thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of
zekiah, in his hymn of thanksgiving for his re-
ii. 10.) sings: I shall go to the gates of the grave."
1 Literature, vol. ii. p. 11. The same image is
Greek and Roman poets. Ibid. p. 12.
Dr. Good's
→, p. 452.]

se gates are a security to a fortress or city.)-Psal.
th strengthened the bars of thy gates. That is, God
em security, and put it out of danger. So, in Job
tting of bars and gates against the sea, means the
rth against its inroads. The decree, there alluded
the Almighty upon the ocean, is that wonderful
in fluids, by which, all the parts of them exerting
upon one another, the equilibrium of the whole

1. The Divine Power ruling over the world.-Dan. iv. 26.... After
that thou shalt know that the heavens do rule.
2. God.-Matt. xxi. 25. The baptism of John, whence was it? From
heaven or of men ? &c.—Luke xv. 18. I have sinned against hea
ven, and before thee. See also verse 21.

3. Heaven and earth.-A political universe.-Isa. li. 16. That I may
plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto
Sion," Thou art my people." That is, that I might make those who
were but scattered persons and slaves in Egypt before, a kingdom
and polity, to be governed by their own laws and magistrates. See
DOOR, 1.

ts.

ng trouble, as gold bears the fire.-Job xxiii. 10.
d me, I shall come forth as gold.
virtue as will enable its possessor to stand a fiery
3. I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the

righteousness.-Isa. v. 2. He looked that it should
s, and it brought forth wild grapes.

mon people, or mankind in general.-Isa. xl. 6, 7.
; that is, weak and impotent as grass.

art of man.-Luke viii. 15. That on the good
which, in an honest and good heart, having heard

dglorification.-Hos. xiv. 7. They that dwell under
return; they shall revive as the corn; they shall
-John xii. 24. Except a corn of wheat fall into the
it abideth alone; but if it die, it bringeth forth much
Isa. lxvi. 14 and 1 Cor. xv. 36-44.

e.-Isa. lv. 10, 11. For as the rain cometh down,
om heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the
h it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the
to the eater ;-so shall my word be."

ns made by the inroads of enemies.-Isa. xxviii. 2.
a mighty and a strong one [which] as a tempest of
cast down to the earth with the hand.-Under this re-
prophet represents the utter destruction of the king-
ribes, which afterwards was accomplished by Shal-
pare Isa. xxxii. 19. Ezek. xiii. 11. 13.

The calamities of war, with all their horrors.-Rev.
ollowed hail and fire mingled with blood.

ecay of natural strength, and tendency to dissolu-
9. Grey hairs are here and there upon him, and he

ead, the hair of the feet and of the beard, with a
king of Assyria), in Isa. vii. 20. signifies the troubles,
destruction that were to be brought upon the Jews
king and his armies.

d strength.

Great protection and favour.-Psal. xviii. 35. Thy
holden me up.

ht hand upon a person. The conveyance of bless-
-power, and authority. Thus Jacob conveyed bless.
sons of Joseph. (Gen. xlviii 20.) The hand that
ophet Daniel (x. 10.) strengthened him; and Moses
ght hand upon Joshua (Numb. xxvii. 18.), delegated,
authority to him.

pon a prophet.--The immediate operation of God or
upon a prophet.-Ezek. viii. 1. The hand of the
upon me. Compare 1 Kings xviii. 46. 2 Kings iii.

Eng judgment, by which people fall as corn by the
1. 13. Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe.
e world.-Matt. xiii. 39.

part or governing principle.-Isa. i. 5. The whole
-Dan. ii. 38. Thou art this head of gold.--Isa. vii. 8,
(that is, the sovereign,) of Damascus is Rezin; and
amaria is Remaliah's son; that is, Pekah king of
people.-Princes or magistrates.-Isa. xxix. 10. The
your heads (marginal rendering) hath he covered.
11. Hear, O heads of Jacob, and ye princes of the
.... The heads judge for reward.

politic is represented under the symbol of an animal,
red as one body, the head of it, by the rule of analogy,
city.-Isa. vii. 8. 9. The head of Syria is Damas-

HELL.

Utter destruction, a total overthrow.-Isa. xiv. 15. Matt. xi. 23.
Thou shalt be brought down to hell.

2. The general receptacle of the dead, the place of departed souls.-
Rev. i. 18-I have the keys of hell and of death.
HELMET.-Salvation.-Eph. vi. 17. 1. Thess. v. 8.
HILLS. See MOUNTAINS,

HIRELING. A false minister who careth not for the sheep.-John x.
12, 13. He that is an hireling, whose own the sheep are not....
...fleeth,
because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep."

HOPE

1. The object of hope; i. e. future felicity. Rom. viii. 24. Gal. v. 5
Col. i. 5. 2. Thess. ii. 16.

2. The author or source of hope.-1 Tim. i. 1.-Jesus Christ, our
hope. Col. i. 27. Christ in you, the hope of glory.

3. Confidence, security.-Acts ii. 26. My flesh shall rest in hope.
HORN.

2.

1. Regal power, or monarchy.-Jer. xlviii. 25. The horn of Moab is
cut off. In Zech. i. 18. 21. and Dan. viii. 20-22. the four horns are
the four great monarchies, each of which had subdued the Jews.
Horns of an altar.-The Divine protection.-Amos iii. 14. The
horns of the altar shall be cut off and fall to the ground. That is,
there shall be no more atonements made upon the altar. The
asylum or sanctuary thereof shall not stand. Antiently, both among
Jews and Gentiles, an altar was an asylum or sanctuary for such
persons as fled to it for refuge.

