cloth, that it was impoffible regularly to unroll them. As the outward fillets were remove, thofe that next prefented themfelves had been evidently fteeped in pitch, and were, in general, coarfer in A Folds, and more irregularly laid on, as they were more distant from the fur face. The inner filletting of all was fo impregnated with pitch, as to form with it one hard black brittle mafs, & had been burned nearly to a coal. On breaking this, it appeared in many places as if filled with a white efflorer. B cence, like that obfervable on the outfide of pyrites which have been exposed to the air. This efflorefcence, however, had nothing faline to the tafte, and did not diffolve in water, but inftantly disappeared on bringing it near enough to the fire to be flightly heated, and was foluble in fpirit of wine. In the cavity of the abdomen we found feveral fmall pieces of bone, which had the appearance of dry oak, mixed with crumbled pitch ; under this was found more folid pitch, which adhered to the fpine. C After cutting away the mafs of cloth and pitch which covered the thorax, D. we found the arms had been laid ftrait down by the fides of the cheft, and the ulna and radjus bent upwards, and Jaid with the hands across upon the breast, the right hand being uppermost. The bones of the fingers were loft, but the metacarpal bones were found, broken off, and fallen into the thorax. E The filleting, which went round the upper part of the body, included the arms alfo, but they had evidently been firft wrapped feparately, then laid up in the pofition in which we found them, and the hollows which they formed, filled up with pieces of pitched cloth. In the cavity of the thorax there was alfo a confiderable, quantity of crumbled pitch, and fplinters of dry bone; and, as in the progress of this examination we continually found that lome of the bones did, as we laid them bare, feparate into fuch splinters, it is very probable that this appearance is owing to the mummy's having been handled in a rough manner, and much haken by the perfons who had driven it full, of nails, when they were employed to repair the outfide of it. On our first opening a way into the thorax, we imagined the ribs were deAroyed, but, upon a more accurate examination, they were found entire, but for bedded in the pitch, and To black, and burned into the mafs, as to make F G it difficult to diftinguish thefe very different fubftances from each other. The bones of the spine and of the pelvis were in the fame ftate with the ribs, only rather more burned. There was a confiderable thickness of hard folid pitch, lining the cavity of the thorax; this had been evidently liquified, and poured in, and retained that gloffy appearance on its furface, which is obfervable on pitch that is fuffered to cool without being disturb. ed. On breaking through this hard cruft of pitch, to examine the verte bra and the ribs, the pitch which was under this cruft, and nearest to the bones, was crumbly and foft, and, on being expofed to the air, grew perfectly moift in a very thort time. The lower extremities were wrapped feparately in fillets, to nearly their natural fize, and then bound together, the interftices being rammed full of pitched rags. On cutting through the fillets on the thighs, the bones were found invefted with a thin coat of pitch, & the filleting was bound imediately on this. The tibia and fibula of each leg were found alfo wrapped in the fame manner, and the bones in actual contac with the pitch, excepting in one or two places, where the pitch was so very thin, that the cloth appeared to adhere to the bone itself. The feet were filletted in the fame manner, being first bound feparately, and then wrapped together. The fil letting had been, by fome accident, rubbed off the toes of the right foot, and the nail of the great toe was found perfect; the last joints of the bones of the leffer toes had been broken away, by which it appeared that these bones had been penetrated, and their cavities quite filled with pitch. The filleting about the heel had also been broken away, and the bones of the tarfus, and fome of the metatarsal bones had fallen out, and were loft, leaving the remaining filleting like a kind of cafe. The fillets on the left foot were perfect, except on the heel, and where they had been divided from those of the leg, a fmall portion of the tends Achillis adhered to the os caleis, and fome of the ligaments to the aftragalus. On cutting into the fillets on the fole of this foot, they were found to H enclofe a bulbous root. The appearance of this was very fresh, and part of the thin fhining fkin came off with a flake of the dry brittle filleting, with which which it had been bound down; it feemed to have been in contact with the fef; the bafe of the root lay towards the heel. This difcovery immediately brought to mind a paffage in Profper Alpinus*, and gave fome appearance of probability to a relation, which, as he himfelf infinuates, might give great reason to doubt his veracity. Speaking of the fione image of the scarabæus, which was found in the breat of a mummy, he adds: Incredibile dictu, rami rorifmarini qui una cum idolo inventi fuerunt, folia ufque adeo viridia et recentia vifa fuerunt, ut ea die a planta decerpti et pofiti apparuerint. A B The fillets