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nd defended the doctrines of the Gospel. some he is thought to have been a Jewish o had a public school at Ephesus; while probability, suppose that he was a Greek apostle taught for two successive years in had ceased to preach in the synagogues. I city and sea-port of Phoenicia, that boasted quity, which is recognised by the prophet at which is variously estimated by profane dant accounts this is not the place to adjust en in the time of Joshua it was strongly led the strong city Tyre. (Josh. xix. 29.) nsular and continental. Insular Tyre was ancient, for it was noticed by Joshua: the wever, as being more commodiously situated, ideration, and assumed the name of PalaWant of sufficient attention to this disrassed both the Tyrian chronology and Tyre was confined to a small rocky island, s long and four hundred broad, and could miles in circumference. But Tyre, on the at half a mile from the sea, was a city of any centuries after its demolition by Nebutered ruins measured nineteen miles round, iny and Strabo. Of these, the most curious the cisterns of Ras-el-Ain, designed to supply , of which there are three still entire, about from the sea; so well described by Maunbus construction and solid masonry. "The waters," says he, after the description, "are e contriver of them. According to common illed from a subterraneous river, which king by his great sagacity; and he caused these e as part of his recompense to king Hiram, rnished by that prince towards building the n. It is certain, however, from their rising so el of the ground, that they must be brought the mountains, which are about a league discertain that the work was well done at first; its office so well, at so great a distance of aving broken an outlet on the west side of the ich there issues a stream like a brook, driving ween it and the sea." From these cisterns luct which led to the city, supported by arches, om the ground, running in a northerly direcr, when it turns to the west, at a small mount, od a fort, but now a mosque, which seems to of the old city; and thence proceeds over the ects Insular Tyre with the main, built by ne besieged and took it.

tood the mighty Assyrian power, having been by Shalmaneser, for five years, although he cut f water from the cisterns, which they remedied within the city. It afterwards held out. for inst Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, and n; but not until the Tyrians had removed their lar town, and left nothing but the bare walls to he demolished. What completed the decity was, that Alexander afterwards made use 5 to build a prodigious causeway, or isthmus, long, to the insular city, which revived, as the ashes of the old, and grew to great power and aritime state; and which he stormed after a ge of five months. Bp. Pococke observes, that gns of the ancient city; and as it is a sandy every thing is altered, and the great aqueduct almost buried in the sand.” (Vol. ii. p. 81.) lfilled the prophecy of Ezekiel: Thou shalt be hough thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never (xxvi. 21.)

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sular Tyre has been no less remarkable; when ed the city, he set fire to it. This circumstance Tyre did build herself a strong-hold, and heaped dust, and fine gold as the mire of the streets. I will cast her out, and he will smite her power he shall be devoured with fire." (Zech. ix. 3, 4.) le calamity, Tyre again retrieved her losses. ears after, she had recovered such a share of her ce and opulence, as enabled her to stand a siege

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of fourteen months against Antigonus, before he could reduce the city. After this, Tyre fell alternately under the dominion of the kings of Syria and Egypt, and then of the Romans, until it was taken by the Saracens, about A. D. 639, retaken by the Crusaders, A. D. 1124; and at length sacked and razed by the Mamelukes of Egypt, with Sidon, and other strong towns, tha they might no longer harbour the Christians, A. D. 1289. (Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. pp. 442-444.) The population of modern Tyre is estimated at 7000; of whom 1600 are Christians having places of worship, and about two hundred are Jews, who have a synagogue. (Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 77.)

From Sidon to Tyre is generally one continued plain, varying from 300 to 1000 yards in width. Nearer to Tyre, it becomes considerably wider; and forms to the east of that city, on every side, a rich and pleasing country. About Ras-el-Ain, in particular, the meadows, variegated by streamlets, are very picturesque, and capable of being rendered highly productive. (Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, p. 297.)

The following description of the modern town of Surat, by a recent intelligent traveller, will give the reader a lively idea of the splendour of ancient Tyre in the days of her commercial prosperity, as delineated by the prophet Ezekiel (xxvii. 3.) :— "The bazaars, filled with costly merchandise, picturesque and interesting groups of natives on elephants, camels, horses, and mules; strangers from all parts of the globe, in their respective costume; vessels building on the stocks, others navigating the river; together with Turks, Persians, and Armenians, on Arabian chargers; European ladies in splendid carriages, the Asiatic females in hackeries drawn by oxen; and the motley appearance of the English and nabob's troops on the fortifications, remind us of the following description of Tyre: 0 thou that art situate,, &c. (Ezek. xxvii. 3.) This is a true picture of Oriental commerce in ancient times; and a very exact description of the port and the bazaars of Surat, at the present day." (Forbes's Oriental Memoirs, vol. i. p. 244.)

