description of the river Y, in four books. Antonides was intended to be an apothe cary, but he was enabled by some patrons to study medicine, in which he took a doctor's degree; but was afterwards presented to a place in the Dutch Admiralty. He married in 1678; after which he wrote little, and died in 1684. After Vondel he is esteemed the most eminent Dutch poet, and his poems have been printed several times.

ANTONIDES, (Hans, Van der Linden.) See Linden.

ANTONIDES, (Heinrich,) of Naerden, near Amsterdam, born 1546, died 1604. He was driven from his native place by the violence of the duke of Alba. He wrote, Systema Philosophiæ, 1613, which furnishes much valuable information relating to the beginning of the reformation in the Netherlands; and Initia Academiæ Franekerensis, 1613. He is sometimes called Henr. Antonius van der Linden. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONIDES, (Johann,) called Alckmarianus, from Alckmar, his birthplace, a learned orientalist. He published, Epistola Pauli ad Titum, Arabicè, cum Jo. Anton. interlineari Versione Latinâ ad verbum, 1612. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONIDES, (Theodore,) a Dutch divine of the eighteenth century; author of Commentaries on the Epistles of St. James, St. Peter, and St. Jude, and on the Book of Job. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONILEZ, (Don Jose, 1636 1676,) a Spanish painter, born at Seville, where he learned the principles of his art, and afterwards was placed under Don Francisco Rici at Madrid, who was one of the painters to Philip IV. He painted history and portraits, and was also admired for the landscapes he introduced into his works. In the church of La Magdalena at Madrid, are two pictures by him, which are favourably spoken of by Palomino, representing the Miraculous Conception, and the Good Shepherd. M. Durdent, in the Biographie Universelle, says, "It was in landscape that he chiefly excelled; he had a good choice of subjects, and his touch was airy and light. He also exerted himself, but with less success, upon devotional subjects and portrait.' Some of his works are at Alcala de Henarez and Madrid, at which latter city he died. (Bryan's Dict. Biog. Univ.)

ANTONINA, born in 499, died after 565, A.D. Her parents were an actress and a public charioteer. The profession of both was esteemed degrading; the

personal character of the former was infamous, and, according to Procopius, Antonina resembled her mother, and carried into domestic life the morals of the stage. Yet, in the memoirs of the empress Theodora and of Antonina, the very suspicious nature of the Anecdota of Procopius, a work composed with an avowedly malignant purpose, and in the form of a libel, should be borne in mind. Before her union with Belisarius, Antonina had married a man of rank, although not wealthy, and was the parent of seve ral children; among whom Photius, and a daughter, the future wife of an officer of distinction, named Hildiger, are particularly named. She seems to have filled a high office in the imperial palaceZworn, nearly answering to our "lady of the bedchamber,"-and to have thereby enjoyed the rank and honours of a patrician. She was married to Belisarius in the interval between the Persian and Vandal wars, January 532 to June 533, A. D. while he resided at Constantinople. She was a faithless wife, but a zealous and serviceable friend, following her husband in his African, 533-535, and his Italian campaign, 536--540, A.D. against the Vandals and the Ostrogoths; and on some occasions, like the czarina Catherine I. promoted their success by exertions more suitable to her spirit than her sex. On their first voyage Antonina showed her practical address. During a calm which detained the fleet between Zante and Sicily, the water became tainted, and unfit for use. Even the general would have suffered the extreme hardship of thirst, if Antonina had not preserved water in glass bottles, buried deep in sand in the hold of the ship. In the Italian war, pope Silverius owed his banishment, and Constantine, a distinguished officer under Belisarius, his death to the influence or ill-will of Antonina. Yet the one was a proved traitor, and the other in open insubordination at the time. Antonina levied recruits, collected provisions, escorted convoys, and presided at military councils in person, and throughout the Gothic campaign in Italy seconded with ability and vigour the extraordinary exertions of her husband. She did not attend him to the Persian war in 541; and the reasons of her absence must be sought in the less creditable page of her story. On the departure of the African expedition, June 533, a newly-baptized soldier, who had lately abjured the Eunomian heresy, embarked as an auspicious omen in the galley of the general, and

