E PRINCIPAL PERSONS, NATIONS, COUNTRIES, AND PLACES,

MENTIONED IN THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.

piled from the works of Calmet, Reland, Wells, Chompré, Gesenius, Schleusner, Robinson (of Andover, N. A.), Serieys, an, Drs. Whitby, Hales, and Parish, M. Anquetil, and various other writers and commentators, who have treated on Biography, and Geography; and also from the Travels in Palestine and Asia Minor, of Bishop Pococke, the Rev. Dr. Lieutenant-colonel Leake, the Hon. Capt. Keppel, Captains Irby and Mangles, the Rev. Messrs. W. Jowett, Connor, rundell, Messrs. Buckingham and Carne, and of Dr. Robert Richardson, who explored various parts of the East, in e Rt. Hon. the Earl of Belmore, in the years 1816-1818. Those names of persons and places only are omitted which in the Bible, and of which nothing more is known than appears in the passages where they occur.

AB

n of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi was born three years before his brother Moses. silent respecting every thing which preceded his okesman or interpreter of Moses before Pharaoh, From this time (the eighty-third year of his the associate of Moses in all the transactions of til his death on Mount Hor, B. c. 1452, in the wenty-third year of his age, and in the fortieth Beparture of the Israelites from Egypt. (Num. Aaron was the first high-priest of the Jews; ed in the pontifical office and dignity by his son x. 6.) For an account of Aaron's conduct in golden calf, see p. 136. of this volume. nth month of the civil year of the Jews, and the their ecclesiastical year. For the festivals and y the Jews in this month, see p. 76. Heb.), or APOLLYON (Gr.), that is, the Destroyer: angel of the bottomless pit. (Rev. ix. 11.) PHARPAR, two rivers of Damascus, mentioned in The valley of Damascus, which lay between nti-Libanus, was watered by five rivers, of which two principal. Both descended from Mount Herharpar flowed by the walls of Damascus: the through the city, and divided it into two parts. e not now to be distinguished. 3 E

AB

ABARIM, mountains of, notice of, 31.

governed the Israelites eight years. He had forty sons and thirty
APDON, one of the judges of Israel; he succeeded Elon, and
grandsons, who rode on seventy asses.
thon, in the land of Ephraim. (Judg. xii. 13-15.)
He was buried in Pira-
allotted to the tribe of Asher, and given to the Levites of the
ABDON, the name of a Levitical city, situated in the canton
family of Gershon.

officer to Azariah, one of Daniel's companions. He was thrown
ABEDNEGO, a Chaldee name, given by the king of Babylon's
into a fiery furnace, with Shadrach and Meshach, for refusing to
adore the statue erected by the command of Nebuchadnezzar;
(Dan. iii.)
but both he and his companions were miraculously preserved.

ABEL, the second son of Adam, and the first shepherd: he
his sacrifice, offered in faith, was accepted by God, being (it is
was murdered by his elder brother Cain, through envy; because
was rejected. (Gen. iv. 2-8. Heb. xi. 4.)
supposed) consumed by celestial fire, while the offering of Cain

ABEL, the name of several cities in Palestine; viz.

part of the canton allotted to the tribe of Naphtali. Hither fled 1. ABEL-BETH-MAACHAH, or ABEL-MAIN, a city in the northern Sheba the son of Bichri, when pursued by the forces of king David; and the inhabitants, in order that they might escape the horrors of a siege, cut off Sheba's head, which they threw over

A D

priest and rulers of the Jews purchased the esus, it was by the providence of God so celdama, that is, the field of blood. (Acts i. B.) The place, which in modern times has vellers as Aceldama, is described by Bishop ng square cavern about twenty-six paces long, apparently about twenty feet deep. It is side, either with the rock or by a wall, and re are six holes in the top, by which a person o it; and through these holes the dead bodies veral sepulchral grottoes are to be seen in the

t.

argest sense, comprehends Greece properly so led on the west by Epirus, on the east by the e north by Macedonia, on the south by Peloeems to be the region intended when Saint o the Roman acceptation, mentions all the , and directs his second Epistle to all the saints - xi. 10.) Thus, what is Achaia, in Acts xix. is, Greece. (Acts xx. 2.) Achaia, strictly so hern region of Peloponnesus, bounded on the of Corinth, on the south by Arcadia, on the and on the west by the Ionian Sea. Of this was the capital.

