On his return to Cyrene, it would seem, he was shipwrecked on a coast, where, when he saw some geometric diagrams on the sand of the sea-shore, he bade his companions not despair, for he recognised the marks of men; and led probably by similar proofs of civilization, he arrived with the crew of the vessel at Rhodes; where, by exhibiting his talents as a disputant, he gained money enough to supply the wants of himself and companions, who had been compelled to throw all their property overboard; and it was probably at Rhodes he replied, when asked in what did a philosopher differ from a fool, "Throw them both naked among strangers, and you will see at once the difference." Upon geometry itself, however, he set, says Aristotle, no value; because, as he asserted, it did not, like handicraft trades, contribute to the good things of the present; and as to the past and future, they were both equally unworthy the attention of a philosopher, whose sole pursuit was self-gratification, and who consequently, disregarding every social duty, felt himself equally at ease

"In every change of many-coloured life." In this and some other points, the doctrines of Aristippus were nearly the same as those of Epicurus; and both were based on the union of the conflicting principles of Heraclitus and Pythagoras, who asserted respectively that all things are in motion and at rest. Of his sayings, Diogenes Laertius and Stobæus have preserved a considerable number, united by Orelli in his Opuscul. Vet. Græc. Sentiosa, Lips. 1821; but of his numerous treatises, written partly in the Attic, and partly in the Doric dialect, not a fragment has been preserved. Pearson, in Vindic. Ignatian. P. 361, considered all the epistles that pass under his name to be forgeries; but Valckenaer thought that those which are written in the Doric dialect contained nothing unworthy of the Cyrenean. They are found in the collection of Socratis et Socraticorum Epistolæ, Lips. 1815, by Orelli; who, however, gives up their genuineness, although he confesses they are the production of a writer, not unable to support the character and to reflect the ideas of Aristippus.

Of the other persons of the same name, nothing more is known than that one was a grandson of Aristippus, and called, "The Mother-taught," because he was a pupil of Arete, who sat in his father's chair of philosophy; another of the New Academy sect; and a third, the histo

rian of Arcadia mentioned by Clemens Alexandr. Strom. i. and the Scholiast on Theocritus.

ARISTO, the name of three ancient artists. A statuary, a native of Laconia, but of doubtful date, the brother of Telesta, with whom he made a colossal statue of Jupiter. Another was a statuary and worker in silver, born at Mytilene, also of uncertain date. A third, a painter, the son of Aristides the great painter, and the brother of Niceros. He painted a Satyr, crowned with a drinking bowl. He taught the art to Antorides and Euphranor.

ARISTO. Of the individuals of this name Menage, on Diog. Laert. vii. 164, has given a list, amongst whom the following alone are worthy of record.

1. The philosopher of Chios, and originally a disciple of Zeno, but afterwards the founder of a sect, which carried the doctrines of the Stoics to an extravagant length, and according to Cicero, Tusc. v., lasted for only a short time; nor, says Bayle, could they expect a different fate; when they asserted that all things, even pleasure and pain, were matters of indifference; that virtue and vice were the only good and evil of life; and considered both natural philosophy and metaphysics to be equally useless; for that the former was above our comprehension, and the other full of contradictions; and that dialectians, like spiders, exercised no little skill in weaving webs merely to catch flies. Although Aristo was at first an advocate for moral philosophy, yet eventually he so narrowed its limits as to be content to speak of virtue in the abstract, without teaching its practical application to the duties required in different conditions of life; not aware, as Seneca observes, in Epistol. 89, that if precept be, as he asserted, the lesson of the pedagogue, the philosopher is, in fact, the pedagogue of the human race. He seems to have possessed considerable powers of persuasion, as may be inferred from his appellation of Siren, and from the fact that he induced Satyrus, the flute-player, to throw his instrument into the fire, and to attach himself to a philosopher; who in his old age became a voluptuary, and did not disdain to act the flatterer to

men in power. From an epigram by Diogenes Laertius, it would appear that he died by a coup-de-soleil, to which he had exposed his bald head. Of the various works attributed to Aristo, a very few fragments have been preserved by Stobæus, from the 'Opoia, to which Athe

næus likewise alludes under the name of Ερωτικά Ομοια.

