saida, Gadara, Gerasa, Geshur, and Jabesh-Gilead. This tribe was greatly indebted to the bravery of Jair, who took threescore cities, besides several small towns or villages, which he called Havoth-Jair, or the Dwellings of Jair. (1 Chron. ii. 23. Num. xxxii. 41.)

The remaining nine tribes and a half were settled on the western side of the Jordan.

The canton of the tribe of JUDAH was bounded on the east by the Dead Sea; on the west, by the tribes of Dan and Simeon, both of which lay between it and the Mediterranean Sea; on the north, by the canton of the tribe of Benjamin; and on the south, by Kadesh-Barnea, and the Desert of Paran or Zin. Judah was reckoned to be the largest and most populous of all the twelve tribes; and its inhabitants were the most valiant; it was also the chief and royal tribe, from which, in subsequent times, the whole kingdom was denominated. The most remarkable places or cities in this tribe were Adullam, Azekah, Bethlehem, Bethzor, Debir or Kiriath-sepher, Emmaus, Engedi, Kiriatharba or Hebron, Libnah, Makkedah, Maon, Massada, Tekoah, and Ziph.

The inheritance of the tribes of DAN and of SIMEON was within the inheritance of the tribe of Judah, or was taken out of the portion at first allotted to the latter. The boundaries of these two tribes are not precisely ascertained; though they are placed by geographers to the north and south-west of the canton of Judah, and consequently bordered on the Mediterranean Sea. The principal cities in the tribe of Dan, were Ajalon, Dan or Lesham, Eltekeh, Eshtaol, Gath-rimmon, Gibbethon, Hirshemesh, Joppa, Modin, Timnath, and Zorah. The chief cities in the tribe of Simeon, were Ain, Beersheba, Hormah, and Ziklag.

The canton allotted to the tribe of BENJAMIN lay between the tribes of Judah and Joseph, contiguous to Samaria on the north, to Judah on the south, and to Dan on the west, which last parted it from the Mediterranean. It did not contain many cities and towns, but this defect was abundantly supplied by its possessing the most considerable, and the metropolis of all the city of Jerusalem. The other places of note in this tribe were Anathoth, Beth-el, Gibeah, Gibeon, Gilgal, Hai, Mizpeh, Ophrah, and Jericho.

To the north of the canton of Benjamin lay that allotted to the tribe of EPHRAIM, and that of the other HALF TRIBE OF MANASSEH. The boundaries of these two districts cannot be ascertained with precision. The chief places in Ephraim, were Bethoron the Nether and Upper, Gezer, Lydda, Michmash, Naioth, Samaria, Shechem, Shiloh, and TimnathSerah. After the schism of the ten tribes, the seat of the kingdom of Israel being in Ephraim, this tribe is frequently used to signify the whole kingdom. The chief places in the half tribe of Manasseh, were Abel-meholath, Bethabara, Bethsham (afterwards called Scythopolis), Bezek, Endor, Enon, Gath-rimmon, Megiddo, Salim, Ophrah, and Tirzah. To the north, and more particularly to the north-east of the half tribe of Manasseh, lay the canton of ISSACHAR, which was bordered by the celebrated plain of Jezreel, and its northern boundary was Mount Tabor. The chief cities of Issachar, were Aphek, Bethshemesh, Dothan, Kishon, Jezreel, Naim or Nain, Ramoth, and Shunem.

On the north and west of Issachar resided the tribe of ZEBULUN. Its chief places were Bethlehem, Cinnereth or Chinnereth, Gath-hepher, Jokneam, Remmon-Methoar, and Shimroncheron.

names of their respective presidents, are enumerated in 1 Kings iv. 7-19. From the produce of these districts every one of these officers was to supply the king with provisions for his household, in his turn, that is, each for one month in the year. The dominions of Solomon extended from the river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt, they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life. (1 Kings iv. 21.) Hence it appears that the Hebrew monarch reigned over all the provinces from the river Euphrates to the land of the Philistines, even to the frontiers of Egypt. The Euphrates was the eastern boundary of his dominions; the Philistines were westward, on the Meditterranean Sea; and Egypt was on the south. Solomon therefore had, as his tributaries, the kingdoms of Syria, Damascus, Moab, and Ammon; and thus he appears to have possessed all the land which God had covenanted with Abraham to give to his posterity.

