist, born at

Salon in Provence, in 1720. At an early age he ran away from his parents, and went to Montpellier, where he studied botany under Sauvage. He went afterwards to South America, where he exercised the trade of a druggist. On his return to Europe, he was sent to the Isle of France, to establish there a pharmaceutic shop, and a botanical garden. M. Poivre being then about to introduce the cultivation of several spice trees into the colony, it is said that Aublet (actuated by jealousy) put the seeds into boiling water, for the sake of destroying their germinating power. His botanical researches in the Isle of France were altogether but superficial. Having gone, in 1760, to Guiana, he succeeded in collecting there a large herbarium, which was the foundation of his subsequent fame. He says in his relation, that he penetrated himself into the interior; whilst others say, that many of the plants were gathered by negroes, sent out for that purpose. He visited St. Domingo in the year 1764. After his return to Paris, the celebrated Bernard de Jussieu induced him to publish the plants, collected during his travels. This remarkable work appeared in 1775, under the title, Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Française, 4 vols, 4to, with 392 plates. Amongst 800 plants therein described, about half were new. The figures are tolerably correct, but being copied after dried specimens, are wanting in some essential details. When Jussieu published his Genera Plantarum in 1789, he reduced the genera of Aublet to their natural families, which, however, was at times difficult, as the original plants had been previously sold to Mr. Joseph Banks for a mere trifle. Aublet died in Paris, in 1778. Rozier, Gärtner, Schreber, and Richard, have named genera of plants after him. (Biog. Univ. Ersch und Grüber, Encycl.)

AUBOINS DE SEZANNE, a trouvère of the beginning of the thirteenth century, two or three of whose songs are still preserved. One will be found printed in Paulin Paris's Romancero.

AUBREY, (John, F.R.S.,) an eminent antiquary and naturalist of the 17th century, was descended of a good family, his grandfather John Aubrey, of Burwelton, in Herefordshire, being a younger son of Dr. William Aubrey, of whom in the next article, and younger brother of Sir Thomas Aubrey, ancestor of a race of baronets in Glamorganshire. His father, Richard Aubrey, lived at Broad

Chalk, in Wiltshire, and married Debora Lyte, the daughter and heir of Isaac Lyte, a gentleman of good estate at Easton Piers, in the parish of Kington Saint Michael, in the same county.

He was born at the house of his maternal grandfather, and baptized 12th March, 1627. He was at school at Malmesbury, where Mr. Robert Latimer was his schoolmaster. From thence he passed to Trinity college, Oxford, in 1642, where he remained till 1646, when he was entered of the Middle Temple. During his period of study at the school and the university, he had become well acquainted with the ancient writers; and at this early period of his life, his affec tion to the study of English antiquities had manifested itself, as appears by an inscription, which he caused to be engraved on a plate of the ruins of Eynsham abbey, which he, as a youth in the university, had been wont frequently to contemplate.

His father died October 21, 1652, when he found himself in possession of Easton Piers and other estates, worth (says Anthony Wood) 700l. a-year; but he was perplexed with suits and not taking up the practice of the law as a profession, and withal living extravagantly, he became, after a time, greatly reduced in his circumstances, selling one part of his estate after another, till at last nothing was left. This, however, took some years to complete; and in the mean time, we find him a member of Harrington's Club in 1659; travelling in Ireland in 1660; admitted a fellow of the Royal Society in 1662, soon after the foundation of it; and in 1664, travelling in France. He seems to have been unfortunate in a marriage which he made.