3. Strength, glory, and power.-Horns (it is well known) are emblems
of these qualities both in sacred and profane writers, because the
strength and beauty of horned animals consist in their horns. By
the seven horns, attributed to the Lamb, (in Rev. v 6.) is signified
that universal power which our Lord obtained, when, suffering
death under the form of an innocent victim, he thereby vanquished
the formidable enemy of man. All power, said he to his disciples
immediately after this conflict, is given to me in heaven and in earth.
(Matt. xxviii. 18.)

4. Horn of Salvation.-A mighty and glorious Saviour, or Deliverer.-
Psal. xviii. 2. The LORD is... the horn of my salvation. See Luke
i. 69.

HORSE.

1. The symbol of war and conquest.-God hath made Judah as his
goodly horse in the battle. That is, He will make them conquerors
over his enemies, glorious and successful.

2. More particularly of speedy conquest.-Joel ii. 4. The appearance
of them is as the appearance of horses; and as horsemen so shall they
run. Hab. i. 8. Their horses are swifter than leopards.―Jer. iv.
13. His horses are swifter than eagles.

3. White being the symbol of joy, felicity, and prosperity, and white
horses, being used by victors on their days of triumph, are the sym-
bol of certain victory and great triumph upon that account.--Rev.
vi. 2. I saw, and behold a white horse; and he that sat on him..........
went forth conquering and to conquer. See also BLACK.

HOUSE.

IDOL-IDOLATRY.-Any thing too much, and sinfully indulged.-1
John v. 21. Keep yourself from idols.-Col. iii. 5. Covetousness
which is idolatry.
IMAGE of gold, silver, brass, and iron.-The four great monarchies or
kingdoms of the world.-Dan. ii. 31-45. Compare p. 207. of this
volume.

INCENSE.-Prayer, or the devotion of the heart in offering up prayer
to God.-Psal. cxli. 2. Let my prayer be set before thee as incense.-
Rev. v. 8. Golden vials full of incense, which are the prayers of
the saints. See also Luke i. 10.

INFIRMITIES of the Body.-All the distempers and weaknesses of the
mind.-Matt. viii. 17. Himself took our infirmities, and bare our
sicknesses. Compare Isa. liii. 4. and xxxv. 5, 6.

ISLE ISLAND. Any place or country to which the Hebrews went by |
sea.-Gen. x. 5. By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in
their lands; that is, Europe.-In Isa. xx. 6. This isle means Ethio-
pia, whither the Hebrews went by sea from Ezion-geber. And in
Isa. xxiii. 2. 6., the inhabitants of the isle are the Tyrians.

JERUSALEM.

-

The earthly Jerusalem.-A sign, earnest, and pattern of the heaven-
.y Jerusalem.-Rev. iii. 12. Him that overcometh......I will write
upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God
which is] new Jerusalem.-"The numerous prophecies, foretelling
great and everlasting glory to Jerusalem, have not been fulfilled in
the literal Jerusalem; nor can be so fulfilled, without contradicting
other predictions, especially those of our Lord which have de-
nounced its ruin. They remain, therefore, to be fulfilled in a
spiritual sense; in that sense which Saint Paul points out to us,
when in opposition to Jerusalem that now is, and is in bondage with
her children, he presents to our view, Jerusalem which is above,
which is the mother of us all. (Gal. iv. 24-26.) This is the city
which Abraham looked to; a building not made with hands, whose
builder and maker is God (Heb. xi. 10-16. xii. 22-24. xiii. 14.) ;
even the heavenly Jerusalem." [Dean Woodhouse on Rev. iii.
12.]

2. Jerusalem that now is (Gal. iv. 25.); the Jewish or Mosiac dispen-

sation.

3 Jerusalem that is above (Gal. iv. 26.), the celestial Jerusalem, i. e.
the Christian dispensation, which will be perfected in splendour
and majesty, when Christ shall descend to judge the world.
JEZEBEL. A woman of great rank and influence at Thyatira, who
seduced the Christians to intermix idolatry and heathen impurities
with their religion.-Rev. ii. 20. I have a few things against thee,
because thou hast suffered that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself
a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication,
and to eat things offered unto idols.-Instead of that woman Jeze-
bel-ray x 1-many excellent manuscripts, and almost
all the ancient versions, read Tux ou λ, THY wife Jeze-
bel; which reading asserts that this bad woman was the wife of the
bishop or angel of that church; whose criminality in suffering her
was, therefore, the greater. She called herself a prophetess, that is,
set up for a teacher; and taught the Christians that fornication and
eating things offered to idols were matters of indifference, and thus
they were seduced from the truth. [Dean Woodhouse and Dr. A.
Clarke, on Rev. ii. 20.]

KEYS.

1. Power, authority.-Rev. i. 18. I....have the keys of hell and of
death; that is, power and authority over life, death, and the grave.
Compare Rev. iii. 7. and Isa. xxii. 22.-The keys of the kingdom of
heaven, in Matt. xvi. 19., signify the power to admit into that state,
and to confer the graces and benefits thereof.

The key of knowledge, in Luke xi. 52., is the power or mean of at-
taining knowledge.

KINE of Bashan. (Amos iv. 1.) The luxurious matrons of Israel.
KING.-God, the King of kings, and origin of all authority and power.
See Matt. xxii. 2. Rev. xvii. 14.

LABOURER.-The minister who serves under God in his husbandry.-
Matt. ix. 37, 38. The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers
are few. Pray ye, therefore, the Lord of the harvest, that he will send
forth labourers into this harvest.-1 Cor. iii. 9. We are labourers
together with God.

LAMB.-The Messiah, suffering for the sins of the world.-John i. 29.
Behold the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world.-Rev.
v. 12. Worthy is the Lamb that was slain.
LAMP.