VI. Under this division the Holy Land continued till after the death of Solomon, when ten tribes revolted from his son Rehoboam, and erected themselves into a separate kingdom under Jeroboam, called the KINGDOM OF ISRAEL. The two other tribes of Benjamin and Judah, continuing faithful to Rehoboam, formed the Kingdom of JUDAH.. This kingdom comprised all the southern parts of the land, consisting of the allotments of those two tribes, together with so much of the territories of Dan and Simeon as were intermixed with that of Judah: its royal city or metropolis was Jerusalem, in the tribe of Benjamín. The kingdom of Israel included all the northern and middle parts of the land, occupied by the other ten tribes; and its capital was Samaria, in the tribe of Ephraim, situated about thirty miles north-east of Jerusalem. But this division ceased, on the subversion of the kingdom of Israel by Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, after it had subsisted two hundred and fifty-four years.

VII. The Holy Land fell successively into the hands of the Syrian kings, the Greeks and Romans. IN THE TIME OF JESUS CHRIST it was divided into five separate provinces, viz. Galilee, Samaria, Judæa, Peraa, and Idumæa.

1. GALILEE. This portion of the Holy Land is very frequently mentioned in the New Testament: its limits seem to have varied at different times. It comprised the country formerly occupied by the tribes of Issachar, Naphtali, and Asher, and by part of the tribe of Dan; and is divided by Josephus into Upper and Lower Galilee.

Upper Galilee abounded in mountains; and from its vicinity to the cities of Tyre and Sidon, it is called the Coasts of Tyre and Sidon. (Mark vii. 31.) The principal city in this region was Cæsarea Philippi; through which the main road lay to Damascus, Tyre, and Sidon.

Lower Galilee was situated in a rich and fertile plain, between the Mediteranean Sea and the Lake of Gennesareth: according to Josephus, this district was very populous, containing upwards of two hundred cities and towns. The principal cities of Lower Galilee, mentioned in the New Testament, are Tiberias, Chorazin, Bethsaida, Nazareth, Cana, Capernaum, Nain, Cæsarea of Palestine, and Ptolemais.

Galilee was most honoured by our Saviour's presence. "Hither Joseph and Mary returned with him out of Egypt, and here he resided until his baptism by John. (Matt. ii. 22, 23. Luke ii. 39-51. Matt. iii. 13. Luke iii. 21.) Hither he returned after his baptism and temptation (Luke iv. 14.): and, The tribe of ASHER was stationed in the district to the after his entrance on his public ministry, though he often north of the half tribe of Manasseh, and west of Zebulun; went into other provinces, yet so frequent were his visits to consequently it was a maritime country. Hence it was said this country, that he was called a Galilean. (Matt. xxvi. 69.) (Judg. v. 17.) that Asher continued on the sea-shore, and abode The population of Galilee being very great, our Lord had in his creeks. Its northern boundary was Mount Libanus or many opportunities of doing good; and being out of the Lebanon; and on the south it was bounded by Mount Car-power of the priests at Jerusalem, he seems to have preferred mel, and the canton of Issachar. Its principal cities were Abdon, Achshaph, Helkath, Mishal, and Rehob. This tribe never possessed the whole extent of district assigned to it, which was to reach to Libanus, to Syria, and Phoenicia, and included the celebrated cities of Tyre and Sidon.

Lastly, the tribe of NAPHTALI or Nephtali occupied that district in the northern part of the land of Canaan, which lay between Mount Lebanon to the north, and the sea of Cinnereth (or Gennesareth) to the south, and between Asher to the West, and the river Jordan to the east. Its chief places were Abel or Abel-Beth-Maachah, Hammoth-dor, Harosheth of the Gentiles, Kedesh, and Kiriathaim.

it as his abode. To this province our Lord commanded his apostles to come and converse with him after his resurrection (Matt. xxviii. 7. 16.): and of this country most, if not the whole, of his apostles were natives, whence they are all styled by the angels men of Galilee." (Acts i. 11.)