2. The Peripatetic philosopher of Ioulis, a town in the island of Cos, was the successor of Lycon, who died about Ol. 138. He wrote much, and in a polished style, but he wanted weight, as we learn from Cicero, who says, that his own Treatise on Old Age differed from that of Aristo, inasmuch as the latter had made the principal speaker not a real person, like Cato, but the Tithonus of mythology. A solitary fragment of the Greek work seems to have been preserved by Stobæus, cxviii. p. 602.

3. The Peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, was a contemporary of Strabo, and wrote a work on the Nile; which Fabricius would, however, assign to Aristotle, because it was translated into Arabic, an honour never paid to any of the other writings of Aristo.

4. The Epigrammatist, three of whose pieces are found in the Greek Anthology. 5. The tragic writer, and an illegitimate son of Sophocles.

6. The father of Plato.

7. A political character of Athens, whom Solon opposed ineffectually when the former recommended the people of Athens to grant Pisistratus a body-guard of fifty club-bearers.

ARISTOBULUS, of CASSANDREA, accompanied Alexander in his eastern expedition, and wrote an account of his engagement with Porus, so full of flattery, that the victor threw it into the Hydaspes. As he grew older he became wiser; for at an advanced age-Lucian, in Macrob. says 84 years old-he wrote a history of Alexander so worthy of credit that Arrian did not disdain to make use of it.

ARISTOBULUS, a painter, of whom Pliny makes favourable mention; and says he was a Syrian, which Sillig understands to mean, that he was born at Syros, one of the Cyclades. (Sillig, Catal. Artificum.)

ARISTOCLES. Respecting the persons of this name nothing is known but their place of birth and profession, with the exception of-1. The Peripatetic philosopher of Messina, whose work on the life and writings of Aristotle seems to have been the original of the more recent histories of the Stagirite. Of his Treatise on Ethics, in ten books, some fragments have been preserved by Eusebius.-2. The Stoic of Lampsacus, who wrote a commentary in four books on the doctrines of Chrysippus.-3. The rhetorician of Pergamus, and the master of Aristides the

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sophist.-4. The Alexandrine, and author of a work on music and dancing, which extended to at least eight books, as appears from Athenæus, xiv. p. 630.-5. The rhetorician of Rhodes, who flourished in the time of Augustus Cæsar, and wrote a treatise on poetry, quoted by Ammonius. -6. The author of a solitary inscription, preserved by Ælian, H.A. xi. 4.

ARISTOCLES. There were several celebrated Grecian artists of this name, the most ancient of whom was born at Cydonia in Crete, and was a sculptor, who flourished in the period before the city of Zancle was called Messina, said to be 664 years B. C. He executed for the town of Elis, a Hercules fighting with the Amazon Antiope for her girdle. Another Aristocles, a sculptor of Sicyon, lived in the ninety-fifth Olympiad, 400 years B. C. He was the brother of Canachus, another renowned sculptor, and the master of Synoon. According to Pausanias, Aristocles was the son and disciple of Cleotas, and executed at Elis a group, representing Jupiter and Ganymede. There was also a painter of this name, the pupil of Nicomachus. A full account of the artists of this name may be found in Sillig'sCatalogus Artificum, pp. 89 -92. (Biog. Univ. Sillig, Catal. Artif.)

ARISTOCRATES, of SPARTA, was the son of Hipparchus, and the author of a life of Lycurgus, and according to Plutarch, i. p. 90, Xyl. was the only person who said that the Spartan legislator travelled to India, and conversed with the Gymnosophists. But if he be the historian who lived after the time of Philopoemen, and is at variance with Polybius on a point of history, as stated by Plutarch, i. p. 392, Xyl. he was too far removed from the time of Lycurgus to know much about the matter. To the same individual is perhaps to be attributed the work on Laconia, quoted by Steph. Byz., and that on the Laconic Polity, assigned by Athenæus to Aristocles.

ARISTOCRATES, a king of Arcadia, about 700 B. c. was stoned to death by his subjects for violating a priestess of Diana. His grandson of the same name was the first who took a bribe from the Lacedemonians, and by withdrawing his forces from the side of the Messenians, turned the scale of victory in favour of the enemy, as stated by Pausanias, iv. 17. When, however, after a lapse of twenty years, as may be inferred from Plutarch, ii. p. 548, Xyl. he intended to repeat the knavery, he was discovered through the means of a letter K 2

sent by his servant, and stoned to death by his countrymen.