"Numerous beautiful columns, stretched along the beach, or standing in fragments half buried in the sand that has been accumulating for ages, the broken aqueduct, and the ruins which appear in its neighbourhood, exist, as an affecting monument of the fragile and transitory nature of earthly grandeur." (Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, Appendix, p. 422.) See also his Christian Researches in Syria, pp. 131— 141.; and for other testimonies of modern travellers relative to the actual state of Tyre, see Vol. I. pp. 124, 125. supra. On the commerce of the Tyrians with the Hebrews, see pp. 187, 188. of this volume.

UNBLOODY SACRIFICES, 119.

UNCLEAN PERSONS, who were such, 133.

UPHAZ, a country rich in gold, the situation of which is no where pointed out. Calmet supposed it to be the same with Ophir. (Dan. x. 5. Jer. x. 9.)

UPPER GARMENTS, form of, 156.

Un of the Chaldees, a city of Mesopotamia, the dwellingplace of Terah and Abraham; which the latter was ordered to quit. (Gen. xi. 28.) By faith he obeyed, and went out not knowing whither he was going. (Heb. xi. 8.) Ur was subsequently called Edessa, by the Macedonians; and by the Turks, Orfah. Mr. Buckingham has given a long and interesting description of its present state. (Travels in Mesopotamia, vol. i. pp. 121—191.)

URIM and THUMMIM, what. See p. 114.

Uz, land of (Job i. 1.), is Idumæa. Here Job dwelt. Compare p. 231.

UZZIAH, also called Azariah, a king of Judah, who succeeded his father Amaziah, when he was only sixteen years of age. The commencement of his reign was auspicious for his piety and zeal for the worship of God; but, afterwards, presuming to take upon him the sacerdotal office, he was struck with a leprosy; and he continued without Jerusalem, separated from other men, until his death, B. c. 758. (2 Kings xiv. 21, 22. xv. 1—7.)

VALLEY of Ajalon, 31. Berachah or Blessing, Ibid. Bochim, 32. Elah, Ibid. Hinnom, Ibid. Jehoshaphat, Ibid. Mamre, 31. Rephaim, Ibid. Salt. Ibid. Sharon, 32. Shaveh, 31. Siddim, Ibid.

VEGETABLES, grown in Palestine, 35-37.
VEILS of the Hebrew women, 157.

VESTMENTS of the priests, 113. Of the high-priest, 113, 114

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3. The son of Berechiah, and the last but one of the mins prophets. For an analysis of his predictions, see pp. 287, 298 4. A priest of the class of Abia, the father of John the Bap tist. (Luke i.)

ZEDEKIAH, the name of the last king of Judah, to whom t was given by Nebuchadnezzar instead of his former name of Mattaniah. He revolted against the king of Babylon, who besieged and captured Jerusalem, caused the children of Zede kiah to be slain before his face, put out his eyes, and commanded him to be sent to Babylon. (2 Kings xxiv. 17. Jer. xxii. 4 lii. 4—11.)

ZEMARITE (Gen. x. 18.), the name of a Syrian people, why according to Calmet and others, dwelt in Simyra, a city d Phoenicia.

ZEPHANIAH, the son of Cushi, the ninth of the minor prophets who lived in the time of Josiah king of Judah. For an analys of his predictions, see p. 272.

ZERAH, king of Egypt, and contemporary with Asa king of Judah, is in Scripture termed an Ethiopian or Cushite; an ap

WELLS, in Palestine, account of, 28. The stopping of them pellation which perhaps marks the origin of the dynasty to which up an act of hostility, ibid.

WHEAT, abundance of, in Palestine, 35.
WHIRLWINDS in Palestine, 38, 39.

WIDOWS, portion of, 164.

WILDERNESS, in Palestine, account of, 33, 34. WINES of the Jews, 179.

WINTER, in Palestine, account of, 23, 24. WITHERED HAND, what disease intended by, 197.

he belonged. He invaded Judaa at the head of an immense army, which was met by Asa in the valley of Mareshah, in the tribe of Judah, and totally discomfited. Interpreters have long been perplexed to ascertain where the dominions of Zerah were situated; some supposing him to be a king of Cushite Arabia (though there is no evidence that that country then had power ful sovereigns), while others have imagined that he was king of Abyssinia or African Ethiopia, but without being able to expan

WITNESSES, examination of, 56. Punishment of false wit- how he could have traversed Egypt, in order to penetrate int nesses, 64, 65.