were removed from this foot with great care; they were much impregnated with pitch, excepting about the toes, where the feveral folds united into one mafs, being cut through, yielded to the knife like a very tough wax. The toes being carefully laid bare, the nails were found perfect upon them all, fome of them retaining a reddish hue, as if they had been painted; the fkin alfo, and even D the fine fpiral lines on it, were still very vifible on the under part of the great toe, and of the three next adjoining toes. Where the skin of the toes was deftroyed, there appeared a pitchy mafs, refembling in form the fleshy fubftance, though fomewhat fhrunk from its original bulk. The E natural form of the fleth was preferved alfo on the under part of the foot, near the bases of the toes. On the back of the toes appeared feveral of the extenfor tendons. The root just mentioned was bound to the foot by the filleting that invefted the metatarfal bones; no more of this filleting was cut away than was just fufficient to fhew, without removing from its place, a substance which had been preferved in fo extraordinary a manner. On examining the cafe fo med hy the pitch and fillets, which had covered the right foot, and out of which the bones had been taken; there was a very plain mould left, in which there had been enclosed another root fimilar to that we had discovered in the left foot, and in which fome of the external mining skin of the root still remained. During this whole examination, if we except what was difcovered in the feet, there were not found the leaft remains of any of the foft parts. All the bones of the trunk were bedded in a mafs of pitch, and those of the limbs were covered with a thin coat of it, and then swathed in the fillets, which (as has been mentioned) in fome places where the pitch was very thin, feemed to adhere to the bone it felf. The cavities of many of the bones, on being broken, were found quite full of this fubftance the metacarpal bones were fo, as were the radii, and many others; the ribs, as was before mentioned, were impregnated with it, and fo burned, as to be with difficulty diftinguished from it; in which ftate alfo were the vertebra, and the bones of the pelvis. The pitch had allo penetrated into the cellular part of the head of the thigh bone; the fmall bones of the toes were quite full; but it had not entered into all the metatarsal bones. From experiment it has been found that bones and fleth being boiled in common pitch, it will pervade the fubftance, and fill the cavities of the former; and the latter will be fo impregnated with it, as to be reduced to Fan uniform black brittle mafs, not in the leaft refembling flesh. On cutting away the fillets which covered the farfus, the bones adhered #trongly together, and were covered G with hard pitch, with which they feemed thoroughly impregnated. On cutting away this outward pitch there appeared very diftinctly the tendons of the peroneus anticus, and poftirus, the tendons of the extenfor digito rum longus, and the tendon of the tibialis anticus and befides thefe a confi. H derable portion of the ligaments of the tarfus. Profper Alpinus rerum Ægyptiarum, §5. tum notis Vefingii 1735, pag. 36. This treatment, however, will not account for the ftate in which this mummy was found, for, if the fiefh had not been previously removed, tho its appearance would have been entirely changed, yet the filleting could never have beer found in contact with the bones. feems to have pervaded the bandages, the flesh, and the bones. It has been imagined that the principal matter ufed by the Egyptians for embalming, was the affhaltus; but what we found was certainly a vegetable production. The fmell in burning was very unlike that of afphaltus'; nor did it refemble that of the common pitch of the fir tree, being rather aromatic. A great variety of experiments were made on this pitchy matter, the refult of them all tended to prove that it had not the leaft refemblance to af Aphaltus, but was certainly a vegetable refinous fubftance. It was compared with a variety of refins and gum refins, but feemed not B to refemble any of them excepting myrrh, and that but very flightly. In all probability it was not a fimple fubftance, but might be a mixture of the refinous productions of the 'country, with the pitch of that tree which they had in greateft plenty. The Αλειφας το Κεδρs of Herodotus and the Kedia of Didorus Siculus +, was moft probably the tar of the cedar; it is the fubftance faid by thefe authors to be used for embalming; Galen mentions its power of preferving bodies'; and Diofcorides calls it Nexg (wn. Pliny, fpeaking of the cedar,lays, that the tar was forced out of it by fire, and that in Syria it was called ce. "drium: cujus tanta vis eft, ut in Ægypto|| corpora bominum defunctorum eo perfufa ferventur. Some branches of the cedar were procured from the phyfic garden at Chelsea, and, being treated in the manner defcribed by Pliny, yielded tar and pitch, which had no aromatic fmeil, and feemed, in many refpects, fimilar to the produce of the fir-tree. There muft undoubtedly, therefore, have been fome other refinous matter mixed with the cedrium! The pitch of this mummy was carefully diftilled, but gave no other produce than what might be expected from a refinous