ARISTODÉMUS, the son of Aristocrates, was tyrant of Cuma, and contemporary with Porsenna. At an early period of life his manners were so effeminate as to procure him the nick-name of Molly, Maλakos, but he acquired in time, says Dionys. Hal. A. R. viii. p. 1315, R. a more honourable appellation. His first exploit was at the siege of Cuma, where, though his countrymen were inferior in numbers to the allied army of Tuscans, Umbrians, and others, they won the day through the exertions of Aristodemus and Hippomedon. Upon the latter, connected with the patricians, the senate wished to confer the prize of valour; but the people took part with Aristodemus, who, says Plutarch, ii. p. 261, Xyl., had paid greater court to the lower orders than became a general. The dispute was settled, however, by dividing the prize between the two. In the course of events, Aristodemus became one of the leading men of the state; when the patricians, eager to get rid of him and his partizans, sent them, to the number of two thousand, to the succour of Arricium, then besieged by Arron, the son of Porsenna. Although they were put on board vessels not seaworthy, in the hope that they would all be lost, they arrived, contrary to expectation, in safety; when Aristodemus quickly gave the enemy battle, defeated them, took a good many prisoners, and enriched his men with a considerable quantity of plunder. On his voyage back, he made the troops acquainted with the danger to which they had been exposed, and engaging them to assist him in punishing the patricians, he secured the cooperation of the prisoners also, by setting them at liberty. On his arrival at Cuma he convened the senate, and scarcely had he begun to give an account of his proceedings, when his partizans rushed into the place of assembly and massacred the principal persons of the city; and on the following day he was invested with the reins of government, on promising a new distribution of property, and an abolition of all outstanding debts; while, the better to secure his person, he formed a body-guard, and disarmed the citizens, and intended afterwards to destroy the children of those who had been put to death, but was induced to relent at the intercession of their mothers, who had married his partizans. They were, however, sent into the country, or employed in digging trenches round the

town, or in similar works of great labour and no utility, with the view of breaking their spirit. During his tyranny, which lasted fourteen years, he compelled the maidens, says Plutarch, ii. p. 361, Xyl. to assume the dress and manners of youths, and the youths those of maidens. Amongst the latter, Xenocrite, whose father had been exiled, won the affection of Aristodemus. But, ashamed of being the mistress of the tyrant, she was accustomed, whenever she saw him coming, to hang down her head and to hide her face in her dress; and when she was ridiculed for this affectation of modesty in not daring to look a man in the face, she retorted by saying, "There is only one man in Cuma." Stung by the reproach, some youths determined to free themselves and country from the galling yoke of the tyrant. Headed by Thymoteles, the son of Hippomedon, they were conducted by Xenocrite to the apartment of Aristodemus, and finding him unarmed and unguarded, put him to death.

ARISTODEMUS, of PHIGALEA, was the son of Artylas, and adopted by Tritæus, a person of some influence at Megalopolis; where, although Aristodemus made himself a tyrant, yet he was still called "the good," probably on his tomb, mentioned by Pausanias, viii. 36. During the period of his administration the Lacedæmonians made an attack on Megalopolis, and after a hard fought battle were defeated, with the loss of their leader. This success, however, did not prevent his own assassination, effected by persons employed by Ecdemus and Demophanes. (Plutarch, in Philopomen. ss. 1.)

ARISTODEMUS, the tutor of Agesipolis, the son of Pausanias, who had been banished from Sparta, and to whom he was related, was appointed by the Spartans to command the army which defeated their opponents in the battle near Corinth, as we learn from Pausanias, iii. 5, and Xenophon, H. Gr. iv. 2, 9.

ARISTODEMUS, a Messenian, was distinguished in the first Messenian war, and elected king 731 B. c. He sacrificed his own daughter in obedience to the Delphic oracle; and on the failure of the Messenian arms, slew himself in remorse upon her tomb. (Paus.)

