proceeds: "I would say, further, that quitting the grosser evils of mere animal living from over-stimulation and undue exercise of body, the working of the mind in one continued train of thought, is destructive of life in the most distinguished class of society, and that senators themselves stand in need of reform in that particular. I have observed

plan out, will be that the Company should have some place at Margate or elsewhere, with a trustworty person in charge of it, to receive and look after them. We mention this now not as a thing upon which we have at all made up our minds, but only to prevent our being suspected of carrying out some wild scheme of our own fancy, if any one should hear of our making the experiment, and not be aware of the circumstances under which it is made."

Messrs Wilson shew good grounds for expecting that the expense of the proposed arrangements will be more than repaid to the Company; and I understand that at a meeting of the shareholders, held on 16th December 1852, a cordial sanction was given to them.

When any serious amount of night-work or Sunday-work needs to be done, the number of hands employed ought to be increased, so that night-workers may have diurnal rest, and Sunday-workers have sufficient repose, and leisure for recreation and mental improvement, on one of what are called in Scotland the "lawful days." Employers who follow this plan will be rewarded by finding the general rule hold true, that the right course is also the most profitable in the end.

It is said that in some of the Lancashire machine-works, the employers, who, in busy times, are able to pay high wages to men that will continue at work till a late hour, induce them to exhaust themselves so completely, that after leaving the factories at night, and even on the Sundays, they are utterly destitute of the power of thought and elevated emotion, are driven to stimulants by that incontrollable craving which exhaustion naturally produces, become dishonest and reckless, and finally have their health ruined at an early age. If this representation be true, both masters and men stand much in need of enlightenment concerning their duties and true interest; and I have learnt with great pleasure that for the purpose of disseminating that kind of knowledge which is primarily required for effecting the needful reform, a society called the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association has lately been established. The objects of the association are "1. To promote attention to temperance, personal and domestic cleanliness, and to the laws of health generally. 2. To induce general co-operation with the boards of health and other constituted authorities in giving effect to official regulations for sanitary improvement. The means to be employed for these purposes are-1. Visitation of districts. 2. Familiar and well-illustrated lectures given in school-rooms or elsewhere. 3. The distribution of short tracts written in plain language, and given or lent to the poor by the clergy and other ministers of religion, school teachers, and the various agents of societies employed in district visiting. 4. Such other means as experience and opportunity may from time to time suggest." "The committee shall consist of three classes of members, in equal proportions; 1st, of the medical profession; 2dly, clergymen and other ministers of religion; and 3dly, persons not belonging to either of such professions. In addition to directing and superintending all arrangements and proceedings for carrying into effect the general objects of the association, the committee shall endeavour to promote the formation of congregational committees in connection with congregations and schools, and other local committees, and shall maintain a correspondence with such committees, and assist them in promoting the objects of the association." District visitation, which is an important part of the scheme, is thus provided for:"1. Sub-committees shall annually be formed out of the committee to direct and superintend the visitation of districts assigned to them by the committee. 2. Such sub-committees shall associate with themselves other persons residing in, or connected with, their respective districts, to form visiting committees. 3. The visiting committees, with the assistance of the congregational and local committees, and any other suitable agency acting within

....