à of Charmi, of the tribe of Judah; who, coness command of God, had appropriated some out of the spoils of Jericho: for which he, his family, was stoned, and all his effects were re. (Josh. vii. 22.)

ag of Gath, in whose court David took refuge his life being endangered, he feigned madness When war broke out between Saul and the d marched with his army: but the lords of the g apprehensive lest he should turn against them 1 Achish to dismiss him, which accordingly he endations for his fidelity. (1 Sam. xxi.—xxix.) See EcBATANA.

ley in the territory of Jericho, and in the canton Benjamin, where Achan was stoned. (Josh.

daughter of Caleb, who promised her in marriage uld conquer Kirjath-sepher from the Philistines. e place, and married Achsah. (Josh. xv. 16, 17.) city belonging to the tribe of Asher. The king as conquered by Joshua. (xii. 20.) Some writers that Ackshaph is the same as Ecdippa, on the between Tyre and Ptolemais; others, that Ecdippa Josh. xix. 20. under the name of Achzib. The ace, three hours north from Ptolemais, Zib, which here formerly stood Ecdippa. It is probable that Achizib are but different names for the same town. im, who visited this place in January, 1816, found I situated on a hill near the sea, and having a few ing themselves above its dwellings.

, in criminal cases, forms of, 56.

A D

and the remnant of Adama. (Isa. xv. ult.) 'Apw To σμx Μωβ, και Αριηλ, και το καταλο στον "Αδαμα.

ADAR, the twelfth month of the ecclesiastical Jewish year, and the sixth of the civil year. For a notice of the festivals, &c. during this month, see pp. 75, 76.

ADONI-BEZEK (the Lord of Bezek) was the first Canaanitish king conquered by the Israelites after the death of Joshua. He was taken to Jerusalem, where he died, after his toes and thumbs had been cut off, which he owned to be a just retribution of divine providence, in retaliation of what he had himself inflicted upon others. (Judg. i. 7.)

ADONIJAH, the fourth son of king David by Haggith. He aspired to the kingdom before his father's death, but was disappointed of his hopes by the command of David, who ordered Solomon to be proclaimed king. He afterwards desired Abishag, the Shunemite, to wife; this request was not only rejected, but he was ordered to be put to death, as one guilty of treason. (1 Kings ii. 13—25.)

ADONI-ZEDEK (i. e. Lord of Zedek) was king of Zedek, or Jerusalem, and one of the five Canaanitish kings shut up in the cave of Makkedah, whither they fled after their defeat by Joshua; by whose command they were taken out and put to death, and their bodies hung on five trees. (Josh. x.)

ADOPTION, ceremony of, and its effects. 164, 165. ADORAIM, a town in the southern part of the tribe of Judah, which was fortified by Rehoboam. (2 Chron. xi. 9. 11.)

ADORAM, the chief treasurer of Rehoboam, who was sent by that prince, in the commencement of his reign, to the rebellious tribes, to endeavour to reduce them to their allegiance; and perished, the victim of an infuriated populace. (1 Kings xii. 13.) It is uncertain whether this Adoram was the same as Adoniram, who had filled the same office under Solomon. (1 Kings iv. 6.) He might be his son, and one of the young men who gave evil counsels to Rehoboam. However this may be, it was the height of imprudence to send him to the revolted tribes who had complained of the burden of taxes: and hence some expositors have imagined, that Rehoboam sacrificed his chief treasurer in the vain hope that his death would calm the effervescence of popular fury.