1. Direction or support.-2 Sam. xxii. 17. That thou quench not the
light (Heb. lamp) of Israel.

2. A Christian church.-Rev. i. 12. The seven golden lamps (incor-
rectly rendered candlesticks in our version) are the seven churches
of Christ (Rev. i. 20.), represented as golden, to show how precious
they are in the sight of God.

LEAVEN.-Corrupt doctrine and corrupt practices.-Matt. xvi. 6. Luke
xii. 1. Mark viii. 15. Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and
Sadducees, which is hypocrisy.-1 Cor. v. 6-8. Know ye not that a
little leaven leaveneth the whole lump? Purge, therefore, the old
leaven, that ye may be a new lump. Let us keep the feast, not
with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness,
but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.
LEAVES.-Words, the service of the lips, as distinguished from the
fruits of good works.--Psal. i. 3. His leaf also shall not wither.
LEBANON.-Zech. xi. 1. Open thy doors, O Lebanon; i. e. the temple
at Jerusalem, the stately buildings of which were compared to the
cedars of the forests of Lebanon.
LEGION-Any great number.-Matt. xxvi. 53.
legions of angels.

LEOPARD.

More than twelve

1. A swift, powerful, and rapacious enemy.-Dan. vii. 6. 1 beheld.
and lo, another like a leopard, i. e. Alexander, falsely named the
Great, whose rapid conquests are well characterised by this sym-

bol.

2. Men of fierce, untractable, and cruel disposition.-Isa. xi. 6.
leopard shall lie down with the kid.

The

LIFE.

1. Immortality.-Psal. xvi. 11. Thou will show me the path of life.
Psal. xxxvi 9. With thee is the fountain of life.
2. Christ, the fountain of natural, spiritual, and eternal life.-John i
4. In him was life.-John xi. 25. I am the resurrection and the
life. Col. iii. 4. When Christ, who is our life, shall appear.

3. The doctrine of the Gospel, which points out the way of life.-John
vi. 63. The words that I speak unto you, they are life. See TIL
of LIFE.

LIGHT.

1. Joy, comfort, and felicity.-Esther viii. 16. The Jews had light and
gladness, and joy, and honour.-Psal. xevii. 11. Light is sown for
the righteous.-Psal. cxii. 4. Unto the upright there ariseth light in
the darkness; that is, in affliction.

2. That which enlightens the mind: instruction, doctrines, &c., which
illuminates and fills the mind with higher and more perfect know
ledge; so that men are led to adopt a new and better mode of
thinking, feeling, judging, and acting, and to entertain nobler
views and higher hopes. 1 Thess. v. 5. Eph. v. 8. Children (ot
sons) of the light; that is, those who have been enlightened.
The author of moral light, a moral teacher-Ye are the light of the
world.-John v. 35. He was a burning and shining light; Lea
distinguished and most zealous teacher of the mysteries of the king
dom of heaven.

3.

LION.

1. An emblem of fortitude and strength.-Rev. v. 5. The Lion of the
tribe of Judah, means Jesus Christ, who sprang from this tribe, of
which a lion was the emblem.

2.

The lion is seldom taken in an ill sense, except when his mouth or
rapacity is in view.-Psal. xxii. 13. They gaped upon me with their
mouths as a ravening and a roaring lion. See also 1 Pet. v. 8.
LOCUSTS.-Antichristian corrupters of the Gospel.-Rev. ix. 3. There
came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth. Dean Woodhouse re-
fers them to the Gnostic heretics; but most other commentaton to
the overwhelming forces of Mohammed.

LOINS.-Gird up the loins of your mind: hold your minds in a state
of constant preparation and expectation. The metaphor is derived
from the customs of the Orientals: who, when they wish to apply
themselves to any business requiring exertion, are obliged to bind
their long flowing garments closely around them.

MAMMON of unrighteousness.-Luke xvi. 9. Worldly riches. Mammon
was the Syrian god of riches.
MANNA.

1. The bread of life. John vi. 26-50.

2. Hidden manna.-The ineffable joys of immortality.-Rev. ii. 17.
To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna.
MEAT. See FLESH.
MOON.

1. The Church.-Song of Sol. vi. 10. Fair as the moon.
2. The Mosaic dispensation.-Rev. xii. 1. The moon under her feet.
See SUN, 3.

MOUNTIAN.

1. High mountains and lofty hills denote kingdoms, republics, states,
and cities.-Isa. ii. 12, 14. The day of the Lord shall be upon
all the high mountains. In Jer. li. 25. the destroying mountain mesas
the Babylonish nation.

2. Mountain of the Lord's House.-The kingdom of the Messiah-
Isa. ii. 2. It shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of
the LORD'S House shall be established upon the top of the mountains,
and shall be exalted above the hills, and all nations shall flow unto it.
See Isa. xi. 9. and Dan. ii. 35. 45.

3. An obstacle to the spread of the Gospel. Isa. xl. 4.
MYSTERY.

1. A secret, something that is hidden, not fully manifest, not published
to the world, though, perhaps, communicated to a select number.
In this sense it occurs in 2. Thess. ii. 7. where Saint Paul, speaking
of the Antichristian spirit, says, "The mystery of iniquity doth al
ready work." The spirit of Antichrist has begun to operate, but the
operation is latent and unperceived. In this sense also the seme
apostle applies the words "mystery," and "mystery of Christ," in a
peculiar manner to the calling of the Gentiles (Eph. in. 3-94
"which in other generations was not made known to the sons of sea,
as it is now revealed to his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit.
that the Gentiles should be fellow-heirs and of the same body (namely
with the Jews), and partakers of his promise in Christ by the Gospel"
Compare also Rom. xvi. 25, 26. Eph. i. 9. iii. 9. vi. 19. Col. i.,

27.