WORSHIP of the Temple and in the Synagogue, 104-106. Allusions to the idolatrous worship of the heathens explained, 140-142.

WOUNDS, treatment of, 195.

Judæa. All these difficulties are now removed. The name d this king exists on ancient monuments; and the Zerah of Scripture is the Osorchon or Osoroth of the Egyptian Est and legends, the second king of the twenty-second dynasty, the son and successor of Shishak, who was contemporary with

WRITING of the Jews, and materials used for this purpose, Rehoboam. 181-183.

XYLOPHORIA, Or, feast of wood-offering, 128.

YEARS (Jewish), civil and ecclesiastical, account of, 74. Calendar of the Jewish year, 75, 76. Years of plants and beasts, 14. Sabbatical year, 128. Year of jubilee, 128, 129.

ZABULON, OF ZERULON, the tenth son of Jacob, born of Leah, who gave his name to one of the twelve tribes of Israel; for the limits allotted to which, see p. 17.

ZACCHEUS, a chief collector or receiver-general of the customs or taxes; who entertained Jesus Christ at his house, and became his disciple. (Luke xix. 1-8.)

ZAPHNATH-PAANEAH, the name given by Pharaoh to Joseph (Gen. xli. 45.), which in the margin of our larger Bibles is rendered, a revealer of secrets, or the man to whom secrets are revealed; this is the interpretation given in the Chaldee paraphrase, the Syriac and Arabic versions, and by Kimchi. It has, however, been ascertained to be the Coptic or Egyptian word Joph-te-peneh, which, according to Louis Picques and Jablonski, signifies salus mundi, the salvation of the world, referring most probably to the preservation of Egypt from famine by the wise counsels of Joseph; and which in the Septuagint version is rendered by boμm and Yorμm. This interpretation of Picques and Jablonski is approved by M. Quatremère. (Jablonski, Opuscula, ed. a Te Water, tom. i. pp. 207-216. Quatremère, Recherches sur la Langue et Littérature de l'Egypte, p. 74.) ZAREPHATH. See SAREPTA, p. 449. ZEALOTS, a Jewish sect, notice of, 148. ZEBEDEE, the husband of Salome, and father of the apostles

James and John.

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ZERUBBABEL or ZOROBABEL, the son of Salathiel, of the royal house of David, was appointed chief of those Jews who, by the permission of Cyrus, came from Babylon, at the comencement of that prince's reign. He laid the foundation of the temple, and restored the Mosaic worship. It is not known when this great man and pious ruler died.

ZIDON. See SIDON, p. 450. supra.

ZIF, the eighth month of the civil year of the Jews, and the second of their ecclesiastical year. For a notice of the festivals, &c. in this month, see p. 267.

ZIKLAG, a city which Achish, king of Gath, gave to Davi while he took shelter in the land of the Philistines, and which afterwards remained as a domain to the kings of Judah. (1 Sam xxvii. 6.) It was taken and plundered by the Amalekites during David's absence: it was situated in the extreme parts of the tribe of Judah, southward.

ZIMRI, the fifth king of Israel, commander of one half of the cavalry of Elath, assassinated his master, usurped his throne, and destroyed all the branches of the royal family. His reign lasted only a week: in consequence of his having neglected to secure the army, they chose Omri king of Israel, who besieged him in Tirzah; and Zimri, finding his capital taken, set the royal palace on fire, and perished in the flames. (1 Kings xvi. 9-20)

ZIN, a desert in the south of Palestine towards Idumas. (Num. xiii. 21. xx. 1. xxxiv. 3, 4. Josh. xv. 1. 3.)

ZION, the more elevated southernmost mountain, and uppe part of the city of Jerusalem. In the poetical and prophetical books it is often used for Jerusalem itself.

ZIPH, a city of Judah (Josh. xv. 24.), near Hebron, eastward Its modern name is Sephoury. It was a place of rendezvous fer armies during the crusades; and at a short distance from it is celebrated fountain. (Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 40.) ZIPH, wilderness of, 34.