ADRAMMELECH, and SHAREZER, sons of Sennacherib, were probably the children of slaves who had no right to the Assyrian throne, and who assassinated their father on his return from his unsuccessful expedition against Hezekiah, at Nineveh, while worshipping in the temple of Nisroch his god: after which they fled into Armenia.

ADRAMMELECH, an idol (probably the sun), worshipped by the inhabitants of Sepharvaim, who caused their children to pass through the fire to it.

ADRAMYTTIUM, a maritime town of Mysia in Asia Minor, over-against the island of Lesbos, situated at the foot of Mount Ida. (Acts xxvii. 1, 2.) It was a colony of the Athenians.

ADRIA is mentioned in Acts xxvii. 27., where, it is to be observed, that when Saint Paul says, that they were tossed in Adria, he does not say in the Adriatic Gulf, which ends with the Illyrian Sea, but in the Adriatic Sea, which, according to Hesychius,

vil and criminal, how determined among the Jews. is the same with the Ionian Sea; and therefore to the question,

7.

ity in the southern part of the canton belonging to adah, not far from the boundaries of Idumæa or xv. 27.)

first man, and the father of the human race, was the dust of the earth, by God himself, who anith a reasonable soul, and formed him after his moral teousness and true holiness. Having transgressed mmand imposed on him by God, in token of his pon Him as lord paramount of the creation, Adam state of happiness in which he had been created, a curse on himself and his posterity, had not God ise of a future Saviour. (Gen. i. ii. iii.) He died,

rs.

How Saint Paul's ship, which was near to Malta, and so, either in the Lybian or Sicilian Sea, could be in the Adriatic! It is well answered, That not only the Ionian, but even the Sicilian Sea, and part of that which washes Crete, was called the Adriatic. Thus, Ptolemy says, that Sicily was bounded on the east by the Adriatic; and that Crete was compassed on the west by the Adriatic Sea; and Strabo says, that the Ionian Gulf is a part of that which, in his time, was called the Adriatic Sea. (Whitby.)

ADRIEL, the son of Barzillai, married Merab, the daughter of Saul (who had first been promised to David, 1 Sam. xviii. 19.), by whom he had five sons, who were given up to the Gibeonites, to be put to death in revenge of Saul's cruelty to them. In 2 Sam. xxi. 8. they are called the sons of Michal; she having adopted them, or else the name of Michal is by mistake put for Merab.

ADMAH, one of the five cities destroyed by fire , on account of the profligate wickedness of their and afterwards overwhelmed by the waters of the ADULLAM, a city in the south part of the canton of the tribe Gen. xix. 24.) It was the most easterly of those of Judah towards the Dead Sea. (Josh. xv. 35.) The king of swallowed up; and there is some probability, either this place was killed by Joshua. (xii. 15.) In a cave in its viot entirely sunk under the waters, or that the subse-cinity David was concealed. (1 Sam. xxii. 1.) Rehoboam rebuilt tants of the country built a city of the same name and fortified this place. (2 Chron. xi. 7.) In the fourth century rn shore of the Dead Sea; for Isaiah, according to it was a considerable town, but it has long since been reduced ys, God will destroy the Moabites, the city of Ar, to ruins.

АН

ANON, or ENON, signifies the place of springs, where John baptized. (John iii. 23.) It is uncertain where it was situated, whether in Galilee, Judæa, or Samaria.

AL ADULTERY, trial of a woman suspected of, 56. consideration, to enter into Absalom's conspiracy! The pride ADUMMIM, a town and mountain belonging to the tribe of of overturning a throne, of which he was the support, and the Benjamin. (Josh. xv. 9. xviii. 17.) hope of reigning himself under the name of Absalom, will, perhaps, account for the conspiracy, but not for the incest which he advised Absalom to commit. Ahithophel was the father of Eliam the father of Bathsheba (2 Sam. xxxiii. 34. xi. 3. 1 Chron. iii. 5.) and there is every reason to think, that he wished to revenge his grand-daughter; particularly when we consider the infamous advice which he gave, his eagerness for pursuing David, and the desire he expressed to smite the king himself. (2 Sam. xvi. 21. xvii. 1, 2.) His suicide was as deliberate as his hatred: he was

ERAS, or ERAS (Jewish), account of, 77.