2. "A spiritual truth couched under an external representation er
similitude, and concealed or hidden thereby, unless some explana
tion be given." To this import of the word our Saviour probably
alluded when he said to his disciples. To you it is given to know the
mystery of the kingdom of God; but, to them that are without, all
these things are done in parables. (Mark iv. 11.) The secret was
disclosed to the apostles, who obtained the spiritual sense of the
similitude, while the multitude amused themselves with the para
ble, and sought no further. In this sense, mystery is used in the
following passages of the New Testament:-Rev. i. 20. The
mystery, that is, the spiritual meaning, of the seven stars.-The even
stars are the angels of the seven churches; and the seven candlesticks
are the seven churches. Again, xvii. 5. And upon her forehead a nast
written Mystery, Babylon the Great, that is, Babylon in a mystics!
sense, the mother of idolatry and abominations; and, in verse7.
will tell thee the mystery, or spiritual signification, of the woman, and

rrieth her, &c. In this sense likewise the word
derstood in Eph. v. 32.

16

g, hidden or secret, which is naturally unknown
nd is only known by the revelation of God."
16. we read-Without controversy great is the
s: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the
ls, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the
n'o glory. The mystery of godliness, or of true
the several particulars here mentioned by the
s, indeed, which it would never have entered into
conceive (1 Cor. ii. 9.), had not God accomplished
ublished them by the preaching of his Gospel;
thus manifested, are intelligible as facts to the
ling." So in 1 Cor. xiii. 2. the understanding of
-te the understanding of all the revealed truths
ligion, which in 1 Tim. iii. 9. are called the mys
of which, in 1 Cor. iv. 1., the apostles are called
teries of God.

is used in reference to things or doctrines which
in part incomprehensible, or above reason, after
Such are the doctrines of the resurrection of the
1 not die at the last day, but that all shall be
v. 51.), the incarnation of the Son of God, the
rinity, &c. This is the ordinary or theological
mystery: it does not imply any thing contrary to
y unknown as to its being; but it signifies a mat-
stence we have clear evidence in the Scriptures,
of such existence is incomprehensible, or above
leusner's and Parkhurst's Greek Lexicons to the
росе Мисирка. Dr. Campbell's Translation of the
1. pp. 298-306. See also J. G. Pfeiffer's Instit.
4-724.)

ativity. Jews by nature. Gal. ii. 15.
and order of God in the natural world. Rom. i.
Ositions, qualities, properties, &c. of any person or
1. Partakers of a divine nature.-Eph. ii. 3. We
e. according to our natural disposition, when not
renewed by the influences of the Gospel, children
of decorum, a native sense of propriety, by which
eld from needlessly receding from the customs of
Cor. xi. 14. Doth not nature itself-doth not your
e of decorum-teach you, that if a man have long
e unto him, viz. among the Greeks, to whom alone
vriting; and consequently he does not refer to the
ebrews. (Robinson's Lexicon, voce duris.)

al darkness; adversity.-Rev. xxi. 25. There shall
; that is, there shall be no more idolatry, no more
ness, no more adversity in the New Jerusalem; but
e, joy, happiness, and security.

vii. 21. A man shall nourish two sheep.-1 Kings
athering two sticks.
Greatness, excellency, and perfection.-Isa. xix. 24.
Israel be the third with Egypt and Assyria; that is,
mmediately explains, great, admired, beloved, and

ty of the matters comprised therein.-Isa. xi. 12.
of the earth denote all parts of the earth.-Jer. xlix.
(or Persia) will I bring the four winds from the four
irth; that is, all the winds. In Ezek. vii. 2. the four
nd, signify all parts of the land of Judea.

nd complete, yet uncertain and indefinite, number.
quent occurrence in the Apocalypse, where we read
its of God, seven angels, seven thunders, seven seals,
Dr. Woodhouse on Rev. i. 4.]

well as that precise number. In Gen. xxxi. 7. 41. Ten
/times; in Lev. xxvi. 26. ten women are many wo-
Dan. i. 20. Amos vi. 9. Zech. viii. 23.

-The princes and nobles of Israel and Judah.-Isa.
1 of the Lord shall be....upon all the oaks of Bashan.

; Man in a state of nature.-Rom. xi. 17. Thou being
ee, wert graffed in amongst them....

olive; the church of God.-Rom. xi. 24. If thou
he olive-tree, which is wild by nature, and wert graffed
ure into a good olive-tree...

s of joy after a victory, attended with antecedent suf-
vii. 9. I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude...clothed
8, and palms in their hands.

invisible residence of the blessed.-Rev. ii. 7. To
meth will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the

midst of the paradise of God.-Luke xxiii. 43. To day shalt thou be
with me in paradise.
Christ our passover is

PASSOVER.-Jesus Christ.-1 Cor. v. 7.
sacrificed for us. On the spiritual import of this term, compare Vol.
II. Chap. IV. IV. 3.
PHYSICIAN.-The Saviour, curing the sins and sicknesses of the
mind.-Matt. ix. 12. They that be whole, need not a physician; but
they that are sick.

PILLAR or Column.

1.

The chief prop of a family, city, or state.-Gal. ii. 9. James, Cephas,
and John, who seemed to be pillars.

2. Pillar of iron.-The symbol of great firmness and duration.-Jer. i.
18. I have made thee....an iron pillar.
PLOUGHING and breaking up the ground.-The preparation of the
heart by repentance.-Hos. x. 12. Break up your fallow-ground.
See also Jer. iv. 3.
POISON.-Lies, error, and delusion.-Psal. cxl. 3. Adders' poison is
under their lips.-Psal. Iviii. 3, 4. They go astray as soon as they are
born, speaking lies. Their poison is like the poison of a serpent.-
Rom. i 13. The poison of asps is under their lips; whose mouth
is full of cursing and bitterness.
POWER.