many of them destroyed by neglecting this economy of life." (Q. 1797.) He adds that all would gain "by giving to their bodies the repose, and their districts, shall, subject to the approval of the council, organise a complete and regular visitation of the district. 4. The visiting committee for each district shall, once a month, report their proceedings to the general committee." The committee may appoint and pay an assistant secretary; whose duty it shall be to make all necessary arrangements to obtain the use of schoolrooms and other places for the purpose of giving lectures; to provide for the distribution of notices respecting such lectures; and to act generally under the direction of the committee and council for the purpose of procuring attendance at the lectures. It shall be his duty to place all tracts and other papers for distribution in the hands of such persons as the committee or council may direct; he shall also make himself personally acquainted with the secretaries and other officers of congregational and local committees; and shall perform such other duties as the committee or council may approve. The committee may employ any other agency they deem necessary for the same or like purposes.' Among other regulations are these:-" Lecturers shall, in general, be members of the medical profession. All lectures shall be delivered in plain language, and be illustrated, if possible, by specimens, models, or drawings. Opportunity for inquiry and conversation shall be afforded after each lecture; and the giving of lectures in connection with congregational tea-parties shall be encouraged. Tracts shall. not exceed four pages duodecimo; they shall be generally illustrated by wood engravings; and be written in plain language, as much as possible in harmony with the lectures which may have been previously delivered. Short illustrated placards, containing useful hints, shall, where permission can be obtained, be hung up in mills, workshops, and conspicuous places. Congre gational and local committees shall be employed as direct agencies for inducing attendance at the lectures; and securing the distribution and explanation of the tracts. For these purposes the committee shall endeavour to obtain the services of Sunday-school teachers, district visitors, and other persons. . . . The committee shall nominate annually an illustration committee, elected at their discretion out of the committee, or otherwise. The illustration committee shall associate with themselves, as corresponding members, such ladies and gentlemen as may be willing to assist in preparing illustrations. The expenses for the illustrations shall be subject to the approval of the general committee. All illustrations prepared by this committee shall be the property of the association, and shall, after use, be handed as such to the council."

Were such associations to become numerous, and to perform their work efficiently, very great improvements would speedily follow. "Town Councils and Boards of Health," says a Manchester journalist, in reference to the association in question, may remove public nuisances, cleanse streets, whitewash houses, supply water, and perform for the community other beneficial acts; but unless 'the masses' themselves understand something of their own physical constitution, and the laws by which it is governed, and be disposed to reduce their knowledge to practice, the chief sources of disease will remain unchecked. We cannot conceive of any mission of good will to the poor, more likely to be beneficial, than that which will explain to them the organisation of their bodies, the functions of the skin, the consumption of oxygen by the lights which are in their places of employment, as well as by their own breathing, the necessity of ventilation and cleanliness, the properties of different kinds of diet and drinks, and the best modes of cooking. Were these subjects discussed by visitors, introduced into addresses, or promulgated by tracts, the ravages of fever and cholera would be arrested, and the enjoyment, as well as the duration of life, would be greatly increased. It has frequently appeared to us to be strange, that religious people have so much overlooked the connection between the physical and moral condition of their fellow-men, and should have considered the spiritual alone in the schemes of philanthrophy which they have prosecuted. There can be no doubt, however, that living in cellars, the promiscuous use of sleeping apartments, an impure atmosphere, badly prepared food, and agencies of a similar nature, are most injurious to the moral as well as to the bodily health of humanity. Lan

S

to their minds the change of ideas suited to the day, for which it was appointed by unerring wisdom;"*"that more mental work would be accomplished in their lives by the increased vigour imparted ;" and that, in short, a human being is so constituted that he needs a day of rest from both mental and bodily labour."+

"Were a young man," says an eminent American educationist, "to write down a list of his duties, health should be among the first items in the catalogue. This is no exaggeration of its value; for health is indispensable to almost every form of human enjoyment; it is the grand auxiliary of usefulness; and should a man love the Lord his God with all his heart and soul and mind and strength, he would have ten times more heart and soul and mind and strength to love Him with, in the vigour of health, than under the palsy of disease. Not only the amount, but the quality of the labour which a man can perform, depends upon his health. The work savours of the workman. If the poet sickens, his verse sickens; if black venous blood flows to an author's brain, it beclouds his pages; and the devotions of a consumptive man scent of his disease as Lord Byron's obscenities smell of gin. Not only lying lips,' but a dyspeptic stomach, is an abomination to the Lord. At least in this life, so dependent is mind upon material organisation,-the functions and manifestations of the soul upon the condition of the body it inhabits,-that the materialist hardly states practical results too strongly, when he affirms that thought guor and feebleness of the physical constitution produce lowness of spirits, and this again leads to the use of intoxicating drinks and to intemperance; and to the same ruinous results, many of the poor are brought by the raw and indigestible kinds of food which they use. In our opinion, the sanitary lecture is in many cases the best preparation which can be made for the religious address, and the tract which treats of the laws of physical health, for the distribution of the Bible and the books which speak of the concerns of the soul. We are glad, therefore, to see the institution of agencies amongst us, the direct tendencies of which are intimately connected with the bodily health and enjoyments of our fellow-men, whilst they have also an important bearing on their moral and religious improvement." (Manchester Examiner, 9th October 1852.)