ZOAN, an ancient city in Lower Egypt; according to the Sep tuagint and Targums, it is Tanis on the eastern mouth of the Nile. (Num. xiii. 22. Isa. xix. 11. 13. xxx. 4. Ezek. xxx. 14)

ZOAR, a city on the southern extremity of the Dead Ses (Gen. xiii. 10. xix. 22. 30. Isa. xv. 5. Jer. xlviii. 34.) Its more ancient name was Bela.

ZOBAн, a city in Mesopotamia, otherwise called Nesibin, Nis bis, Antiochia, Mygdonia. (1 Sam. xiv. 47. 2 Sam. viii. 3. xx 36.) Its territory is denominated Aram of Zobah: it was the residence of a king who, in the time of David, carried on considerable wars with Israel.

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isidia.-Page 406. col. 2. after "city," last line therto, on the authority of D'Anville and other aphers, this Antioch has been considered to oche modern town of Aksher, (the ancient PhiloRev. F. V. J. Arundell, by whom it was discoer 1833, after it had been long lost to the trathat it was at Yalobatz, a place several miles to sher. The site and present state of this once e minutely described by Mr. A. The remains educt, twenty-one arches of which are perfect, of a theatre, acropolis, and of a temple of Bacth the ruins of two if not more extensive Chrisest the ancient magnificence of Antioch. (Disp. 267-312.)

408. col. 1. after line 18. read :-It is of stupenwas inaccessible, to the summit, until Prothe University of Dorpat, on the 27th of Sep29, after repeated failures, overcame every impeconometrical measurement he ascertained that the pal peak is 16,254 Paris feet above the level of scribes the summit as being a slightly convex, latform, about 200 Paris feet in diameter, which declines pretty steeply on all sides. He subsed the little Ararat, which is above 13,100 feet -f the sea. The entire upper region of the mounwith perpetual snow and ice: and the magnitude k is annually increasing in consequence of the on of ice. The eternal snows upon its summit m vast avalanches, which precipitate themselves with a sound not unlike that of an earthquake. ASHKELON, page 409. col. 1. after last line but erous ruins attest its ancient strength; its walls , and at present not a single inhabitant is to be s literally fulfilling the prophecies of Jeremiah, Zechariah:-Ashkelon is cut off (Jer. xlvii. 5.), be a desolation (Zeph. ii. 4.), Ashkelon shall not Zech. ix. 5.)

ge 409. col. 2. after "Persia," line 12. add:-RoGeogr. vol. ii. p. 120.) states that it "nearly corthe modern Kourdistan or land of the Kourds" predatory nomadic tribe), "with the pachalik of contains about sixteen hundred German miles, and the size of the United Kingdoms of Naples and northern part was very mountainous, but towards generally level, like the neighbouring country of The culture of the soil is promoted by the number h traverse the country, and by the pleasant alternad dale which diversify its surface; while the navi(the Hiddekel of the Hebrews) presents great ommerce. In different parts of the southern division

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there are springs of naphtha. The country abounds in wheat, and in the more esteemed kinds of fruit, as also in wine, cotton, and manna. It was therefore with truth, that the Assyrian commander Rabshakeh called his native country a land, where there is corn and wine, bread, and vineyards, olive oil and honey. (2 Kings xviii. 32. Isa. xxxvi. 17.)" Which account is confirmed by Mr. Rich. (Residence in Kourdistan, vol. i. pp. 13% 142.)

ATHENS, page 411. col. 1. after line 33. add :-Modern Athens suffered severely during the late war with the Turks. It is intended to be the metropolis of the new kingdom of Greece: and the plan of the city has been so arranged, that many of the principal remains of antiquity will be brought into view in one long street, which is to pass through the centre, and finish at the ancient entrance. The present small population is daily increasing. An extensive olive grove in the suburbs affords almost the only article of commerce connected with the place. (Hardy's Notices of the Holy Land, pp. 314—317.)

