induced the emperor Rodolph to bestow upon him the dignity of a count of the holy Roman empire. The diploma by which this dignity was conferred, dated at Prague, December 14th, 1595, is in the archives of his descendant, the present lord. Out of this grant, however, rose a question, which was much discussed at the time, namely, how far an English subject could claim at home any place or precedence, arising from an honour conferred by a foreign potentate, or display at home the ensign and insignia of such foreign honour; wherein it is reported of queen Elizabeth, that she said personally, "that she, for her part, did not care that her sheep should wear a stranger's marks, nor dance after the whistle of every foreigner." And finally it was communicated to the emperor, that she prohibited her subjects from giving to Sir Thomas Arundel any place or precedence in England, beyond what pertained to his English honours or rank. The emperor would willingly have retained him in his service, but he preferred returning to his native country, where he appears to have lived a quiet life, extended to the seventy-ninth year of his age, dying in 1639. It was the wife of his son, the second lord Arundel, who so bravely defended Wardour castle in the civil wars. She was a daughter of Edward Somerset, earl of Worcester.

ARVEND SHAH, the father of Lohorasp, who was the fourth monarch of the second, or Kaianian, dynasty of

Persia.

ARVIDSON, (Troils,) a Swedish engraver, who died in 1705. He executed the plates to Peringskiold's Monumenta Uplandica, which are not inferior to those in Dahlberg's Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, upon which foreign artists were employed.

ARVIEUX, (Le Chevalier d,') a celebrated traveller in the East, was born in 1635, in the territory of Marseilles, of an ilustrious family, which originally came from Lombardy. Branches of this family, besides that from which the subject of our account was descended, are to be found in Savoy, Piedmont, Lombardy, Languedoc, and England; the family of Harvey being apparently of the same origin. (Labat's Preface to the Memoirs of the Ch. d'Arvieux.) He was educated by his grandfather to the age of eight years, when he was placed by his father at the college of Marseilles, where his chief objects of study were mathematics and foreign languages. At the age of fifteen

he lost his father, who was assassinated by the children of one of his neighbours, with whom he had a law-suit; and in spite of the son's extreme youth, it was proposed that he should undertake the management of his father's estate. His taste, however, was little in favour of such an employment, and he appears to have had reason for dreading an embroilment with his mother in the prosecution of this charge. He therefore eagerly embraced an opportunity of escaping from it, by entering into the commerce of the Levant; a frequent course with the children even of noble families in Provence, who in those days considered this a better patrimony than the limited riches which their own country could offer them; especially as it was an employment which was not held to detract from their nobility. In his eighteenth year he accompanied his relation, the French consul, to Sayde; and, during a stay of twelve years, spent in various cities of Syria and Palestine, he learnt the Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages-an acquisition which added infinitely to the accuracy of his accounts of the people of the East, as it gave him the opportunity of gaining in his own person the knowledge which preceding travellers had acquired through the perilous medium of an interpreter. At the expiration of the time just mentioned he returned to Paris, but in 1668 was sent by the king to Tunis, to negotiate a peace; here he ha the pleasure of delivering three hundred and eighty French captives. He wa successively envoy at Constantinople, and consul at Algiers and Aleppo, in all which employments he made the most zealou efforts, not only for the extension and improvement of the French commerce with the Levant, but for the spread of the christian religion. In acknowledgment of these labours, the pope, Innocent XI., offered him, in 1685, the bishopric of Babylon, an honour which he declined for himself, and by the permission of the pope transferred to father Pidou, a Carmelite. He returned to Marseilles in 1686, and died in 1702.

As an accurate describer of the customs of the East, d'Arvieux stands deservedly high; and he has, in this capacity, rendered important service as well to the cause of literature, as to that of Biblical illustration. For this latter service he has received the marked praise of the critic Michaelis; and from Niebuhr, a competent witness, we have an acknowledgment of his scrupulous fidelity and

integrity as a narrator. He did not himself write his travels; they were collected from his papers, and published after his death, under the title of Mémoires du Chevalier d'Arvieux, contenant ses Voyages à Constantinople, dans l'Asie, la Syrie, la Palestine, l'Egypte, et la Barberie, recueillis de ses Originaux, par Jean Baptiste Labat. Paris, 1735, 6 tom. 12mo. Of an earlier date (Paris, 1717) was the Voyage fait par Ordre du Roi Louis XIV. dans la Palestine, vers le Grand Emir, Chef des Arabes du Desert, connus sous le nom de Bedouins, enriched with notes, and a translation of Abulfeda's Description of Arabia, by M. de la Roque. This work gave Europeans the first correct account of the Bedouins, who had been imperfectly known, and looked upon only as plunderers and savages. It was published in English in 1724, and in German in 1740.