The Galileans spoke an unpolished and corrupt dialect of the Syriac, confounding and using (ain) or (aleph), (caph) for (beth), ↑ (tau) for ▾ (daleth); and also frequently changed the gutturals. This probably proceeded from their great communication and intermixture with the neighbouring nations. It was this corrupt dialect that led to the

V. The next remarkable division was made by king SOLOMOS, who divided the kingdom, which he had received from his father David, into twelve provinces or districts, each un-given several instances in Hebrew and English, which are sufficiently amus

1 Well's Geography of the Old and New Testament, vol. ii. p. 137. 2 Dr. Lightfoot, to whom we are indebted for the above remark, has ing. One of these is as follows: A certain woman intended to say before

der a peculiar officer. These districts, together with the the judge, My Lord, I had a picture, which they stole; and it was so great VOL. II.

с

(3.) ITURA anciently belonged to the half tribe of Manasseh, who settled on the east of Jordan: it stood to the east of Batanæa and to the south of Trachonitis. Of these two cantons Philip the son of Herod the Great was tetrarch at the time John the Baptist commenced his ministry. (Luke iii. 1.) It derived its name from Jetur the son of Ishmael (1 Chron. i. 31.), and was also called Auranitis from the city of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvii. 16. 18.) This region exhibits ves tiges of its former fertility, and is most beautifully wooded and picturesque. The Ituræans are said to have been skil ful archers and dexterous robbers.

detection of Peter as one of Christ's disciples. (Mark xiv. | country of Damascus on the north. It abounded with rocks, 70.) The Galileans are repeatedly mentioned by Josephus which afforded shelter to numerous thieves and robbers. as a turbulent and rebellious people, and upon all occasions ready to disturb the Roman authority. They were particularly forward in an insurrection against Pilate himself, who proceeded to a summary mode of punishment, causing a party of them to be treacherously slain, during one of the great festivals, when they came to sacrifice at Jerusalem.1 This character of the Galileans explains the expression in St. Luke's Gospel (xiii. 1.), whose blood Pilate mingled with their sacrifices; and also accounts for his abrupt question, when he heard of Galilee, and asked if Jesus were a Galilean ? (Luke xxiii. 6.) Our Redeemer was accused before him of seditious practices, and of exciting the people to revolt; when, therefore, it was stated, among other things, that he had been in Galilee, Pilate caught at the observation, and inquired if he were a Galilean; having been prejudiced against the inhabitants of that district by their frequent commotions, and being on this account the more ready to receive any charge which might be brought against any one of that obnoxious community.2

Galilee of the Nations, or of the Gentiles, mentioned in Isa. ix. 1. and Matt. iv. 15., is by some commentators supposed to be Upper Galilee, either because it bordered on Tyre and Sidon, or because the Phoenicians, Syrians, Arabs, &c. were to be found among its inhabitants. Others, however, with better reason, suppose that the whole of Galilee is intended, and is so called, because it lay adjacent to idolatrous na

tions.3

(4.) GAULONITIS was a tract on the east side of the lake of Gennesareth and the river Jordan, which derived its name from Gaulan or Golan the city of Og, king of Bashan (Josh. xx. 8.) This canton is not mentioned in the New Testament.

(5.) BATANEA, the ancient kingdom of Bashan, was situat ed to the north-east of Gaulonitis, and was celebrated for its excellent breed of cattle, its rich pastures, and for its stately oaks: the precise limits of this district are not easy to be defined. A part of it is now called the Belka, and affords the finest pasturage, being every where shaded with groves of noble oaks and pistachio trees. It was part of the territory given to Herod Antipas, and is not noticed in the New Tes tament.

(6.) PEREA, in its restricted sense, includes the southern part of the country beyond Jordan, lying south of Ituræa, east of Judea and Samaria; and was anciently possessed by the two tribes of Reuben and Gad. Its principal place was the strong fortress of Macharus, erected for the purpose of checking the predatory incursions of the Arabs. This fort ress, though not specified by name in the New Testament, is memorable as the place where John the Baptist was put to death. (Matt. xiv. 3-12.)