AZOTUS, or ASHDOD, a city of Judæa, was anciently one of the five cities belonging to the princes of the Philistines. (Josh. xiii. 3. 1 Sam. vi. 17.) In the division of Palestine by Joshua it was allotted to the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 47.); but the possession of it, if not retained, was soon recovered by the Philistines, who three hundred years afterwards, having captured the ark of God, brought it to Ashdod, and deposited it in the temple of their idoldeity Dagon. (1 Sam. v. 1.) Subsequently Uzziah king of Judah, having successfully warred against the Philistines, broke down its walls. (2 Chron. xxvi. 6.) The city was captured by Tartan the Assyrian general, in the time of Hezekiah. (Isa. xx. 1.) After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, the numerous alliances made by them with the women of Ashdod, introduced the worship of false gods into their families; so that the offspring of these marriages spake half in the language of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people. For this crime against the law of God, that most upright and patriotic of religious governors, Nehemiah, contended with them, and made them swear that they would contract no more such idolatrous unions. (Neh. xiii. 23-26.) Ashdod was afterwards captured by Judas Maccabæus (1 Macc. v. 68.), by whose brother Jonathan it was reduced to ashes. (1 Macc. x. 84.) It was evidently a place of great strength and consequence, By the Greeks it was called Azorus. Here Philip the evange list was found, after he had baptized the Ethiopian eunuch at Gaza, which was about thirty miles distant. (Acts viii. 40.) At present Ashdod is an inconsiderable village called Esdud, which exhibits no vestiges of its former splendour. The road to this lies over an undulating surface, partially covered with grain and thistles: it stands on the summit of a grassy hill, with luxuriant pasture around it. (Robinson's Travels in Palestine, vol. i. p. 21.)

BAAL-GAD, a city which was situated in the valley of Lebanon, under Mount Hermon (Josh. xi. 17. xii. 7.): it was one of the places which remained unconquered by the Israelites at the death of Joshua. (Josh. xiii. 5.) By the Greeks and Romans it was afterwards called Heliopolis, and by the modern natives it is called Baalbec, both which names mean the City of the Sun. It is supposed to have been the place called BAAL-HAMON in Sol. Song viii. 11., and also BAALATH in 2 Kings ix. 18. The inhabitants of the country believe that Baal-Gad or Baalbec was erected by Solomon. It stands at the foot of Anti-Libanus, just where the mountain terminates in a plain, and it presents to the traveller a

It is highly probable that this was the site of one of King Solo mon's houses of pleasure, where he made him gardens ana orchards, and pools of water. (Eccles. ii. 5, 6.) In the vicinity of this place was

magnificent spectacle of ruins, among which those of the Temple salem, to which Solomon used to resort. (Ant. Jud. lib. viii. c. 7.) of the Sun are most conspicuous. The splendid work of Messrs. Wood and Dawkins, published at London in 1753, and reprinted in 1827, will convey some idea of the magnificence of these remains of ancient art; of which some accurate views will be found in the " Landscape Illustrations of the Bible," edited by the author of this work. The population of Baalbec, which in 1751 was five thousand, in 1835 was reduced to two hundred persons. The modern town consists of a number of mean huts, and a few half-ruined mosques. A description of the ruins of this place, as they appeared in the autumn of 1835, is given by Mr. Addison, in his Damascus and Palmyra, vol. ii. pp. 51-72.; and by Lord Lindsay, as they appeared in the summer of 1837, in his Letters from Egypt, &c., vol. ii. pp. 191–204.

BABEL, the name of a lofty tower, which the descendants of Noah began to build about one hundred and twenty years after the deluge it was so called (Babel signifying confusion), because God there confounded the language of those who were employed in the undertaking. (Gen. x. 10. xi. 9.) Their object was to build a city and a tower, in order to prevent their further dispersion over the earth. But, as this was contrary to the divine purpose of replenishing the earth with inhabitants, God caused them to be scattered: the tower was left apparently incomplete: but the foundations of the city were probably laid, and a portion of the builders continued to dwell there.

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BEROTHAI, a town in the territory of Hadadezer, king of Syria, which was conquered by David, and from which he took away much brass. (2 Sam. viii. 8.) Hence it has been inferred that there were mines in its vicinity. It is impossible now accurately to determine its situation. The similarity of the name would lead us to conjecture that Berothai or Berothah was not different from Berytus, the modern Beirut (Beyroot), a seaport town which is still of importance." (Rosenmüller's Bibl. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 266.)

BETHSAIDA, page 414. col. 2. after line 10. of this article, add:-2. The other Bethsaida lay in the region of Gaulonitis, on the eastern side of the sea of Tiberias, and near the place where the river Jordan enters it. This city was enlarged by Philip, who was Tetrarch of that region (Luke iii. 1.), and who called it Julias, in honour of Julia the daughter of the emperor Augustus, though it is not known by that name in the New Testament. This Bethsaida is mentioned in Luke ix. 10., where Jesus is said to have withdrawn himself to a desert place belonging to Bethsaida, after the murder of John the Baptist by Herod; and whence also he is said to have returned across the lake to Capernaum, after he had miraculously fed five thousand men with five loaves and two small fishes. (Matt. xiv. 22-34. John vi. 17.)