819. Adrian died in the same year, and Antoninus faithfully defended his memory and remains from the anger of the senate. (See ADRIAN.) He now took the names of T. Ælius Hadrianus Antoninus, and received from the senate the appellation of "Pious," A. D. 138. But he declined the honours that had been lavished upon some of his unworthy predecessors, accepting only the titles of "Father of his country" for himself, A. D. 139, and of Augusta for his wife Faustina, and permitting the senate to erect gilded statues to the deceased members of his house, and to celebrate upon his birth-day the games of the Circus.

Antoninus governed strictly as president of the senate; submitting every thing to its deliberations, or, at least, to a select council of its more experienced members, and appearing himself only to execute their decisions. His paternal care was shown in the difference he observed between his private munificence, and his strict economy in the management of the public revenue. He declined the inheritance of those who had children living at the time of their decease; he assisted from his own purse, at a low rate of interest, individuals, communities, and magistrates, who required loans for the discharge of their private or official duties. Unnecessary pensions were withdrawn or reduced, while in all the provinces the more eminent professors of rhetoric and philosophy received an annual salary. The regulations of Nerva and Adrian respecting the public posts were renewed by Antoninus and no expense was spared for the theatre and the circus, though the combats of gladiators were checked by sumptuary laws. But the great glory of the reign of Antoninus was his provincial administration of the empire. The subjects of Rome were relieved from the burden of all but defensive wars-from the imperial progresses-and from capricious and unequal impositions. No complaints were so readily listened to as petitions against provincial magistrates; and the children of such as had been convicted of fraud, were permitted to succeed to the paternal estate only on condition they refunded to the province what had been unjustly taken from it. It was a principal motive for the imperial residence at Rome, that it was central and convenient for every part of the empire; and the journeys of Antoninus seldom extended beyond Rome and Lanuvium. At the beginning of his reign, as an example of the economy he meant to observe, he

remitted to Italy the whole, to the provinces the half of the "aurum coronarium," the inauguration-gift to the new Cæsar. He was intimately acquainted with the trade, resources, and tribute of each province. Every petition was seen by him before it was submitted to the council or the senate: even the Jews were partially relieved from the oppres sive enactments of the late reign; nor had any class of his subjects cause for complaint, except the freedmen and the informers.

In favour of the Christians, Antoninus renewed the prohibition of Adrian against summary and tumultuous persecutions, and directed his rescript especially to the cities of Larissa, Athens, and Thessalonica, (Melito, in Euseb. iv. c. 26.) But, if the edict (πpos ToO KOLVOV, SC. σUVEoptov, Arias) to the municipalities of all Asia be genuine, the protection afforded by Antoninus was not merely negative, but a direct recognition of the christian communities among the legalized creeds of the empire. However, the language of the edict is suspicious, its authenticity questionable, and the silence of the apologists upon so important a concession hardly to be explained. See upon the opposite sides of the question, Kestner. Die Agape: oder der geheime Weltbund der Christen, p. 399; and Eichstädt, Exercitat. Antoninæ, No. 4.

None of the procurators of Adrian were displaced; and those whose government he approved remained in office seven, and, in some instances, nine years. Antoninus dissembled his knowledge of several conspiracies formed against him in the early part of his reign; and where discovery was unavoidable, he punished only the principal actors, without degrading their families, or forfeiting their estates. But although Antoninus avoided unnecessary wars, he maintained the dignity of the empire on all its frontiers. Insurrections were suppressed in Egypt, Achaia, and Palestine. In Britain, Lollius Urbicus drove the Caledonians into the northern extremity of the island, and raised a new rampart of earth, beyond the wall of Adrian, between Edinburgh and Dumbarton. Capitolinus enumerates the foreign princes whom an audience, a message, or a letter of Antoninus, retained in peace or restored to their dominions; and Appian, whose history was completed about the tenth year of Antoninus, had seen ambassadors refused the honour they came to solicit, of being admitted into the rank of subjects,