body; the caput mor. tuum, when burned and elixated, yield. ed a fixed alkali; to this may be at tributed the moisture which the pitch that was in contact with the fpine, and thofe other parts which 'were' mot burned, contracted on being broken and expofed to the air; for this pitch had an alkaline tafte, and had been more than melted, having been burned to a caput mortuum. C D E G H Monf. Rouelle, in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences for 1750, has given us a very elaborate and ingenious treatife on embalming, wherein he has chemically analyfed the pitch of fix different mummies. From his obfervations, from what Pietro della Valle, and Joannes Nardiast at the end of his edition of Lucretius, have written on this head; from what Dr Middleton ‡ oblerved in the mummy which was opened at from the Memoirs of Cambridge Count Caylus, in the 23d Vol. of Acad. des Infcript. et Belles Lettres, and from this prefent examination, it appears that various methods of embalming were practifed among the Egyptians, and that they ufed different materials for this purpose; and though Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus have given us reason to expect to find the bodies in a much more perfect ftate than we ever do meet with them, yet, on the other hand, it is evident, from the foot of this mummy which we examined, and from the account Monf. Rouelle and Count Caylus have given us in the above-mentioned Memoirs, that all the fleshy parts were not always prevíoully destroyed. Mr URBAN, Eading lately in the public pa Rpers, of a man, who, by think Beer in a cellar, did therewith fwallow a wasp, which, flinging him in the throat, was the caufe of his death, foon after, it induced me to offer you a fimilar cafe, but of a more fortunate confequence, that fell under my own practice and obfervation, to which, the other day, I was providentially the lucky inftrument, by means of the following fafe and fimple medi. cine, of procuring both a fpeedy and effectual cure, and thereby, beyond expectation, of preferving my pa tient's life, of which I here fend you the full account; if that by your Viaggi di Pietro della Valle, Tom 4. Lueretius Joannis Nardii de Funeribus Agypsiorum Animadverfin 50. p. 627. Thefe accounts of Della Valle and Nardius are also to be met with jo the third Volume of Athanaf Kircher's Oedipus Ægypt. Middleton's works, vol. 4, Germana quadam Antiquitatis monumenta. com Communicating the fame to the publie, it may hereafter conduce to the prefervation of the lives of several others, who may at any time labour under the like dangerous accidents. The whole ftory is this: On the ad day of September laft, I was called up in the morning,in haste, to Samuel Stenoe, a fhip-wright, of Burnham, who was at work on a veffel at this town. He, by drinking a mug of beer brought to him, much frothed upon the top, which thereby concealed a wafp, fwallowed the infect, it ftung him in the gullet; yet he continued corking the boy he was at work upon for fome minutes after; till fuch a fudden and violent ftrangulation feized him, as constrained -him to hurry to my house for affif tance. to our agreeable furprize, like a dumb man come to his fpeech again, as loudly, and boldly, as ever. Then I bid him carry the bafon with the mixture with him to his A lodging, and continue taking a spoonful of it often, though feldomer than before, and lie down on his bed, and compofe himself, talking to no one, nor fuffering any one to talk to him, leaft the choaking, I told him, should return again. He did fo, and next morning went well to work, and continued eafy without the leaft return of any of the symptoms. B C Wherefore, while I was, after the first notice, haßtening on my cloaths, and putting up a short prayer, or ejaculation rather, for fuccefs, I had a fresh call to be as expeditious as poffible, or the perfon would be dead before I could fee him, who waited below with his friend, fpeechlefs, and black in the face; kicking, and fling. D ing his limbs about for breath, with the utmost agony, and confternation, expecting nothing elfe but fudden death every moment. I bid him point to the place ftung; he directed his finger to his throat, at the upper end of his breast bone, on the right fide. It be ing a cafe I had never met with before, and having no time to loose, I quickened my thoughts, and foon concluded all manual operations, as with those who are choaked with other kinds of extraneous bodies, would excite, inftead of mitigating the fpafmodick ftrangulation; when the following method came fuddenly into my mind, and which, to make the more hafte, I made up the medicine with my own hands. G I took fome honey, and fweet oil, with a little vinegar, and with a spoon beat them all up well together in an half pint balon. This mixture I then fet down on the table by him, bidding him fwallow a fpoonful of it every minute, while the neighbour who at tended him, and I, fat in the fame room to obferve the confequence. The first three spoonfuls we perceived, by his wry faces, paffed down H with great difficulty, and pain, after which, he foon fwallowed very eafy, and freely, and fpoke out all at once, Now, as gentlemen of our profesfion, in fuch fudden exigencies, are not always at hand, and most families. have the