Boznaн, a celebrated city of Edom or Idumæa, which was afterwards called Bostra by the Greeks and Romans. It is now "for the most part a heap of ruins, a most dreary spectacle. Here and there the direction of a street or alley is discernible, but that is all the modern inhabitants, a mere handful, are almost lost in the maze of ruins." (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c. vol. ii. p. 151.) In pp. 135-150. his lordship has given a very interesting description of the remains of this once celebrated city, together with a sketch of its ancient history.

CENCHREA, page 416. col. 1. After Acts xviii. 18., line 3. of this article, add-In 1834, the site of ancient Cenchrea was occupied by a single farm-house: close to the sea; and in parts even covered by its waters are the foundations of a variety of buildings, the plans of which may yet be traced, as the walls still remain to the height of from two feet to three feet and a half. (Major Sir G. Temple's Travels in Greece and Turkey, vol. i. p. 57.)

EKRON, page 420. col. 2. After (2 Kings i. 2.), line 8. of this article, add:-The site of this city is not known, thus attesting the literal fulfilment of the prophet Zephaniah (ii. 4.), that Ekron shall be ROOTED UP.

EPHESUS, page 422. col. 1. last line but 6. add:-The soil of the plain, on which the ruins of Ephesus lie, appears rich in the summer of 1835, when visited by Mr. Addison, it was covered with a rank burnt-up vegetation. This place (he states,) is a dreary uncultivated spot: a few corn-fields were scattered along the site of the ancient city, which is marked by some large masses of shapeless ruins and stone walls. (Addison's Damascus and Palmyra, vol. i. pp. 340, 341.)

ETAM.

1. A city in the tribe of Judah between Bethlehem and Tekoah, which was rebuilt and fortified by Rehoboam. (2 Chron. xi. 6.) Josephus says, that there are very pleasant gardens, abounding with water, at Etham, about fifty furlongs or six miles from Jeru

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2. The rock Etam, to which Samson retired after he had burned the harvest of the Philistines. (Judg. xv. 8.) GADARA, page 423. col. 2. after last line but 13. add:-The ruins of the ancient city are very considerable. "Besides the foundations of a whole line of houses, there are two theatres n the north and west sides of the town, - the former quite de stroyed, but the latter in very tolerable preservation, and very handsome. Near it the ancient pavement, with wheel-tracks of carriages, is still visible. Broken columns and capitals lie in every direction." (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Edom, &c., vol. ii. p. 97.)

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GATH-HEPHER, the birth-place of the prophet Jonah (2 Kings xiv. 25.), was a town in the allotment of the tribe of Zebulon (Josh. xix. 13.) It was probably situated in the land of Hepher, mentioned in 1 Kings iv. 10. GEBAL.

1. Gebal, Mount, see p. 30.

2. Gebal, a Phoenician city between Tripoli and Beyroot, situ ated on a hill, and inhabited by mariners and builders. Its caulkeri are specially mentioned in Ezek. xxvii. 9., where its chiefs are termed wise men. The Arabs still call it Djeble and Djobail. 3. Gebal (the Gebalene of the Romans), was a mountainous district, inhabited by the Edomites, and extending from the Dead Sea southwards to Selah or Petra. It is mentioned in Psal. lxxxiii. 8. By the Arabs it is called Djebál.

GESHUR, a district of Syria, bordering north of the Hebrew territory (2 Sam. xv. 8. 1 Chron. ii. 23.), and situated on the eastern side of the river Jordan, between Mount Hermon, Ma chah, and Bashan. (Deut. iii. 13, 14. Josh. xii. 3, 4.) The Ge shurites and Maachathites were not expelled by the Israelites under Joshua. (Josh. xiii. 2. 13.) In the reign of David, Gesher had its own king Talmai, whose daughter Maachah was the mother of the rebel Absalom. (2 Sam. iiì. 3. xiii. 37. xv. 8.) The Geshur signifies a bridge, and corresponds to the Arabic Djist: and in the same region, where (according to the above data,) we must place Geshur, there still exists an ancient stone bridge of four arches over the river Jordan, called Djisr-Beni-Jakub, or the Bridge of the Children of Jacob.