In the decline of his fortunes, and when absolutely ruined, he had still many friends to whom his company was always acceptable, and with whom he seems to have resided. He has himself commemorated the kindness to him in particular of the earl of Abingdon, whose "walks and gardens at Lavington" had been his pleasant retreat; and Wood names Edmund Wyld of Bloomsbury, and his relation, Sir John Aubrey, bart. of Borstall, as persons to whose favours he was much indebted; and the writer of the imperfect sketch of his life, prefixed to the edition of his Miscellanies, 1784, names the Lady Long, of Draycote, Easton Piers, as having been among his principal friends in the decline of his

near

life, intimating that he was domiciled with the family at the time of his death. He died at Oxford on the 7th of June, 1697. The character of Aubrey admits easily of two very different representations, each with a certain degree of verisimilitude. Wood describes him as "a shiftless person, roving, and magotyheaded, and sometimes little better than crased;" and, undoubtedly, the events of his life seem in part to justify one part of this censure; and the foolish things which he has introduced into his Miscellanies, the only book printed by himself, and in several of the manuscripts which he had left behind him, seem to justify, to a certain extent, the other part of the censure. On the other hand, no one can deny that posterity are greatly indebted to him for the information which he has preserved concerning many remains of antiquity, many peculiar and then fading customs and opinions, and many of the eminent men of his own time. Toland, to whom he was known, estimates his character with more justice, when he says that "he was extremely superstitious, or seemed to be so, yet a very honest man, and most accurate in his account of matters of fact."

His Miscellanies were first published in 1696, and there are editions of 1714, 1721, 1723, 1731 and 1784. His Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey was published by Dr. Rawlinson in 1719. He prepared a similar work on Wiltshire, of which the manuscripts are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and in the Library of the Royal Society. His Remains of Gentilism in the Customs and Superstitions of England, a very curious and learned treatise, is in the Lansdowne Manuscripts at the British Museum, and selections from it have been lately printed by the Camden Society. In the Ashmolean Museum is a large biographical manuscript by him, containing information respecting many remarkable persons, transmitted by him for the use of Anthony Wood, while preparing his Athenæ Oxonienses, who has availed himself of them to a great extent. These have since been published in a work, of which the title is Letters from the Bodleian Library, &c. In the same museum, are other manuscripts of his, namely, an unfinished treatise on Church Building, entitled by him, Architectonica Sacra; and a treatise on Stonehenge, and Rollrich stones in Oxfordshire, entitled, Monumenta Britannica; with some smaller treatises, and a Collection of Letters, ad

dressed to him. He was well acquainted with Hobbes, a native of Malmesbury, and contributed many materials to the life of him, which was published soon after his decease. There are two or three engraved portraits of Aubrey.

AUBREY, (Dr.William, 1529–1595,) an eminent civilian. He was descended from an ancient and honourable Welsh family, being the second son of Thomas, and grandson of Hopkin Aubrey, of Abercumvrig, in the county of Brecon, Esq. Having received the rudiments of education in the town of Brecknock, he was sent by his parents to the university of Oxford, when about fourteen years of age; and there, with the aid of his learned tutor, Mr. Morgan, he made such satisfactory progress, especially in rhetoric and history, that he finally turned his attention towards the study of the civil law, and was elected a fellow of All Souls' college. The degree of doctor of laws was conferred upon him at the age of twenty-five; immediately after which, he was appointed regius professor of law in the university of Oxford. The manner in which Aubrey discharged the duties of this honourable office proved not only highly creditable to him at the time, but so satisfactorily established his professional reputation as to contribute mainly to his subsequent advancement.

His first public services, out of England, were rendered in the capacity of supreme judge of the royal army, at St. Quintin's; but at the close of the war he returned to England, and sought to resume the quieter walk of life to which his previous education had accustomed him, and in which his brilliant abilities gave him every reason to anticipate success. Nor were his contemporaries slow to acknowledge his merit. He was successively appointed one of the council of the Marches in Wales, official-principal and vicar-general in spirituals to the archbishop of Canterbury, a master in Chancery, and one of queen Elizabeth's masters of Requests. In 1565, Aubrey accompanied the English commissioners (Lord Montague, Dr. Haddon, and Dean Wotton) into Flanders; when the memorable conference was held at Bruges, with the same number of Spanish representatives, in order to establish a good understanding between the merchants of queen Elizabeth and king Philip. It was on behalf of the merchants-adventurers of this country, that Aubrey attended the expedition; and so indefatigable were his exertions, that Wotton did not scruple