ARISTODEMUS, of MILETUS, is described by Plutarch as the prince of courtly flatterers; for when, after Demetrius had gained a victory over Ptolemy, he was sent to Antigonus with the news of the successful sea-fight, he refused to com

municate the intelligence, for which Antigonus was on the tiptoe of expectation, to any of the messengers sent expressly for that purpose, nor would he deign to hasten his step; but when he came into the presence of the prince, he said, with a perfectly composed look, "Rejoice, king Antigonus; we have beaten king Ptolemy, have made ourselves masters of Cyprus, and taken 16,800 prisoners;" as if such things were merely matters of ordinary occurrence in the case of prince like Antigonus and his son Demetrius. ARISTODEMUS, of ATHENS, whose nickname was Little, is known-from Plato's Sympos. p. 223,-as the constant companion of Socrates, and he so closely imitated his master as to go barefoot, as stated in Phædr. p. 229. According to Xenophon, M. S. í. 4, he was originally an atheist, and was probably converted by the arguments of Socrates, who has there anticipated modern writers on natural theology, in their reasoning founded on design as exhibited in the works of creation.

ARISTODEMUS, an Athenian tragic actor, who was employed by Philip to negotiate with the Athenians, after the fall of Olynthus, B. c. 347.

ARISTODEMUS, of ELIS, was the collector of the Laughable Anecdotes, quoted by Athenæus. They ran through at least two books, and seem to have been the oldest Joe Millers on record. To the same individual has been attributed the Commentary on Pindar, mentioned by Athenæus, xi. p. 495, F., but who was rather the writer on the Antiquities of Thebes.

ARISTODEMUS, a writer on the antiquities of Thebes, is known only by a few quotations in the Scholia on Euripides, Apollonius Rhodius, and Theocritus.

chus;

ARISTODEMUS. Three of this name were grammarians of Nyssæ. The two elder are mentioned by Strabo, xiv. p. 650, who says that one was the son of Menecrates the grammarian, and a pupil of Aristarand that the other, attached to the family of Pompey the Great, taught rhetoric in the morning, and grammar in the afternoon. To the latter Fabricius supposes Varro and Plutarch to allude; and with the former he would identify the scholiast on Pindar, who is sometimes called the Alexandrine, not because he was a native of that city, but because he taught there in the school of Aristarchus. The third grammarian, according to Suidas, abridged the Catholicon of Herodian.

ARISTODEMUS, the name of three ancient artists. One a painter, the father and preceptor of Nicomachus; another a statuary, who flourished after the time of Alexander the Great. The country of neither of these is known. A third was a Carian, who wrote a history of Painting.

Al

ARISTOGEITON, with his friend Harmodius, were the individuals whose memory was celebrated in a popular Athenian song, preserved by Athenæus, for the efforts they made to free their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratida. The younger of these was Hipparchus, who, by endeavouring to attach Harmodius to himself, and to detach him from Aristogeiton, not only excited the hostility of the latter, but led them conjointly to destroy the brother of Hippias, who was then tyrant of Athens. though they accomplished their purpose by concealing their swords in myrtle boughs during the feast of Minerva, yet they were both put to death, Harmodius, after the perpetration of the murder, while Aristogeiton, who was taken shortly afterwards, was treated, says Thucydides, vi. 58, not mildly; by which we must probably understand that he was put to the torture, and died a lingering death; as was the case with Leana, the mistress of Harmodius, when she refused to give any information respecting the conspirators, (as we learn from Athenæus, xiii. p. 596, F.,) and to whom the Athenians erected a tongueless statue, to show, says Plutarch, ii p. 505, the victory gained by a woman over the love of talking. Two statues were erected likewise to the memory of the political martyrs; which were, however, carried to Persia by Xerxes, and restored by Antiochus. (Pausan. i. 8.)

ARISTOGEITON, the son of Cydimachus, by a freedwoman, was nicknamed "the Dog," from his shameful and daring conduct. Like his contemporary Eschines, he made a speech against Timarchus and others, and especially against the celebrated courtezan Phryne. But of all his orations not a single fragment has been preserved, although they were extant probably in the time of Quintilian, who speaks of him in conjunction with Lycurgus; and from a fragment of Alexis, quoted by Jul. Pollux, x. 111, it would seem that he was connected with the charcoal trade. Among the orations attributed to Demosthenes there are two against Aristogeiton; and though both are rejected as spurious by Dionysius the critic, yet the

first is received by others as genuine, for it contains an allusion to the nickname, and says that his father was Cydimachus, and not Lysimachus, as found in Suidas; who states that Aristogeiton was put to death by the Athenians, but without assigning any reason for the act. It appears, however, from the speech of Dinarchus against him, that he was accused of having been bribed by Harpalus; while, from Plutarch, in Phocion, i. p. 746, it may be inferred, that although he was constantly urging his country to take up arms, he was unwilling to face the enemy, and used to attend the public meetings leaning on a crutch, and with his legs bound up, as if he were a cripple.