GETHSEMANE, page 425. col. 2. line 12. add:-Although we are informed by Josephus that Titus cut down all the trees within one hundred furlongs of the city, yet it is not improbable that these trees, which are unquestionably of remote antiquity, may have arisen from the roots of the ancient trees; because the olive is very long-lived, and possesses the peculiar property of shooting up again, however frequently it may be cut down. The trees now standing in the garden of Gethsemane are of the species known to botanists as the Olea Europea. Mrs. Bracebridge, from whose sketch the beautiful drawing was made, which is given in the "Landscape Illustrations of the Bible," states that they are wild olives, and appear pollarded from extreme age; and their stems are very rough and gnarled. "The soil between these trees is bare, without a flower, vegetable, or verdure of any kind growing on it. A footpath intersects the place in an oblique di rection, which is walled off from the rest, and is looked upon as accursed; being that (as it is said,) in which Judas walked when he betrayed his divine Master with a kiss." The view from the garden of Gethsemane is one of the most pleasing in the vicinity of Jerusalem. (Robinson's Travels in Palestine, vol. i. p. 122, Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c.. vol. ii. p. 61.) HALAH, a province of Assyria, into which Shalmaneser transported part of the ten tribes. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11.)

HARAN, page 427. col. 1. after line 42. add:-Haran is enumerated among the towns which had been taken by the predeces sors of Sennacherib king of Assyria (1 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxv 12.); and it is also mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii. 23.), among the places which traded with Tyre. Haran was favourably situated for commerce, inasmuch as the great road, which led from the Euphrates to the countries of the east, branched off in twe directions eastward to Nisibis and Assyria, and southward into Babylonia. (Rosenmüller's Bib. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 187.)

HELBON, a city of Syria, celebrated for its wines, which formed an important article of commerce. (Ezek. xxviii. 18.) In the apocryphal second book of Maccabees (xiii. 4.), it is mentioned under the name of Berea, which had been given to it by Seleucus Nicatur, who greatly embellished this city. It is the same as the present Haleb, or, as it is termed by Europeans, Aleppo. In 1822

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hilated by the tremendous earthquake which | (John iv. 5.) After the ruin of Samaria by Shalmaneser, She

Mesopotamia, the same probably which was rah it was situated on a ford of the river gs xviii. 34. xix. 13. Isa. xxxvii. 13.) xth son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), who is supthe father of the Moschi, a people inhabiting gion between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. "When Cain after the murder of his brother, e presence of Jehovah, he settled in the land o the east of Eden. (Gen. iv. 16.) The word Hebrew, wandering, flight, banishment: and s obtained that name from the circumstance of g been condemned by God (Gen. iv. 14.) to -." (Rosenmüller's Biblical Geography, vol. i. mpossible to ascertain its precise situation. hristian of Asia, who being at Rome during -isonment, A. D. 65, basely deserted him, with necessity. (2 Tim. i. 15.)

MESES, a city erected by the Hebrews during Egypt. (Gen. xlvii. 11. Exod. i. 11.) It was and of Goshen, and appears to have been the ntry. Most probably it was the same with tood on the great canal between the Nile and

145. col. 2. line 6. add:-Various ruins, lying stream, attest its ancient splendour. resent aspect" (says Lord Lindsay) "is quite "The poks like the abode of death: the valley stinks one of them was rotting in the stream; and one among the ruins, they were absolutely rection with their dung. That morning's ride ced a sceptic how runs the prophecy. I will able for camels, and the Ammonites a couch8. (Ezek. xxv. 5.) Nothing but the croaking creams of wild birds broke the silence as we alley of desolation." (Letters from Egypt, &c., pp. 113-117. Lord Lindsay has graphically s of Rabbath-Ammon, which is now deserted -uins, who water their flocks at its little river. -cond son of Gomer, and grandson of Japhet n. i. 6.) The region peopled by his descendbe the mountainous range extending from the that part of Asia which is situated on the east But" (Rosenmüller is of opinion) "it is with precision upon any one chain of hills, or th which the Riphath of Scripture may cer-" (Bibl. Geogr. by Morren, vol. i. p. 113.) Exviii. 2, 3. xxxix. 1.), the proper name of a mentioned together with Tubal and Meshech; s says) are doubtless to be understood the Ruscribed by the Byzantine writers of the tenth name of 'Ps, as inhabiting the northern part Iso by Ibn Fosslan, an Arabian writer of the the name Rus, as dwelling upon the river Rha,

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the Saba of the Greek geographer Strabo, was owards the southern part of Arabia, at a distance he Red Sea. The queen of Sheba who visited x. 2. 2 Chron. ix.), appears to have been the region. The tradition of her visit has maing the Arabs, who call her Balkis, and affirm the wife of Solomon. In Matt. xii. 42. she is from the uttermost parts of the earth, to indithe Jewish idiom) that Sheba was a remote

ea.