1.

2.

Dignity, privilege, prerogative.-John i. 12. As many as received
him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God.

The emblem of power, or of honour and dignity, that is, a veil.-1
Cor. xi. 10. A woman ought to have power on her head, that is to be
veiled, because of the spies, or evil-minded persons who were sent
into the meetings of the Christians by their enemies, in order that
they might be able to take advantage of any irregularity in their
proceedings, or of any departure from established customs. The
veil, worn by married women, was an emblem of subjection to the
power of the husband. The marginal rendering of 1 Cor. xi. 10.
is,-a covering, in sign that she is under the power of her husband.
PoWERS.-A certain order of angels; whether good, as in Col. i. 16.
Eph. iii. 10. 1 Pet. iii. 22.; or evil, as in Col. ii. 15. and Eph. vi. 12.
(Parkhurst and Robinson, voce 'Eix)

PRINCE of the power of the air.-Eph. ii. 2. Satan. In this passage
the air denotes the jurisdiction of fallen spirits.

RAIN (gentle).

1. The divine goodness.-Isa. xxvii. 3. xliv. 3.
2. Pure and heavenly doctrine.-Deut. xxxii. 2. especially the word
of the Lord. Isa lv. 10, 11.
REAPERS.-The angels.-Matt. xiii. 39.
REGENERATION.

1. The melioration of all things, the new condition of all things in the
reign of the Messiah, when the universe, and all that it contains,
will be restored to their state of pristine purity and splendour.—
Matt. xix. 28. In the regeneration, when the son of man shall sit on
the throne of his glory.

2. In a moral sense, renovation, that is, the change from a carnal to a
Christian life. Tit. iii. 5. (Robinson, voce Haig gevorm.)
RICHES and TALENTS.-Gifts and graces from God.-Matt. xxv. 15.
To one he gave five talents, &c. See also Luke xix. 13, &c.
RIVER.

1.

2.

An overflowing river.-Invasion by an army.-Isa. lix. 19. The
enemy shall come in like a flood.-Jer. xlvi. 7, 8. Who is this that
cometh up as a flood, whose waters are moved as the rivers? Egyp!
riseth up like a flood, and his waters are moved like the rivers: and
he saith, I will go up, and will cover the earth; I will destroy the city
and the inhabitants thereof. See also Isa. xxviii. 2. Jer. xlvii. 2.
Amos ix. 5. Nahum i. 4.

A river being frequently the barrier or boundary of a nation or
country, the drying of it up is a symbol of evil to the adjoining land;
and signifies that its enemies will make an easy conquest of it
when they find no water to impede their progress. Thus, Isaiah,
foretelling the conquest of Cyrus and the destruction of the Babylo
nian monarchy, has these words :-That saith to the deep, Be dry;
and I will dry up thy rivers.-Isa. xi. 15. The LORD shall utterly de
stroy the tongue of the Egyptian Sea (that part of the land of Egypt,
which was inclosed among the mouths of the Nile); and with his
mighty wind shall he shake his hand over the river, and shall smite
it in the seven streams, and make [men] go over dry-shod. See also
Isa. xix. 6. and Zech. x. 11.

3. A clear river is the symbol of the greatest good.-Psal. xxxvi. 8.
They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy house; and
thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures. For with
thee is the fountain of life.-Rev. xxii. 1. He showed me a clear
river of water of life, (that is, the inexhaustible and abundant hap-
piness of the inhabitants of the New Jerusalem,) bright as crystal,
proceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb. Its clearness in-
dicates their holiness and peace; and the brightness of its shining
like crystal, the glorious life of those who drink of it.
ROCK.

Thou hast forgollen

1. A defence, or place of refuge.-Isa. xvii. 10.
the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy
strength.-Psal. xviii. 2. The Lord is my rock.

2. A quarry, figuratively the patriarch or first father of a nation; who
is, as it were, the quarry whence the men of such nation must have
proceeded.-Isa. li. 1. Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, that
is, to Abraham and Sarah, whose descendants ye are.

3. An unfruitful hearer.-Luke viii. 6. Some fell upon a rock, and as
soon as it sprang up, it withered away. See the interpretation of
Christ himself, in verse 13.

4. Rock giving water to the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 6. Numb. xx. 10,
11.) Christ.-1 Cor. x. 4. They drank of that spiritual rock that
followed them, and that rock was CHRIST.

ROD or WAND-Power and rule.-Psal. ii. 9. Thou shalt break them
in pieces with a rod of iron.

SACRIFICE.

1. The thing sacrificed; a victim.-Eph. v. 2. A sacrifice to God. See
Heb. ix. 26. x. 12. and also in many other passages.

2. Whatever is exhibited or undertaken in honour of God or in refer-
ence to his will: as,

(1) Piety, devotedness.-1 Pet. ii. 5. Spiritual sacrifices.

(2.) The praises of God and works of charity to men. See Heb. xiii.
15, 16.

(3) Virtuous conduct, correct deportment.-Rom. xii. 1. Present
your bodies a living sacrifice.

(4.) Exertions for the support of Christian ministers and of the
Christian religion.-Phil. ii. 17. If I be offered upon the sacrifice
and service of your faith.

SALT.-Sound doctrines, such as preserves the world from corrup-
tion.-Matt. v. 13. Ye are the salt of the earth.-Col. iv. 6. Let your
speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt.

SAND of the sea.-An aggregate body of innumerable individuals.—
Their widows are increased above the sand of the seas.--Gen. xxii.
17. I will multiply thy seed....as the sand which is upon the sea.
shore.