was suited to the decline of the study of Greek literature in Italy. The volume contains an account of forty-one transformations, extracted from authors no longer in existence, especially Boeus and Nicander, and sometimes in their very words, as shown by the introduction of Ionic forms of speech into Attic Greek. It was first published by Xylander, at Basle, 1568, from a Palatine MS. at present in Paris, but which is in a less perfect state than when it was first transcribed by Xylander. The latest edition is by Koch, Lips. 1832, which contains all that is to be found really valuable in the preceding commentaries; together with the remarks of Bast, taken from his Epistola Critica, in French and Latin, and a few notes from the pen of Godfrey Hermann, and the editor's deceased friend Schluttig.

ANTONINUS HONORATUS, bishop of Constantine in Africa in the fifth century, is known by a letter of encouragement which he sent to Arcadius, a Spanish bishop, who was banished, with three others, by Genseric, for refusing to acknowledge the opinions of Arius. It is to be found in the Bibliotheca Patrum, in Ruinart's Commentary on the Persecution under the Vandals, and other works. The four bishops suffered martyrdom in 437. (Biog. Univ.)

ANTONINUS, (Placentinus,) a christian martyr in the sixth century, said to be the author of a tract, entitled, Itinera rium de Locis Terræ Sanctæ quæ perambulavit, printed in the Act. Sanct. Mens. Mai. tom. ii.

ANTONINUS DE FORCIGLIONI, (St.,) archbishop of Florence, where he was born in 1389; was a Dominican, and in 1446 became archbishop of Florence. He distinguished himself by his temperance and simplicity of life, as well as by his zeal and charity, which latter virtues were especially shown in the great plague and subsequent famine at Florence, in 1448. He died, much lamented and honoured, in 1459, and was canonized by Adrian VI. in 1523. His principal works are Historiarum Opus ceu Chronica, libri xxiv. Venice, 1480. Summa Theologiæ Moralis, often reprinted. Summnula Confessionis, first printed in black letter, soon after the invention of the art. These works were frequently printed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,

ANTONIO, (St. 1195-1231,) a native of Lisbon, though surnamed of Padua, where he passed a large portion

of his life. His baptismal name was Fernando, which he changed into Antonio, that he might escape the researches of his parents, whom he left to enter the cloister. He first joined the order of canons regular, but afterwards assumed the habit of the Franciscans. He embarked for Africa, with the intention of preaching to the Mahomedans; but immediately changing his intention, he retired to the hermitage of St. Paul, near Bologna. Being accidentally led to preach in public, he acquitted himself so much to the surprise of the assembled friars, that he was commanded by the general of the order to devote himself to the pulpit. His career was short, but brilliant. The manner in which he described the torments of hell, held his congregation breathless with terror. But his imagination was much greater than his judgment, and his enthusiasm than either: he is sometimes puerile, generally pedantic. His sermons at Padua, during the Lent of 1231, were wonderfully successful; all Padua, clergy as well as laity, of every order and condition, flocked to hear him; the villages and towns, many miles distant, sent their multitudes to listen to his preaching-no church could hold them, he preached therefore in the open air, and his daily hearers are said to have amounted to thirty thousand. Not a shop was left open, no business of any kind was transacted, the streets were a solitude, and the multitude whom he addressed were silent as if they were speechless, or even motionless.

ANTONIO DE LEBRIJA, (1442— 1522,) so called because he was born in that Andalusian city, studied at Salamanca and in Italy, and made great progress in Hebrew and Greek, no less than in Latin. On his return to Spain, he filled a professor's chair at Salamanca, with great benefit to his pupils, and great honour to himself. By cardinal Ximenes he was drawn to the new university of Alcala de Henares, and he was one of the chief editors of the famous Complutensian Polyglott. Of his numerous works, as exhibiting either good latinity or considerable learning, the best known and the most esteemed are, Two Decades of the History of Fernando and Isabel; Letters; Latin Poems; Notes on Difficult Passages of Scripture; and Comments on Ancient Authors.

ANTONIO, (prior of Crato,) was the illegitimate son of Luis, duke of Beja, brother of Joam III. king of Portugal,