2. SAMARIA. The division of the Holy Land thus denominated, derives its name from the city of Samaria, and comprises the tract of country which was originally occupied by the two tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh within Jordan, lying exactly in the middle between Judæa and Galilee; so that it was absolutely necessary for persons who were desirous of going expeditiously from Galilee to Jerusalem, to pass through this country. This sufficiently explains the remark of St. John (iv. 4.), which is strikingly confirmed by Josephus. The three chief places of this district, noticed in the Scriptures, are Samaria, Sichem, or Schechem, and Anti-ities as part of the region of Peraa. Concerning its limits, patris.

3. JUDEA. Of the various districts, into which Palestine was divided, Judea was the most distinguished. It comprised the territories which had formerly belonged to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, and to part of the tribe of Dan; being nearly coextensive with the ancient kingdom of Judah. Its metropolis was JERUSALEM and of the other towns or villages of note contained in this region, the most remarkable were Arimathea, Azotus or Ashdod, Bethany, Bethlehem, Bethphage, Emmaus, Ephraim, Gaza, Jericho, Joppa, Lydda, and Rama.

4. The district of PEREA comprised the six cantons of Abilene, Trachonitis, Itura, Gaulonitis, Batanæa, and Peræa, strictly so called, to which some geographers have added Decapolis.

(7.) The canton of DECAPOLIS (Matt. iv. 25. Mark v. 20. and vii. 31.), which derives its name from the ten cities it contained, is considered by Reland and other eminent author

and the names of its ten cities, geographers are by no means agreed; but, according to Josephus (whose intimate knowledge of the country constitutes him an unexceptionable authority), it contained the cities of Damascus, Otopos, Philadelphia, Raphana, Seythopolis (the capital of the district), Gadara, Hippos, Dios, Pella, and Gerasa.

5. IDUMEA. This province was added by the Romans, on their conquest of Palestine. It comprised the extreme southern part of Judæa, together with some small part of Arabia.? During the Babylonish captivity, being left destitute of inhabitants, or not sufficiently inhabited by its natives, it seems to have been seized by the neighbouring Idumæans; and though they were afterwards subjugated by the powerful arms of the Maccabees and Asmonaan princes, and embraced Judaism, tract of of which had thus ABILENE was the most northern of these provinces, possessed themselves, continued to retain the appellation of being situated between the mountains of Libanus and Anti-Idumæa in the time of Christ, and, indeed, for a considerable Libanus, and deriving its name from the city Abila, or Abela. It is supposed to have been within the borders of the tribe of Naphtali, although it was never subdued by them. This canton or territory had formerly been governed as a kingdom (B) by a certain Lysanias, the son of Ptolemy and grandson of Mennæus; but he being put to death B. c. 36, through the intrigues of Cleopatra, Augustus placed over it another Lysanias, a descendant (as it appears) of the former, with the title of tetrarch. (Luke iii. 1.) The emperor Claudius afterwards made a present of this district to king Agrippa, or at least confirmed him in the possession of it.

(2.) TRACHONITIS was bounded by the Desert Arabia on the east, Batanæa on the west, Ituraa on the south, and the

that if you had been placed in it, your feet would not have touched the ground. But she so spoiled the business with her pronunciation, that, as the glosser interprets it, her words had this sense:-Sir, slave, I had a beam, and they stole thee away; and it was so great, that if they had hung thee on it, thy feet would not have touched the ground. Lightfoot's Chorographical Century of the Land of Israel, ch. lxxxvii. (Works, vol. ii. p. 79.) See additional examples in Buxtorf's Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum, p. 431.

1 Josephus, Antiq. book xviii. r. 3. § 2. and Mr. Whiston's note there. In another place. (book xvii. c. 1052), after describing a popular tumult, he says. A great number of these were GALILEANS and Idumaans.

Gilly's Spirit of the Gospel, or the Four Evangelists elucidated, p. 328. Kuinoel in loc. Robinson's Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament, voce г1.

e. 13.

subsequent period. Ultimately the Idumæans became mingled with the Ishmaelites, and they were jointly called Nabathæans, from Nebaioth, a son of Ishmael.8

VIII. Of the whole country thus described, JERUSALEM was the metropolis during the reigns of David and Solomon after the secession of the ten tribes, it was the capital of the kingdom of Judah, but during the time of Christ and until the subversion of the Jewish polity, it was the me tropolis of Palestine.

