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possessed of such sentiments must unavoidably feel, CHAPTER is said to have determined him to quit the King's service, and to retire altogether from publick affairs. Whether he would have acted upon this determination, his death, which happened in the year sixteen hundred and sixty-seven, prevents us now from ascertaining.

misgovern

ment.

After the fall of Clarendon, which soon followed, The King's the King entered into that career of misgovernment, which, that he was able to pursue it to its end, is a disgrace to the history of our country. If any thing can add to our disgust at the meanness with which he solicited a dependence upon Lewis the Fourteenth, it is the hypocritical pretence upon which he was continually pressing that monarch. After having passed a law, making it penal to affirm, (what was true,) that he was a Papist, he pretended, (which was certainly not true,) to be a zealous and bigoted Papist; and the uneasiness of his conscience at so long delaying a publick avowal of his conversion, was more than once urged by him, as an argument to increase the pension, and to accelerate the assistance he was to receive from France.* In a later period of his reign, when his interest, as he thought, lay the other way, that he might at once continue to earn his wages, Dalrymple's Memoirs, II. 33, &c.

*

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J.

CHAPTER and yet put off a publick conversion, he stated some scruples, contracted, no doubt, by his affection to the Protestant churches, in relation to the Popish mode of giving the sacrament; and pretended a wish, that the Pope might be induced by Lewis, to consider of some alterations in that respect, to enable him to reconcile himself to the Roman church with a clear and pure conscience.*

Cabal. 1670.

The ministry, known by the name of the Cabal, seems to have consisted of characters so unprincipled, as justly to deserve the severity with which they have been treated by all writers who have mentioned them; but if it is probable, that they were ready to betray their King, as well as their country, it is certain that the King betrayed them; keeping from them the real state of his connection with France, and, from some of them, at least, the secret of what he was pleased to call his religion. Whether this concealment on his part, arose from his habitual treachery, and from the incapacity which men of that character feel, of being open and honest, even when they know it is their interest to be so; or from an apprehension that they might demand for themselves some share of the French money, which he was unwilling to give them, cannot now be determined. Dalrymple's Memoirs, II. 84.

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But to the want of genuine and reciprocal confidence CHAPTER between him and those ministers, is to be attributed, in a great measure, the escape which the nation at that time experienced; an escape, however, which proved to be only a reprieve from that servitude to which they were afterwards reduced in the latter years of the reign.

1672.

The first Dutch war had been undertaken against Dutch War. all maxims of policy, as well as of justice; but the superiour infamy of the second, aggravated by the disappointment of all the hopes entertained by good men, from the triple alliance, and by the treacherous attempt at piracy with which it was commenced, seems to have effaced the impression of it, not only from the minds of men living at the time, but from most of the writers who have treated of this reign. The principle, however, of both was the same, and arbitrary power at home was the object of both. The second Dutch war rendered the King's system and views so apparent to all who were not determined to shut their eyes against conviction, that it is difficult to conceive how persons, who had any real care or regard, either for the liberty or honour of the country, could trust him afterwards. And yet even Sir William Temple, who appears to have been one of the most honest, as well as of the most enlightened,

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CHAPTER statesmen of his time, could not believe his treachery to be quite so deep, as it was in fact; and seems occasionally to have hoped, that he was in earnest in his professed intentions of following the wise and just system that was recommended to him. Great instances of credulity and blindness in wise men are often liable to the suspicion of being pretended, for the purpose of justifying the continuing in situations of power and employment longer than strict honour would allow. But to Temple's sincerity his subsequent conduct gives abundant testimony. When he had reason to think that his services could no longer be useful to his country, he withdrew wholly from publick business, and resolutely adhered to the preference of philosophical retirement, which, in his circumstances, was just, in spite of every temptation which occurred to bring him back to the more active scene. The remainder of his life he seems to have employed in the most noble contemplations, and the most elegant amusements; every enjoyment heightened, no doubt, by reflecting on the honourable part he had acted in publick affairs, and without any regret on his own account, (whatever he might feel for his country,) at having been driven from them.

De Witt.

Besides the important consequences produced by this second Dutch war in England, it gave birth to two

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great events in Holland; the one as favourable, as the CHAPTER other was disastrous, to the cause of general liberty. The catastrophe of De Witt, the wisest, best, and most truly patriotick minister that ever appeared upon the publick stage, as it was an act of the most crying injustice and ingratitude, so likewise is it the most completely discouraging example, that history affords to the lovers of liberty. If Aristides was banished, he was also recalled: if Dion was repaid for his services to the Syracusans by ingratitude, that ingratitude was more than once repented of: if Sidney and Russel died upon the scaffold, they had not the cruel mortification of falling by the hands of the people: ample justice was done to their memory, and the very sound of their names is still animating to every Englishman attached to their glorious cause. But with De Witt fell also his cause and his party; and although a name so respected by all who revere virtue and wisdom, when employed in their noblest sphere, the political service of the publick, must undoubtedly be doubly dear to his countrymen, yet I do not know that, even to this day, any publick honours have been paid by them to his memory.

Orange.

On the other hand, the circumstances attending Prince of the first appearance of the Prince of Orange in publick affairs, were in every respect most fortunate for