SCORCHING Heat. See HEAT.
SEA.

1. The Gentile world.-Isa. Ix. 5. The abundance of the sea shall be
converted. See also Rev. viii. 8. and Dr. Woodhouse thereon.
[Apocalypse, p. 213.]
2. The great river Euphrates, Nile, &c.-Isa. xxi. 1. The desert of
the sea, means the country of Babylon, which was watered by the
Euphrates.-Jer. li. 36. I will dry up her sea, and make her springs
dry: this refers to the stratagem by which Cyrus diverted the
course of the river and captured Babylon.-Ezek. xxxii. 2. Thou
art as a whale in the sea; the prophet is speaking of the king of
Egypt, through which the Nile flowed. See WAVES.

3. Sea of glass.-Rev. iv. 6. The blood of the Redeemer, which
alone cleanses man from sin. It is called a sea, in allusion to the
large vessel in the temple, out of which the priests drew water to
wash themselves, the sacrifices, and the instruments of which they
made use, for sacrificing.-1 Kings vii. 23. See also SAND and
WAVES.

SEAL-SEALING.

1. Preservation and security.-Sol. Song iv. 12. A fountain sealed,
is a fountain carefully preserved from the injuries of weather and
beasts, that its waters may be preserved good and clean.
2. Secresy and privacy, because men usually seal up those things
which they design to keep secret. Thus a book sealed, is one whose
contents are secret, and are not to be disclosed until the removal of
the seal. In Isa. xxix. 11. a vision like unto a book sealed, is a
vision not yet understood.

3. Completion and perfection, also authority; because the putting of
a seal to any decree, will, or other instrument in writing, com-
pletes the whole transaction.-Ezek. xxviii. 12. Thou (the King of
Tyre) sealest up the sum full of wisdom and perfect in beauty; that
is, thou lookest upon thyself as having arrived at the highest pitch
of wisdom and glory. See Neh. ix. 8. Esther viii. 8.

7.

4. Restraint or hinderance.-Job xxxvii. 7. He sealeth up the hand
of every man; that is, the Almighty restrains their power.-Job ix.
Which sealeth up the stars; that is, restrains their influences.
5. Exclusive property in a thing.-Anciently, it was the custom to
seal goods purchased; each person having his peculiar mark. which
ascertained the property to be his own. Hence, the seal of God is
His mark, by which he knoweth them that are His. (2 Tim. ii. 19.)
Under the law of Moses, circumcision is represented to be the seal
which separated the people of God from the heathen who did not
call upon his name. (Rom iv. 11.) And in this sense the sacra
ment of baptism succeeding to circumcision, was called by the fa-
thers of the church the seal of God: but in the Gospel, this divine
seal is more accurately described to be the Holy Spirit of God.
They who have this spirit are marked as his (2 Cor. i. 22. Eph. i.
13. iv. 30.) Our Lord Jesus Christ is represented as eminently pos-
sessing this mark. (John vi. 27.) Generally, all who name the
name of Christ and depart from iniquity, are said to be thus divine-
ly sealed. (2 Tim. ii. 19) By the seal of the living God, mentioned
in Rev. vii. 2., is signified that impression of the Holy Spirit upon
the heart of man, which preserves in it the principles of pure faith,
producing the fruits of piety and virtue. This is the seal which
marks the real Christian as the property of the Almighty. In Rev.
vii. 3, 4. the sealed mark is said to be impressed upon the foreheads
of the servants of God, either because on this conspicuous part of
the person, distinguishing ornaments were worn by the eastern
nations; or because slaves anciently were marked upon their fore-
heads, as the property of their masters. [Dean Woodhouse on Rev.
vii. 2, 3]

SEED. The Word of God.-Luke viii. 11.

SERPENT-Satan, the enemy of souls-Rev. xii. 9. That old serpent,
called the Devil and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world.-2 Cor.
xi. 3. The serpent beguiled Eve through his subtility.
SEVEN.

See NUMBERS.

li. 16. The Arabs and Persans employ the saine word to denois
the same thing, using these expressions:-"May the SHADOW of th
prosperity be extended."-May the SHADOW of thy prosperity
spread over the heads of thy well-wishers."—"
May thy protection
never be removed from thy head; may God extend thy sHADOW
externally." [Dr. A. Clarke on Numb. xvi. 9.]
SHEEP SHEPHERD.

1. Sheep under a Shepherd.--The people under a king.-Zech. xin 7
Smite the shepherd; and the sheep shall be scattered,

2. The disciples of Christ, who is their SHEPHERD; the church of
Christ, consisting of all true believers in Him their Shepherd-
John x. 11-14. I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd grea
his life for the sheep. I....know my sheep-1 Pet. ii. 25. Ye...
are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
3. Lost or straying sheep represent persons not yet converted, be
wandering in sin and error.- Matt. x. 6. xv. 24.
The lost sheep of

the house of Israel.-1 Pet. ii. 25. Ye were as sheep going astray
Compare also Matt. ix. 36. and Mark vi. 34.
SHIELD.

1. A defence.-Psal. xviii. 2. The LORD is my buckler or shield. See
Psal. xxxiii. 20.

2. Faith, by which we are enabled to resist the fiery darts of the
wicked. Eph. vi. 16.

SHIPS of Tarshish; merchants, men enriched by commerce, and
abounding in all the elegancies and luxuries of life, particularly the
merchants of Tyre and Sidon. -Isa. ii. 12-16. The day of the
LORD of Hosts shall be.... upon all the ships of Tarshish-Isa
1. Howl, O ye ships of Tarshish.
SHOES-The preparation of the Gospel of peace.-Eph. vi. 15.
SILENCE.