1. Jerusalem is frequently styled in the Scriptures the Holy City (Isa. xlviii. 2. Dan. ix. 24. Neh. xi. 1. Matt. iv 5. Rev. xi. 2.), because the Lord chose it out of all the tribes of Israel to place his name there, his temple and his worship

Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 408, 409. London, 1821. 4to. Mr. Burckhardt, who visited this region in the years 1810 and 1812, has de scribed its present state, together with the various antiquities which still remain. See his Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, pp. 51–119. 211–310. London, 1822. 4to.

For a copious and interesting illustration of the fulfilment of prophecy concerning Idumæa, from the statements of modern travellers, see Mr Keith's Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion from Prophecy, pp. 172-220.

Besides the authorities incidentally cited in the preceding pages, the following works have been consulted for this chapter, viz. Relandi Palæsti na, tom. i. pp. 1-204. (Traj. ad Rhen. 1714); Ancient Universal History, vol. ii. pp. 452-465. 476-486. (Lond. 1748); Pritii Introductio ad Lectionem Novi Testamenti, pp. 497-518.; Beausobre's and L'Enfant's Introduction to the New Testament (Bp. Watson's Collection of Theological Tracts, vol. Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. xiv. c. 13. xv. c. 4. xix. c. 5. Bell. Jud. lib. i. iii. pp. 262–278.); Pareau, Antiquitas Hebraica breviter descripta, pp. 44– 52.; Spanhemii Introductio ad Geographiam Sacram, pp. 1-81.

Antiq. book xx. c. 5. § 1. De Bell. Jud. oook ii. c. 12. § 3.

(Deut. xii. 5. xiv. 23. xvi. 2. xxvi. 2.); and to be the centre
of union in religion and government for all the tribes of the
commonwealth of Israel. It is held in the highest veneration
by Christians for the miraculous and important transactions
which happened there, and also by the Mohammedans, who
to this day never call it by any other appellation than El-
Kods, or El Khoudes, that is, The Holy, sometimes adding
the epithet Al-Sherif, or The Noble. The most ancient name
of the city was Salem, or Peace (Gen. xiv. 18.): the import
of Jerusalem is, the vision or inheritance of peace, and to
this it is not improbable that our Saviour alluded in his beau-
tiful and pathetic lamentation over the city. (Luke xix. 41.) On the south side stood the MOUNT OF CORRUPTION, where
It was also formerly called Jebus from one of the sons of Solomon, in his declining years, built temples to Moloch,
Canaan. (Josh. xviii. 28.) After its capture by Joshua Chemosh, and Ashtaroth (1 Kings xi. 7. 2 Kings xxiii. 13.):
(Josh. x.) it was jointly inhabited both by Jews and Jebus-it was separated from the city by the narrow valley of Hin
ites (Josh. xv. 63.) for about five hundred years, until the nom (Josh. xviii. 16. Jer. xix. 2.), where the Israelites burnt
time of David; who having expelled the Jebusites, made it their children in the fire to Moloch (Jer. vii. 31. and xxxii.
his residence (2 Sam. v. 6-9.), and erected a noble palace 35.): thence made the emblem of hell, GEHENNA, or the
there, together with several other magnificent buildings, place of the damned. (Matt. v. 22. xxiii. 33. Mark ix. 43.)
whence it is sometimes styled the City of David (1 Chron. Towards the north, according to Eusebius and Jerome, and
i. 5.) By the prophet Isaíah (xxix. 1.) Jerusalem is termed without the walls of the city, agreeably to the law of Mosess
Ariel, or the Lion of God; but the reason of this name, and (Lev. iv.), lay CALVARY or GOLGOTHA, that is, the place of
its meaning, as applied to Jerusalem, is very obscure and a skull (Matt. xxvii. 33.), so called by some from its fancied
doubtful. It may possibly signify the strength of the place, resemblance to a skull, but more probably because criminals
by which the inhabitants were enabled to resist and overcome were executed there. Calvary, which now groans beneath
their enemies in the same manner as the Persians term the weight of monastic piles, was probably open ground,
one of their cities Shiraz, or the Devouring Lion. Being cultivated for gardens (John xix. 41.), at the time when He,
situated on the confines of the two tribes of Benjamin and who suffered without the gate (Heb. xiii. 12.), there poured out
Judah, Jerusalem sometimes formed a part of the one, and his soul unto death.10
sometimes of the other; but, after Jehovah had appointed it
to be the place of his habitation and temple, it was consi-
dered as the metropolis of the Jewish nation, and the common
property of the children of Israel. On this account it was,
that the houses were not let, and all strangers of the Jewish
nation had the liberty of lodging there gratis, by right of
hospitality. To this custom our Lord probably alludes in
Matt. xxvi. 18. and the parallel passages.