:

AGABUS, a prophet, who foretold a famine which took place in the land of Judæa, in the fourth year of the reign of Claudius, A. D. 44. (Acts xi. 28.) This famine is mentioned by Suetonius and other profane writers. Agabus also foretold the imprisonment of Paul by the Jews, and his being sent bound to the Gen-one of those men who are as useful friends as they are dangertiles; all which literally came to pass.

AGAG was probably a common appellative for the kings of the Amalekites. One, of this name, was conquered and taken prisoner; and, though condemned according to the law of the interdict, he was spared by Saul. He was put to death at Gilgal by order of Samuel. The fate of Agag has called forth the verbose pity of infidels; who, while they have affected to deplore his fate, have forgotten only one thing, viz. that he had been a cruel and sanguinary tyrant; and that Samuel reproached him for his cruelty before he commanded him to be put to death. (1 Sam. xv.)

AGED PERSONS, laws concerning, 82.

ous enemies, equally able in good and evil, who employ their talents in the service of their passions, do nothing by halves, and are models of guilt or of virtue.

АнOLAH and AHOLI BAH, two fictitious names, employed by the prophet Ezekiel (xxiii. 4.) to denote the two kingdoms of Judah and Samaria. Aholah and Aholibah are represented as two sisters of Egyptian extraction; the former, standing for Jerusalem, the latter for Samaria. Both prostituted themselves to the Egyptians and Assyrians, in imitating their abominations and idolatries; for which reason the LORD abandoned them to those very people, for whom they had evinced so improper an attachment, being carried into captivity, and reduced to the seve

AGRICULTURE of the Jews, 176-178. Agricultural allu- rest servitude by them. sions, 180.

AGRIPPA (Herod),
AGRIPPA (Junior),

52.

AGUR, a wise man to whom the thirtieth chapter of the book of Proverbs is ascribed, otherwise unknown. As the appellative Agura, in Syriac, signifies one who applies himself to the study of wisdom, Gesenius thinks it possible, that the name may be significant and allegorical.

AHAB, a king of Israel, who reigned 22 years, and surpassed all his predecessors in impiety. He was entirely under the influence of his idolatrous wife Jezebel. He died, B. c. 897, of the wounds which he had received in battle with the Syrians, according to the prediction of Micaiah the son of Imlah. (1 Kings xvi.—xxii.)

AHAD, or ACHAD, a Syrian idol, notice of, 137. AHASUERUS, or ARTAXERXES LONGIMANUS, king of Persia, who married Esther. See p. 226, note.

AI, or HAI, a city of ancient Canaan, near Bethel, which was taken by military stratagem, by the Israelites under Joshua. (Josh. vii.)

AJALON, a city in the canton of the tribe of Dan, assigned to the Levites of Kohath's family. It was situated between Timnath and Beth-Shemesh, and is probably the city alluded to in Josh. x. 12. There were three other cities of this name; one in the canton of Benjamin, another in that of Ephraim, not far from Schechem; and the third in the canton of Zebulon; the situation of which is not known.

AJALON, valley of, notice of, 31.

ALEXANDER.-1. A man whose father Simon was compelled to bear the cross of Jesus Christ. (Mark xv. 21.)-2. Another. who had been high-priest, and who was present at the interrogation of the apostles Peter and John, concerning the bealing of the man who had been lame from his birth. (Acts iv. 6.) Some have imagined, that he was the brother of Philo, the celebrated

AHAVA, a river of Babylonia, or of Assyria, where Ezra as-Jewish writer, who flourished in the reign of Caligula.-3. A sembled those captives whom he afterwards brought into Judæa. (Ezra viii. 15.) It is supposed to be that which ran along the regions of Adiabene, where a river Diava, or Adiava, is mentioned, on which Ptolemy places the city Abane or Aavane. This is probably the country called Ava (2 Kings xvii. 24. xviii. 34. xix. 13.), whence the kings of Assyria translated the people called Avites into Palestine; and where, likewise, in their room they settled some of the captive Israelites. Ezra intending to collect as many Israelites as he could, to return with him to Judæa, halted in the country of Ava, or Ahava, whence he sent agents into the Caspian mountains, to invite such Jews as were willing to join him. (Ezra viii. 17.)