1.

Bringing to silence, or putting to silence.-Utter destruction. ha

xv. 1. As if Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence.-Jer. Vid
14. The LORD our God hath put us to silence.
A symbol of praying.-Luke i. 9, 10.
SIT-SITTING.

2.

1. Reigning, ruling, and judging-In Judge v. 10. Ye that sit is
judgment, are the magistrates or judges. The sitting on a throne.
which occurs so very frequently in the Scriptures, invariaby
means to reign.

2.

With other adjuncts, sitting has a different signification: as,
(1.) To sit upon the earth or dust, (Isa. iii. 26. xlvii. 1. Lam. ii. 10
Ezek. xxvi. 16.) or on a dunghill, signifies to be in extreme misery.
(2.) To sit in darkness (Psal. cvii. 10. Isa. xlii. 7.) is to be in pra
and slavery.

(3.) To sit as a widow (Isa. xlvii. 8.) is to mourn as a widow.
SLAVE-One who has no property in himself, but is bought by
another. Such are all mankind, whom Christ has redeemed from
the slavery of sin.-1 Cor. vi. 20. Ye are bought with a price. See
Deut. vii. 8. Isa. Ixi. 1.
SLEEP-Death.-Dan. xii. 2. Many that sleep in the dust of the earth
shall awake.

SoDOM and GOMARRAH.-Any apostate city or people: or the wicked
world at large.-Isa. i. 10. Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of
Sodom; give hear unto the law of our God, ye people of Gomorrah
See Rev. xi. 8.

SOLDIER.-A Christian who is at war with the world, the flesh, and
the devil.-2 Tim. ii. 3. Endure hardness as a good soldier of Jess
Christ.

SORES, or ULCERS, symbolically denote sins; because, according to
the Hebrew idiom and notions, to heal signifies to pardon sins; and
to pardon a sin is equivalent to healing.-2 Chron. xxx. 20. The
pious monarch, Hezekiah, having prayed that God would excuse
and pardon those who had eaten the passover without being off-
ciently purified, the LORD hearkened to Hezekiah, and healed the
people.-Isa. liii. 5. By his stripes we are healed. In Isa. 1.6.
Wounds, bruises, and sores, are sius; the binding up of them signifies
repentance; and the healing up, remission or forgiveness.
SOUTH-Judæa.-Ezek. xx. 46. Set thy face towards the south, end
drop [thy word] towards the south.-Judæa lay to south of Chaides,
where the prophet Ezekiel stood.
SOUTH FIELD-Ezek. xx. 46. Prophesy against the forest of the South
field; that is, against Jerusalem, in which there were good and bad
men, as there are trees in a forest.
SOWER-A preacher of the word.-Matt. xiii. 3. A sower went forth
to sow. See verse 39.
SPEAKING. See VOICE, 2.
STAR.

1. A ruler or conqueror.-Numb. xxiv. 17.

2.

There shall come a sta
out of Jacob and a sceptre shall arise out of Israel, and shall smite the
corners of Moab, and shall destroy all the children of Sheth.—See sü
exposition of this prophecy in the note to p. 208 of this volume.
The rulers of the church.-Rev. i. 20.
The seven stars are the

angels of the seven churches.

3. Glorified saints.-1 Cor. xv. 41. One star differeth from another
star in glory.

4.

Wandering stars. Jude. 13. Wicked apostates, that go from light

into outer darknss.
STONE.

1. Head stone of the corner—.
-JESUS CHRIST. See CORNER STONE
2. Stone of stumbling. (1 Pet. ii. 7.) spoken of Jesus Christ; whe
termed a stone of stumbling, that is, an occasion of ruin to the Jews,
since they took offence at his person and character, and thereby
brought destruction and misery upon themselves.
3. Stones.-Believers who are built upon the true foundation, the
Lord Jesus Christ.-1 Pet. ii. 5. Ye also as lively (or living) stones
are built up a spiritual house.

hard, stubborn, and unbelieving heart.-Ezek. |
ke away the stony heart.

stone. Habak. ii. 19. Woe unto him that saith
wake!" and to the dumb stone, "Arise!" and it

ill pardon and acquittal.-Rev. ii. 17. I will give
See an explanation of the custom alluded to, in
Cor. iii. 12.), the doctrines of the Christian re-
of teaching them.

Psal. lxxxiv. 11. The Lord God is a Sun.
ness.-Jesus Christ.-Mal. iv. 2. The SUN OF
all arise with healing in his wings.
ieroglyphics discovered by Dr. Richardson in the
it temple of Tentyra or Dendera, in Upper Egypt,
illustrate this expression of the prophet.-Im-
e centre of the door-way," says he, "is the beau-
ament, usually called the globe, with serpent and
c of the glorious sun, poised in the airy firmament
rted and directed in his course by the eternal
ity. The sublime phraseology of Scripture, The
ess shall arise with healing in his wings, could not
y or more emphatically represented to the human
elegant device." [Dr. Richardson's Travels along
n, &c. vol. i. p. 187.]

1. Men in general, fruitful and unfruitful.-Psal. i. 3. He (the good
man) shall be like a tree, planted by rivers of water.-Matt. iii. 10.
Every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit, is hewn down, and
cast into the fire.

2. A great tree.-A king or monarch. See Dan. iv. 20-23.
3. The nobles of a kingdom.-Isa. x. 18, 19. It shall consume the
glory of his forest, and of his fruitful field both soul and body....
And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few. [See CEDARS,
OAKS.] As trees denote great men and princes, so boughs, branches,
or sprouts, denote their offspring. Thus, in Isa. xi. 1., Jesus Christ,
in respect of his human nature, is styled a rod of the stem of Jesse,
and a branch out of his roots; that is, a prince arising from the
family of David.