R, or SHECHEM, a city in the allotment of the near which Jacob bought a field which he gave as buried there. (Gen. xlviii. 22. Josh. xvii. 7. 16.) In its vicinity was Jacob's well or founus Christ conversed with a woman of Samaria.

sect, now reduced to a very small number, still reside there. It is chem became the capital of the Samaritans, a remnant of whose about forty miles north of Jerusalem. Shechem stands in a deGerizim, and is "embowered in groves of the richest verdure— lightful situation at the foot and on the lowest slope of Mount figs, mulberries, olives; one solitary palm tree towering over and yellow blossoms, guarding every plantation." (Lord Lindsay's them; and hedges of the prickly pear, with its fantastic boughs Letters from Egypt, &c. [in 1837], vol. ii. p. 74.) This place is now called Napolose or Nablous (a corruption of its Greek name Neapolis).

tion of the Christians residing here is said to be better than in SMYRNA, page 451. col. 1. last line but 7. add:-The condiany of the sites of the seven churches mentioned in the ApocaSmyrna. Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer. lypse; as if the promise was still in some measure made good to Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (Rev. ii. 10.)

described the ruins of Palmyra, as they appeared in 1835, in his TADMOR, page 453. col. 1. line 21. add:-Mr. Addison has Lindsay, as they appeared in 1837, in his "Letters from Egypt," "Damascus and Palmyra," vol. ii. pp. 284-326.; and Lord &c., vol. ii. pp. 168-178. But the reader who would see these is referred to Messrs. Wood and Dawkins's "Ruins of Palmyra," superb remains of ancient art accurately delineated and described, folio. The modern village of Tadmor, or (as the Arabs call it) which were first published at London in 1753, in one volume Thadmor, contains 12 or 15 families, among whom there are not more than 20 able-bodied men: their chief wealth consists of a few herds of goats and dromedaries, with poultry. (Addison, vol. ii. p. 333.)

ried captive. (Ezek. iii. 15.) Gesenius and Rosenmüller think it TEL-ABIB, a place to which some of the Israelites were carnot improbably to be the place now called Thelabba, in Mesopotamia, on the river Chebar.

2 Kings xix. 12. and Isa. xxxvii. 12. Its precise situation has THELASAR, OF TELASAR, a province of Assyria, mentioned in not been ascertained: but it is supposed to be towards Armenia Euphrates, from the circumstance of the children of Eden inand Mesopotamia, and about the sources of the rivers Tigris and habiting that country.

in ruins by the earthquake which devastated Syria, on Jan. 1. TIBERIAS, page 454. col. 1. line 19. add:-This town was left 1837: its walls were cast down to the ground, its towers split asunder, and their galleries laid open. (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c. [in 1837], vol. ii. p. 88.)

Euphrates, which was the frontier town of the north-eastern exTIPSAH, an important city on the western bank of the river tremity of Solomon's dominions: it is a day's journey to the east of Tadmor or Palmyra. Here was a celebrated passage or ferry over the Euphrates. (1 Kings iv. 24.) By the ancients it was called Thapsacus: its modern name is El Deir.

from Gomer the son of Japhet. (Gen. x. 3.) This country
TOGARMAH, the name of a northern region and people sprung
xxvii. 14.) Most probably it was Armenia, part of which coun-
abounded in horses, which were sold to the Tyrians. (Ezek.
try was celebrated for its horses. Such also is the opinion of the
modern Armenians themselves, who claim Torgom the son of
Gomer as the founder of their nation, and call themselves the
House of Torgom.

descendants are supposed to have peopled a region of Asia Minor,
TUBAL, OF THURAL, the fifth son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), whose
near the Euxine Sea, on the west of Meshech. Compare Rosen
müller's Biblical Geography, vol. i. pp. 130, 131.

kingdom of Syria, whose sovereign carried on war with Saul and
ZOBAн, or ARAM-ZOBAH, was the name of a city and petty
David. (1 Sam. xiv. 47. 2 Sam. viii. 3. x. 6.) It seems to have
been situated near Damascus, and not only to have included the
city Hamath (2 Chron. viii. 3.), but also to have extended towards
the Euphrates. (2 Sam. viii. 3.)

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