on this mountain; and at its foot he visited an olive ground,
always noticed as the garden of Gethsemane."
This place."
says he, "is, not without reason, shown as the scene of our
Saviour's agony the night before his crucifixion (Matt. xxvi.
Mark xiv. Luke xxii. John xviii.), both from the circum
stance of the name it still retains, and its situation with re-
gard to the city." Here he found a grove of olives of im-
mense size covered with fruit, almost in a mature state."
Between Olivet and the city lies the deep valley of Kedror
through which flows the brook of that name which is noticed
in a subsequent page.

The southern quarter, originally "the city of David,' built on Mount Zion," Josephus calls the upper city; and the house of Millo was what he calls the upper market. 12

3. We have no particulars recorded concerning the nature of the fortifications of Jerusalem, previously to the time of the pious and patriotic governor, Nehemiah; though such there undoubtedly must have been, from the importance and sanctity of the city, as the metropolis of the country, and the seat of the Jewish worship. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, they rebuilt Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by the Chaldæans; and in the account of the rebuilding of the wall, under the direction of Nehemiah, ten gates are distinctly enumerated, viz. three on the south, four on the east, and three on the western side of the wall. The three gates on the south side were, 1. The Sheep Gate (Neh. iii. 1.), which was probably so called from the victims, intended for sacrifice, being conducted through it to the second temple. Near this gate stood the towers of Mesh and Hananeel. The pool of Bethesda was at no great distance from this gate, which was also called the Gate of Benjamin.-2. The Fish Gate (Neh. iii. 3. xii. 39.), which was also called the First Gate.-3. The Old Gate, also called the Corner Gate. (Neh. iii. 6. xii. 39. 2 Kings xiv. 13. Jer. xxxi. 38.)

2. The name of the whole mountain, on the several hills and hollows of which the city stood, was called MORIAH, or rision; because it was high land, and could be seen afar off, especially from the south (Gen. xxii. 2-4.); but afterwards that name was appropriated to the most elevated part on which the temple was erected, and where Jehovah appeared to David. (2 Chron. iii. 1. 2 Sam. xxiv. 16, 17.) This mountain is a rocky limestone hill, steep of ascent on every side, except the north; and is surrounded on the other sides by a group of hills, in the form of an amphitheatre (Psal. exxv. 2.), which situation rendered it secure from the earthquakes that appear to have been frequent in the Holy Land (Psal. xlvi. 2, 3.), and have furnished the prophets with many elegant allusions. On the east, stands the MOUNT OF OLIVES, fronting the temple, of which it commanded a noble prospect (Matt. xxiv. 2, 3. Luke xix. 37–41.), as it does to this day of the whole city, over whose streets and walls the ye roves as if in the survey of a model. This mountain, which is frequently noticed in the evangelical history, stretches from north to south, and is about a mile in length. The olive is still found growing in patches at the foot of this the gardens of Gethsemane were of a miserable description, surrounded Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 365, 366. 8vo. edit. In 1818, however, mountain, to which it gives its name. Its summit commands with a dry stone fence, and provided with a few olive trees, without either a view as far as the Dead Sea, and the mountains beyond pot-herbs or vegetables of any kind. Richardson's Travels along the MediJordan. On the descent of this mountain our Saviour stood terranean and Parts adjacent, in 1816-17-18. vol. ii. p. 366. London, 1822. 8vo. Mr. Carne, who visited Palestine a few years later, describes this spot when he beheld the city and wept over it; on this mountain as being "of all gardens the most interesting and hallowed, but how neglected it was that he delivered his prediction concerning the down- and decayed! It is surrounded by a kind of low hedge, but the soil is bare fall of Jerusalem (Luke xix. 41-44.); and the army of Ti-no verdure grows on it, save six fine venerable olive trees, which have stood tus encamped upon the very spot where its destruction had here for many centuries." Letters from the East, p. 290. been foretold. Dr. Clarke discovered some Pagan remains

This is a contraction from Medinet-el-KADESS, that is, the Sacred City. Capt. Light's Travels in Egypt, Nubia, &c. p. 177. Burckhardt in his map terms Jerusalem Khodess.