VEIL of the Temple.—The body of Christ opening the kingdom of
heaven by his death, when the veil of the temple was rent.-Matt.
xxvii. 51. The veil of the temple was rent in twain.-Heb. x. 20.
By a new and living way, which he has consecrated for us through the
veil, that is to say, his flesh.

VINE.

The Jewish Church.-Psal. lxxx. 8. Thou broughtest a vine out of
Egypt. See also verse 14. Jer. ii. 21. Ezek. xix. 10. Hos. x. 1.
2. Christ the head of the church.--John xv. 1. I am the true vine.
VINEYARD.-The church of Israel.--Isa. v. 1-7. The vineyard of
the LORD of Hosts is the house of Israel.

VIPER. One who injures his benefactors. Matt. iii. 7. xii. 34. O
generation of vipers, that is descendants of an ungrateful race.
VOICE.

1. Voice of the bridegroom.-The festivity of a wedding, and the ex-
pressions of joy which are uttered on such occasions.-Jer. vii. 34.
Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from the
streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the
voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride. The same ex-
pression also occurs in Jer. xvi 9. xxv. 10. xxxiii. 11. and John iii.

nes, and pleasures of life.-Luke viii. 14. That
g thorns, are they, which, when they have heard the
and are choked with cares, and riches, and pleasures

ers; wicked, perverse, and untractable persons.-
of man, be not afraid of them....though briers and
See NUMBERS.

ee.

truction.-Jer. li. 33. Babylon is like a threshing.
to thresh her; that is, to subdue and destroy her
a. xli. 15. Amos i. 3. Micah iv. 13. Hab. iii. 12.
om, government.-Gen. xli. 40. Only in the throne
than thou. In 2 Sam. iii. 10. kingdom and throne are
o translate the kingdom from the house of Saul-and
one of David over Israel. The setting of the throne
2, 13. 16. signifies the settling or establishment of the
peace; and the enlargement of the throne, in 1
pared with 47., implies a great accession of power

voice of God.-Psal. xxix. 3. The voice of the LORD
Ers; the God of glory thundereth. In Rev. x. 4. the
may mean either a particular prophecy, or perhaps
prophecies, uttered by seven voices, loud as thun-

tresses; defenders and protectors, whether by coun-
th, in peace or in war.-Isa. ii. 12. 15. The day of
osts shall be..... upon every high tower, and every
fortress).

h child.

guish and misery.-Jer. iv. 31. I have heard a voice
n in travail, the anguish as of her that bringeth forth
the voice of the daughter of Zion.-Jer. xiii. 21. Shall
ertake thee as a woman in travail? See also Isa. xxvi.
7. Jer. xxx. 6. 7.

of tribulation or persecution.-Mark xiii. 8. These are
=of sorrows, literally, the pains of a woman in travail.

v. 3.

Or trample upon.-To overcome and bring under sub-
1. Ix. 12. Through God we shall do valiantly; for it is
read down our enemies. See Isa. x. 6
xiv. 25.

29.

Speaking with a faint voice, denotes the being in a weak and low
condition.-Isa. xxix. 4. Thou shall be brought down, and shall speak
out of the ground; and thy speech shall be low out of the dust.
3. Voice of the Lord. See THUNDER.

your

WALKING among, or in the midst.-Watchfulness and protection.-
Lev. xxvi. 12. I will walk among you, and will be God.
WALL-Stability and safety.-Zech. ii. 5. I will be unto her a wall
of fire round about; that is, I will defend her from all enemies with-
out, by my angels, as so many flames of fire surrounding her.
WAND. See ROD.

WANDERING Stars. See STARS.
WASHING with water.-Purification from sin and guilt.-Psal. li. 2. 7.
Wash me throughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me from my
sin. Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.
WATER.

1. The purifying grace of the Holy Spirit.-John iii. 5. Except a man
be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom
of God. See also Psal. li. 2.

2. Living water-The word of the Gospel.-John iv. 10. He would
have given thee living water.

WATERS.

1. Troubles and afflictions.-Psal. Ixix. 1. Save me, O God: for the
waters are come in unto my soul.

2.

3.

A great multitude of people.-Isa. viii. 7. The LORD bringeth up
upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, i. e. army of the
king of Assyria; whose overwhelming force is compared to the
waters of the great, rapid, and impetuous river Euphrates. See
Rev. xvii. 15.

The Blessings of the Gospel.-Isa. lv. 1. Ho! every one that
thirsteth, come ye to the waters.

WAVES of the Sea.-Numerous armies of the heathens marching
against the people of God.-Psal. lxv. 7. Which stillest the noise of
the seas, the noise of their waves. See also Psal. lxxxix. 9. and xciii
3. 4. Jude 13. Raging waves of the sea.

WEEK.-Seven years.-Dan. ix. 24. Seventy weeks are determined
upon thy people; that is, seventy weeks of years, or four hundred and
ninety years.

WHEAT. Good seed, the children of the kingdom. Matt. xiii. 38.
WHITE. See GARMENTS, 1.; HORSE, 3.; STONE, 5.
WILDERNESS.

1. All manner of desolation.-Isa xxvi. 10. The defenced city shall
be desolate, and the habitation forsaken and left like a wilderness.
Jer. xxii. 6. Surely I will make thee a wilderness [and] cities [which]
are not inhabited. See also Hos. ii. 3.

2. This world, through which all real Christians pass, and undergo all
the trials of the Hebrews in their way to the heavenly Canaan.-1
Cor. x. 5. 6. They were overthrown in the wilderness. Now these
things were our examples.-Isa. xli. 18. I will make the wilderness
a pool of water.