ARVIV, (Isaac,) a rabbi of the sixteenth century, and author of commentaries on the Pentateuch, and on Ecclesiastes, called Tanchumoth El, the Consolations of God, printed at Saloniche 1583 and 1597. (De Rossi.)

ARYSDAGHES, was born in Cesarea of Cappadocia, about A. D. 279. He was consecrated bishop of Diospont, and a part of Armenia Major, about 331, and had the care of the infant church of Armenia committed to him. He displayed great zeal in his office, and was supported in all his exertions by king Tiridates. The governor of the province of Sophenia, his enemy, surprised him on a journey, and slew him about 339. There is another of the name, who lived in the same country about the end of the twelfth century, and wrote an Armenian grammar and dictionary. (Biog. Univ.) ARZACHEL, (Abraham,) or EIZARAKEL, a native of Toledo, in the eleventh century, of the Jewish persuasion, and one of the most celebrated astronomers of the middle ages. His astronomical tables were in general use before the appearance of the Alphonsine, and, according to Wallis, were completed in the year 1080. The Latin translations, however, of the tables of Arzachel, continued in common use in England and on the continent till the commencement of the fifteenth century. Arzachel was the first who made an approach to the decimal scale, for instead of dividing the semi-diameter in sixty parts, as Ptolemy and others have done, he divides the diameter into three hundred parts; it is remarkable, however, that after the

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second subdivision, he applies them in the sexagesimal division. He wrote a treatise on the obliquity of the zodiac, which he fixed, for his time, at 23° 34', and determined the apogee of the sun by four hundred and two observations. An English translation of the rules prefixed to his tables, together with the tables themselves, made in the fifteenth century, is preserved in a very beautifully written folio manuscript, in the library of Trinity college, Cambridge, among the collection bequeathed to that college by Roger Gale, under the press-mark, O. 5. 26.

ARZAN, a pagan pontiff of Armenia of the beginning of the fourth century. He exercised almost sovereign power in the province of Daran. Gregory Illuminator was on his way to this province with an army of 7,000 men, who accompanied him by the order of Tiridates, for the purpose of converting it to Christianity, when Arzan hearing of it, raised an army of 6,000 men, and hastened to meet him. A fierce battle ensued, in which Arzan, after displaying great courage, was killed. This took place in 302. Another Arzan, in the fifth century, translated into Armenian the works of St. Athanasius, and was himself the author of several theological treatises. (Biog. Univ.)

ARZEM-DOKHT, daughter of Khosroo-Purveez, the twenty-second of the Sassanian kings of Persia, was placed on the throne by the nobles after the deposition of her sister Turan-dokht, and her cousin Shah-Sherendah, A. D. 632. She is said to have been distinguished by sense and beauty; but the revolt of the governor of Khorassan, whose father she had punished with death for aspiring to her hand, proved fatal to her: she fell into the hands of the insurgents, and was put to death, after a reign of a few months. Her successor, Ferokzad, lived only a month after his elevation, and was succeeded by Yezdejerd III. in whose reign the Sassanian throne was subverted by the Arabs. (Mirkhond. Malcolm's Persia.)