* Reland Palæstina, tom. ii. p. 833. Schulzii Archæologia Biblica, p. 20.
Beausobre and L'Enfant, in Bp. Watson's Tracts, vol. iii. p. 142.
Bp. Lowth, on Isaiah, vol. ii. p. 206.

Schulz Archæologia Biblica, p. 21. Beausobre and L'Enfant, in Bp.
Walson's Tracts, vol. iii. p. 143.
Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. vi. c. 5. "It is not difficult to conceive,"
ys the Rev. W. Jowett, who, in December, 1823, surveyed Jerusalem from
this mountain, "observing from this spot the various undulations and slopes
of the ground, that when Mount Zion, Acra, and Mount Moriah, constituted
the bulk of the city, with a deep and steep valley surrounding the greater
part of it, it must have been considered by the people of that age as nearly
Lipregnable. It stands beautiful for situation! It is, indeed, builded as a
y that is compact together. (Ps. cxxii. 3.) The kings of the earth, and
2 the inhabitants of the world would not have believed, that the adversary
and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem. (Lam. iv.
8. c. 559) This was said nearly two thousand four hundred years ago.
And when, 650 years after, Titus besieged and took this devoted city, he ex-
umed on viewing the vast strength of the place, We have certainly had
and for our assistant in this war: and it was no other than God who ejected
the Jews out of these fortifications: for what could the hands of men, or

The gates on the eastern side were, 1. The Water Gate any machines do, towards overthrowing these towers?" Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. vi. c. 9. (Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, &c. p. 256. London, 1825. 8vo.)

To this St. Paul delicately alludes in his Epistle to the Hebrews (xiii. 12, 13.), where he says that Christ, as a sacrifice for sin, suffered without the gate; and when he exhorts the Hebrew Christians to go forth unto him without the camp, that is, out of Jerusalem, this city being regarded by the Jews as the camp of Israel. (Bp. Watson's Tracts, vol. iii. p. 156.)

• Schulzii Archæologia Biblica, p. 23. Relandi Palæstina, tom. ii. p. 860. 10 Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, &c. p. 255.

11 When Dr. Richardson visited this sacred spot in 1818, he found one part of Mount Zion supporting a crop of barley, another was undergoing the labour of the plough; and the soil turned up consisted of stone and lime mixed with earth, such as is usually met with in the foundation of ruined cities. "It is nearly a mile in circumference, is highest on the west side, and towards the east falls down in broad terraces on the upper part of the mountain, and narrow ones on the side, as it slopes down towards the brook Kedron. Each terrace is divided from the one above it by a low wall of dry stone, built of the ruins of this celebrated spot. The terraces near the bottom of the hill are still used as gardens, and are watered from the pool of Siloam. They belong chiefly to the small village of Siloa, immediately opposite. We have here another remarkable instance of the special fulfilment of prophecy-Therefore shall Zion for your sakes be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps. (Micah iii. 12.)" Dr. Richardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, &c. vol. ii. p. 348. "The sides of the Hill of Zion have a pleasing aspect, as they possess a few olive trees and rude gardens; and a crop of corn was growing there." Carne's Letters, p. 265. 19 Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. pp. 425-429. Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. v. c. 4.

(Neh. iii. 26.), near which the waters of Etam passed, after | to the spot where the fountain of Siloam took its rise. We having been used in the temple service, in their way to the have no account of any gates being erected on the northern brook Kedron, into which they discharged themselves.-2. side.' The Horse Gate (Neh. iii. 28. Jer. xxxi. 40.), which is supposed to have been so called, because horses went through it in order to be watered.-3. The Prison Gate (xii. 39.), probably so called from its vicinity to the prison.-4. The Gate Miphkad. (Neh. iii. 31.)