ARISTOGEITON, a Theban statuary, who exercised his art, it is supposed, from the ninetieth to the one hundred and second Olympiad.

ARISTOGÈNES, (Apiσтoyevns,) a physician of Thasos, mentioned by Suidas as having written twenty-four books, of which nothing but some of the titles now remain.

Another physician of the same name, born at Cnidos (according to Suidas), and the servant and pupil of Chrysippus, (Galen, De Vena Sect. adv. Erasistr. cap. 2.) He was physician to Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, in the third century before Christ. He is quoted by Celsus, (De Re Med. lib. v. cap. 18,) and several times by Pliny.

ARISTOLAUS, (about 306 B. c.) a painter of Athens, the son and disciple of Pausias, is celebrated among the painters of his time for the severity of his style; "from which (says Bryan) we may infer, that he united a purity of form with a strict simplicity in his compositions." His pictures were generally confined to a single figure, and he usually made choice of such eminent persons as were highest in the esteem of their countrymen. Among these were Medea, Theseus, Epaminondas, and Pericles. A picture is also mentioned, representing the Athenian people, personified, a subject which often exercised the genius of the Greek artists. Pliny (xxxv. č. 11, 40) gives a list of his works. (Biog. Univ. Bryan's Dict. Sillig, Catalogus Artificum.)

ARISTOMACHUS, a native of Soli in Cilicia, was the the pupil of Lycon, and, like the founder of the Peripatetic philosophy, paid considerable attention to natural history, and especially to that portion of it relating to bees, to which he is said to have devoted fifty-eight years

of his life. He was likewise a writer on agriculture, for amongst the ancients the rearing of bees for the purpose of obtaining honey and wax formed an essential part of the business of a farmer. His portrait has been preserved in a cornelian, copied into Visconti's Iconographie.

ARISTOMACHUS. There were two tyrants of Argos of this name, according to Plutarch, both in the time of Aratus. Polybius mentions only one, who voluntarily resigned his power, and allowed Argos to join the Achæan league. (Biog. Univ.)

ARISTOMACHUS, a statuary of Strymon, but of doubtful date, who was the first that sculptured statues of courtezans, concerning which the epigram of Antipater may be read in Anthol. Palat. vi. 268. (Sillig, Catal. Artificum.)

ARISTOMEDES, a Theban statuary, who flourished about the seventy-fifth Olympiad; and who, together with Socrates the sculptor, his fellow - citizen, made a statue of Cybele, in the temple which Pindar founded near Thebes.

ARISTOMEDON, an Argive sculptor, who flourished a little before the first and second expeditions of the Persians into Greece. He made the gifts which the Phocians dedicated to the temple at Delphos, on account of the great victory of Thessaly. He lived about the seventythird Olympiad.

ARISTOMENES. So little is known of the history of the persons who figured as leading characters in the minor states of Greece, that more than ordinary attention may be paid to an individual who, like Hannibal, swore he would make no peace with the enemies of his country, as he felt that the Spartans would never rest satisfied till they had destroyed Messene, as the Romans did afterwards Carthage. To Pausanias alone, -for the poet Rhianus, and historian Myron, from whom he drew some of his materials, are both lost,—are we indebted for a detailed account of Aristomenes; who was the first, and almost only man, said Myron, whose actions shed a splendour on Messene, and whom Rhianus did not hesitate to compare with Achilles himself. Descended from the family of Aputus, Aristomenes was born at Ardania, and was the son of Pyrrhus, or rather of Nicomedes, and of Nicoteleia, whom it was said some deity had impregnated in the shape of a serpent, as the Macedonians asserted was the case with Alexander's mother, and the Sicyonians said was that of their hero Aratus. Eager to