three aforefaid ingredients within their own poffeffion, or,at least, may foon be obtained in the neighbourhood, I thought fuch a general publication of this uncommon cafe might poffibly prove of universal benefit, and wish, whenever wanted, it may prove as fuccessful from the hands of others, as it did from mine. Yours, &c. Leigh, Oct. 12, JOHN COOK, M. D. Account of a new Treatise on Tythes. (Continued from p. 401.) Things tytheable or not tytheable. CORNS. They are included in A the name of maff, and are the chief of thofe things which the ancient laws called pannage. Acorns, the maft of oak, and alfo the maft of beach, if gathered, fhall pay tythe in kind ; if fold ungathered, the tenth penny fhall be paid of the purchasemoney; but if they fall, and are eaten by hogs, they fhall pay no tythe. Under this article we are told, that TURNIPS, fed upon by unprofitable cattle, fhall pay a tythe of agifment; but turnips are not mentioned under a particular head. (See Agiment.) AFTER EATING. If tythe is paid of corn, no tythe thall be paid for after patture of the fame land, nor for agiftment in fuch after grafs. AFTER MATH, or mowth, mowing. The general rule is, that tythe shall be paid of the fecond mowing, except the payment for tythes of the first mowing, difcharges the fecond from fuch payment, by fpecial prescription. Thus far the matter is clear; but a quotation from Sir Simon Degge throws all into confufion; for he affirms both that tythe is payable, and not payable for the after mowing, in the following terms: ! Tythes Tythes are not to be paid for the after mowings of meadows:' This is against the general rule. But if the meadowing be fo rich that two crops are got in one year, the parfon ball have his tythe of both A crops -This is for the general role. In the cafe of Norton and Briggs, Trin. 9. Will. 3. Lord Chief Justice Treby faid, That tythes were not payable for the after mowing. Of these inconfiftencies the compiler takes no g notice. If the law is really as uncertain as it appears to be from his compilation, it is well for the Lawyers. AGISTMENT is the feeding of cattle upon land which pays tythe only for fuch feeding. The name is derived from the French word geyfer, gifter, [jacere] lie. Tythe for the agiftment of cattle is a due of common right, be. caufe the grafs which is eaten muft have paid tythe if it had been cut. The general rule is, that tythe is to be paid for beats agifted for hire; and for dry and barren cattle, that no other wife yield profit to the parfon C D but not for cattle that are nourished F For faddle horses, and cattle killed for the ufe of a man's own family, no tythe of agiftment is paid; but for guelt horfes tythe is due, and for G coach-horses, by the unanimous opinion of the court, in the cafe of Thorpe and Bendlores, in the exchequer, T. 1762, 2 B. E. L. 408. Tythes of agiftment are paid by the owner of the ground, and not by the owner of the cattle. But if cattle are agifted on a common, the owner of the cattle must pay, because the owner of H the foil has no profit by the agiftment, and the owner of the cattle bath. * Dezge, p. 2, c. 3. Tythe of agiftment for cattle taken in, is the tenth of the money paid for them. Tythe of agiftment for the owner's cattle, muit be zs. in the pound, upon the value of the land. Thele tythes, by culom or prefcription, may be paid in another manner. ALDERS Tythe is payable for al ders, though of zo years growth, or more. ALTARAGE is a word that frequently occurs in the endowment of vicarages, fignifying that which the vicar fhall have for his maintenance, and it has been folemnly detes mirc by the conrts, to include 1.thes wool, lambs, colts, calves, pigs lins, chickens, butter, cheet flax, honey, fruits, herbs, ap fmall tythes and offering APPLES. The fol corded in our courts, fo honour of the parfon yes rel mortal poor fellow had a few trees, which produced in all two pecks of apples, and it happened that one year thele two pecks were tolen; the fufferer thought it unreathieves bad taken away; but the par fonable to pay tythes for what the fon, though the tenths of two pecki was not much, and though the whole two pecks to the owner were nothing, demanded his tythe; and this being refufed, he proceeded to recover it in the spiritual court. The court deter mined against the parfon, but faid, that if the apples had been ftolen after the proper time of gathering, the parfon thould have had his tythes for, though a man is not to be taxed for his misfortune, yet it is but reasonable that he should pay for his negligence. The name of this champion for thể rights of the church is not told in the compilation, but the reader is refer. red to Gibbs, Cod. 677, Hetl. 100. ASH. This, of 20 years growth, is exempted from tythe, as timber. ASP TREES were decreed by the Court in James the firft's time, not to be liable to tythes in Buckinghamshire, because timber being scarce in that county, they were used as timber: It was alfo urged that they ought to be tythe-free, because they furnished arrows for the defence of the realm. BARK. If of timber trees, pays no tythe. Beans and peas, gathered for fale, or to feed hogs, are tytheable; but not if gathered for the family of the owner. It has been doubted whether beans and peas, gathered green, by hand, and |