The gates on the western side were, 1. The Valley Gate (Neh. ii. 13.), also termed the Gate of Ephraim, above which stood the Tower of Furnaces (Neh. iii. 11. xii. 38.); and near it was the Dragon Well (Neh. ii. 13.), which may have derived its name from the representation of a dragon, out of whose mouth the stream flowed that issued from the well.-2. The Dung Gate (Neh. iii. 13.), which is supposed to have received its name from the filth of the beasts that were sacrificed, being carried from the temple through this gate.-3. The Gate of the Fountain (Neh. iii. 15.), had its name either from its proximity to the fountain of Gihon, or

4. Previously to the fatal war of the Jews with the Romans, we learn from Josephus, that the city of Jerusalem was erected on two hills, opposite to one another, with a valley between them, which he subsequently calls the Valley of the Cheesemongers. The loftiest of these hills contained the Upper City ( ave ex); and the other called Acra, contained the Lower City (ʼn náT TOM), which seems to have been the most considerable part of the whole city. Over against this was a third hill, lower than Acra, and formerly divided from the other by a broad valley; which was filled up with earth during the reign of the Asmonæans or Maccabean princes, in order to join the city to the temple. As population increased, and the city crept beyond its old limits, Agrippa joined to it a fourth hill (which was situated to the north of the temple), called Bezetha, and thus still further enlarged Jerusalem.

At this time the city was surrounded by three walls on such parts as were not encompassed with impassable valleys, where there was only one wall. The first wall began on the north side, at the tower called Hippicus, whence it extended to the place called the Xistus, and to the councilhouse, and it terminated at the western cloister of the temple. But, proceeding westward, in a contrary direction, the historian says, that it began at the same place, and extended through a place called Bethso, to the gate of the Essenes, then taking a turn towards the south, it reached to the place called Ophlas, where it was joined to the eastern cloister of the temple. The second wall commenced at the gate Gennath, and encompassed only the northern quarter of the city, as far as the tower Antonia. The third wall began at the tower Hippicus, whence it reached as far as the north quarter of the city, passed by the tower Psephinus, till it came to the monument of Helena, queen of Adiabene. Thence it passed by the sepulchres of the kings; and, taking a direction round the south-west corner, passed the Fuller's Monument, and joined the old wall at the valley of Kedron. This third wall was commenced by Agrippa, to defend the newly erected part of the city called Bezetha; but he did not finish

1 Observationes Philologicae ac Geographicæ. Amstelodami, 1747. 8vo. pp. 21-29. 2 De Bell. Jud. lib. vi. c. 6.

• Πλατεια φαραγγι διερχόμενος άλλη πρότερον, are the words of Jose. phus; which Pritius renders alia tata ralie ante divisus (Introd. ad Nov. Test. p. 522.), formerly divided by another broad valley." The rendering above given is that of Mr. Whiston.

it, from apprehension of incurring the displeasure of the emperor Claudius. His intention was to have erected it with stones, twenty cubits in length by ten cubits in breadth; so that no iron tools or engines could make any impression on them. What Agrippa could not accomplish, the Jews subsequently attempted: and, when Jerusalem was besieged by the Romans, this wall was twenty cubits high, above which were battlements of two cubits, and turrets of three cubits, making in all an altitude of twenty-five cubits. Numerous towers, constructed of solid masonry, were erected at certain distances: in the third wall, there were ninety; in the middle wall, there were forty; and in the old wall, sixty. The towers of Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, erected by Herod the Great, and dedicated to the memories of his friend, his brother, and his wife, were pre-eminent for their height, their massive architecture, their beauty, and the conveniences with which they were furnished. According to Josephus the circumference of Jerusalem, previously to its siege and destruction by the Romans, was thirty-three furlongs, or nearly four miles and a half: and the wall of circumvallation, constructed by order of Titus, he states to have been thirty-nine furlongs, or four miles eight hundred and seventy-five paces.1

4 M. D'Anville has elaborately investigated the extent of Jerusalem, as described by Josephus, in his learned "Dissertation sur l'Etendue de l'an. cienne Jerusalemin et de son Temple," the accuracy of whose details Viscount Chateaubriand has attested in his Itinerary to and from Jerusalem. This very rare dissertation of D'Auville is reprinted in the Bible de Vence, tom. vi. pp. 43-84. 5th edition.