ARZERE, (Stefano dall',) a painter of the Venetian school; a native of Padua, who lived about the year 1560. He painted several altar pieces for the churches and convent of his native city. In the Chiesa degli Eremitani, he painted some subjects from the Old Testament; and two pictures of St. Peter and St. Paul. In the church of the monastery of the Servi, the picture of the principal altar is by him. Lanzi says that in his picture of the Crucifixion, at San

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Giovanni di Verzara, he appears ambitious, however rudely, of imitating Titian. He painted in fresco, in conjunction with Domenico and Gualtieri, figures of nearly a colossal size, of emperors and illustrious characters, for a large hall, which thence was called Sala de' Giganti, afterwards converted into a public library. (Bryan's Dict. Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. iii. 105.) ASAM, (Cosmas Damian, and his brother Egidius,) two celebrated Munich artists, were the sons of George Asam, a fresco and oil painter, who died in 1690. Both brothers studied at Rome, Cosmas applying himself to painting, for which he obtained the first prize at the academy; Egidius to sculpture and modelling in stucco. The former was more successful in fresco than in oil; his drawing is correct, his colouring harmonious, his pencilling free and bold, while his heads are generally full of expression, and the grouping of his figures tasteful; for which merits he well deserved the praise bestowed on him by his contemporaries. Among his works in fresco are the ceilings of the Heiligen-Geist Kirche, and Damenstifts Kirche, at Munich, and that of the Franciscans' church at Lehel (1729); besides others in various convents and churches at Furstenfeldbruck, Alderspach, Straubing, and the Dom, or cathedral, at Freising. He and his brother also decorated with paintings and stucco work, the congregations-saal at Ingolstadt, and the interior of the Maria-Hilf chapel, near Bamberg. The cupola of the staircase of the royal palace at Schleissheim was likewise painted by Cosmas. But the most remarkable work of the two brothers is the Johannes Kirche at Munich, erected by Egidius at his own expense, 1733-46, and richly ornamented by them both.

Cosmas Asam, who died at Munich in 1739, was an engraver as well as a painter. The plates which he engraved were after his own works, and they are marked Cosmus Asam. Amongst his portraits were Louis the Fourth of Bavaria, Maximilian the Second on horseback, and Charles Albert and Therese Kunegunde of Bavaria, which have been engraved. Of his historical subjects there are, engraved by himself, two altar-pieces, one representing a Franciscan Monk before the Virgin, who appears in the air surrounded by Angels, a large upright plate; the other, of a similar size and shape, of a Bishop receiving a Book from St. Joseph. Many of his other works are engraved by Woolfgang. Amongst the works of Giles Asam is a figure of a Knight of the Order

of the Immaculate Conception, on foot. It is engraved by J. Moerl, of Munich. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

ASAN. The name of one of the founders of the Bulgarian kingdom, and of several of its princes. Asan III., king of Bulgaria, was the rightful sovereign of that country when it was governed by an usurper. Michael Paleologus, his fatherin-law, enabled him to possess himself of his kingdom, but finding his seat insecure, he returned to Constantinople, and died there. Ducange places his reign between 1275 and 1280. (Biog. Univ.)

ASANDRUS, one of the generals of Pharnaces II., king of Pontus, who rebelled and deposed his king, but contented himself with the title of archon, until that of king was sanctioned by Augustus. He died in the year 14 B.C., at the age of ninety-three. (Biog. Univ.)

ASAPH, (St.,) flourished about the year 590. About 560, Kentigern, bishop of Glasgow, being driven from his country, founded a monastery at Llanelvy, and a British king of the neighbourhood allowed the church to be an episcopal see. In course of time Kentigern was called back to Scotland, and he gave the bishopric to a disciple named Asaph; a man of great virtue and learning. After his death the monastery lost its old name, and took that of its second bishop. To him are attributed the Ordinances of his church, the Life of Kentigern, and some other pieces.

ASBIORN. A name which occurs not unfrequently in the early history of Norway.

Asbiorn the Noble, a Norwegian hero, in the reign of Olaf Tryggvason, is celebrated for the song which he composed during the agonies of a cruel death. (Torfæus.)

Asbiorn, of Medalhuus, is mentioned by Torfæus as opposing the introduction of Christianity into Norway.