AHAZ, king of Judah, son of Jotham, who died, B. c. 726; for his iniquities he was denied a place in the sepulchres of the kings his predecessors. (2 Chron. xxviii.)

AHAZIAH, the son and successor of Ahab, king of Israel: he was as distinguished for his horrid impiety as his father was. He reigned only one year after his father's death. (1 Kings xxii. 52.),

AHAZIAH, king of Judah, the son and successor of Jehoram, by Athaliah; he reigned one year, and received his mortal wound by command of Jehu, and died at Megiddo. (2 Kings viii. 2 Chron. xxiii.)

Jew of Ephesus. At the time of the sedition raised in that city by Demetrius against Paul, the populace in their blind fury seem to have confounded the Christians with the Jews: and the latter being desirous that the mob should direct their vengeance against the believers in Jesus Christ, commissioned Alexander to ha rangue the Ephesians and to plead their cause, but in vain. The Ephesians, as soon as they knew that he was a Jew, refused to listen to him. Beza and Bolten have conjectured that this was the Alexander xnes (the worker in metals, or smith), who did the apostle "much evil.” (1 Tim. iv. 14.) As every male Jew was obliged to learn some trade, this is not improbable. Coquerel, however, thinks that he was one of those venal orators. whose eloquence was always at the command of any that would employ them.-4. A brazier or smith, who made shipwreck concerning the faith (1 Tim. i. 19, 20.), and whom Saint Paul delivered unto Satan; that is, expelled him from the commenion of the Christian church, to be no longer considered as a Christian, but as a subject of Satan's kingdom.

ALEXANDRIA, a celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, A. M. 3673, B. c. 331, and situated between the Mediterranean Sea and the Lake Moeris. Alexandria at present exhibits no vestiges of its former magnificence, except the ruins that surround it, and which are of very remote antiquity. Under the Arabian dynasty, its splendour gradually declined with its commerce. From the neglect of the canals, which anciently AHIMELECH, a priest of Nob, to whom David went, and whom diffused fertility through the surrounding country, and the enSaul commanded to be put to death with other priests for assist-croachments of the sand, the city is now insulated in a desert. ing him. Also a priest, in the reign of David, the son of Abiathar; who is likewise called Abimelech.

АHIJAн, a prophet in the reign of Jeroboam I., who dwelt at Shiloh, and foretold the death of his son Abijah.

and exhibits no vestiges of those delightful gardens and cultivated fields, which subsisted even to the time of the Arabian conquest. The commerce of ancient Alexandria was very extensive, espe cially in corn (Egypt being considered the granary of Rome), which was exported in vessels of considerable burden; so that the centurion could easily meet with a ship of Alexandria, laden with corn, sailing into Italy. (Acts xxvii. 6.) Alexandria was the native place of Apollos. (Acts xviii. 24.)

AHITHOPHEL, an eminent counsellor in the reign of David, so distinguished for his prudence and wisdom, that his advice equally obtained the confidence of the people and the monarch. He joined the conspiracy of the rebel Absalom against David: but, finding his profligate but crafty counsel disregarded, he went to his house at Gillo, hanged himself, and was buried in the sepulchre of his fathers. It has been asked, What motive could in- ALPHEUS, the father of James the Less (Matt. x. 3. Mark iii. 18. Juce a privy counsellor of David, who was held in such high | Luke vi. 15. Acts i. 13.), and the husband of Mary, the sister of