Asbiorn, son of Sigurd, a Norwegian of rank, of the court of Olaf Tryggvason, noted for his hospitality. He held a feast, with open house, three times every year, a custom which he derived from his father Sigurd, who lived before the conversion of the Norsemen to Christianity. During a year of scarcity his ship, in which he had sailed to seek corn, was plundered by Thorer, the governor of Augvalldsnes; whom, in revenge of this indignity, he slew at a public banquet in the king's presence, the head rolling on the king's footstool. For this he was condemned to death, but by the interference of his uncle, Erling, this sentence was commuted into an appoint

ment to the government of the murdered Thorer, under the name of a banishment; agreeably to an old law of Norway, which gave the king the power of thus singularly punishing a manslayer, by investing him with the office of the slain. Even this mild sentence, however, he refused to undergo, and the power of the king was too ill assured to enable him to enforce it. (Torfæus, Hist. Rer. Norveg.) Asbiorn Blak, a trusted servant of Canute IV., (surnamed St. Canute,) of Denmark, who betrayed his master. The extraordinary devotion of Canute to the interests of the clergy (which probably procured him the title of Saint) had alienated his people, who were oppressed by imposts laid on them for the benefit of that order. This at length led to a rebellion; and the king, who was then in the province of Jutland, the whole northern part of which had rebelled against him, hastened to take refuge in the island of Zealand. From this design he was diverted by his perfidious adviser, who persuaded him to meet his subjects in the town of Odensee, promising to perform the office of mediator between them. Instead of this, he availed himself of the trust reposed in him to impel the rebels to the murder of the king; and when they invested the church of St. Alban's, in which Canute was performing his devotions, but were reluctant to profane the sacred edifice, he himself broke open the doors, and encouraged the rest to enter. Canute was slain by the multitude, but not before the traitor had expiated his treason with his life, being slain at the entrance of the church, as it would appear, by the brother of Canute, who had accompanied him.

ASBURY, (Francis,) who was senior bishop of the Methodist episcopal church in the United States, was born about the year 1745, and first arrived in America in 1771. The first annual conference of the Methodists was held at Philadelphia in 1773, and in 1784 Dr. Coke consecrated him bishop. From this time he applied himself with great assiduity to his duties, travelling every year through the United States, preaching and ordaining preachers. He died suddenly at Spotsylvania, Vermont, on the 31st of March, 1816.

ASCANI, (Pellegrino da Carpi,) a celebrated painter of flowers in the last century. He was of the school of Modena. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. iv. 48.)

ASCARUS, a Theban statuary, who made the statue of Olympian Jupiter,

dedicated by the Thessalians, and who flourished at the period when Darius and Xerxes invaded Greece. He is mentioned by Pausanias, v. 24, 1.

ASCELINUS, or ASCELIN, a native of Poitou, who flourished about the middle of the eleventh century, and was one of the first and ablest opponents of the doctrines of Berengarius. He was a monk of Bec, and seems to have acted a very prominent part in the conference of Briône, where Berengarius appeared to support his errors, and at which William the Conqueror (then only duke of Normandy) presided. Berengarius afterwards wrote a letter to Ascelin in defence of his doctrines, and Ascelin's answer is preserved, and has been printed in different works, which are indicated in the Hist. Lit. de Fr. vii. 556.

ASCELINUS, called also ANSELINUS, and (with more propriety) AZELINUS, in Italian Ezzelino, was sent by pope Innocent IV., in 1245, as chief of a legation to the mongols of Persia, to invite them to discontinue their sanguinary expeditions against the Christians, and to preach to them the faith of the Redeemer. The greater number of biographers have fallen into gross mistakes concerning the name, country, and religious order of this monk, in giving him the prename of Nicholas, calling him a Pole, and supposing him to be a Franciscan, when in reality he was a Dominican or friar preacher, and native of Lombardy; and, according to the custom of the order, known by the sole name of Ascelin.

Ascelin, of Lombardy, had for his companions in his embassy, Simon de Saint Quentin, who has written an account of it, Alberic, and Alexander, who were joined on the road by Guiscardus de Cremona and André de Longjumeau, all Dominicans. He went by sea to Acre, and thence through Armenia and Georgia, to the head quarters of Batchou-Nouyan, who commanded the Tartar armies in Persia; this chieftain wished to send him to the imperial ordou of the great khan; but Ascelin declared that his mission was simply to the first Mongol chief that he should meet with, and he refused to go further. After a long stay, without result, at the camp of Batchou, he returned to the pope at Lyons, at the end of the year 1248, or at the beginning of 1249, after an absence of three years and seven months. Perhaps he was sent a second time into Tartary, where some writers suppose that he obtained the palm of