The remark before quoted from Bishop Wilkins (see pp. 205–206), is as true of the laws of health, as of the divine ordinances in general. Before sanitary regulations can be well obeyed, the principles on which they are founded must be understood, and this is possible only where some knowledge is possessed of the structure and functions of the body, and its relations to surrounding objects. Such knowledge is of peculiar importance to the labouring classes, who are far less favourably situated than wealthier people in a sanitary point of view; and it may with especial advantage be imparted to the children in Ragged Schools and workhouses-since nothing is so important, with the object of elevating these children above the pauper class, as to teach them how to invigorate their bodies, including the brain; on the condition of which, not less than on that of the bones and muscles, the power of successful and creditable exertion in the fields of industry depends. Indeed it is almost exclusively on the young that much impression can be made, or improved habits engrafted; and we may hope that in any national system of education which may be established in England, the vital importance of physiological instruction and training will be fully recognised. I expect that the Schoolmaster, when adequately encouraged and remunerated, will shew himself a more efficient promoter of rational and moral conduct among the people than even the Clergyman; although the latter, too, will always have a noble field of usefulness before him, in which to employ the highest gifts and most ample stores of knowledge.

* Q. 1798.

† Q. 1799.

Q. 1800.

and passion, wit, imagination, and love, are only emanations from exquisitely organised matter, just as perfume is the effluence of flowers, or music the ethereal product of an Eolian harp.

“Do I need an apology for dwelling thus long and earnestly, not only on the economical benefits, but on the moral and religious obligation of taking care of health? I find one in the facts, that ethical and theological writers, almost if not quite without an exception, have left this field out of the domain of conscience; and that the constituted guardians and directors of youth,-those at the head of our colleges and higher seminaries of learning,-have so generally omitted it in their counsels of wisdom. Let no young man attempt to palliate a continued neglect of this high duty, by saying that an imperfect education has left him without the requisite knowledge. There are books and drawings, and anatomical preparations, where this knowledge may be found. Do you say you have not money to buy them? Then, I reply, sweep streets, or sweep chimneys, to earn it!"*

* A Few Thoughts for a Young Man: A Lecture delivered before the Boston Mercantile Library Association. By Horace Mann, First Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. London, 1850. Pp. 8, 15.-See also the first two chapters of Dr Combe's Physiology applied to Ĥealth and Education.

Dr John Gregory, in his Legacy to his Daughters, says:—“ An attention to your health is a duty you owe to yourselves and to your friends. Bad health seldom fails to have an influence on the spirits and temper."-(Sect. iv.)

"Certainly," says a medical journalist, "no more useful object of inquiry can be presented to the attention than that of the means of preserving good health; without which all the goods of fortune are deprived of their value, and life itself is a burthen. There are melancholy cases of disease against which no prudence would have been effectual; but their number is insignificant compared with that of those which spring from ignorance and neglect. By removing this ignorance, the instances of neglect will be made more rare; and nothing is more certain than that by increasing the general health of mankind, the general amiability and virtue, and thus in every way the happiness of human beings, is increased at the same time. . . Medical men, who see more of the interior of society, and the details, if we may so call them, of domestic life, than any other class of observers, well know to what an extent happiness is abridged by mere infirmities of temper, and how often the peevishness, despondency, irritability, and discontent, which torment the social circle, in despite of many respectable, and even amiable qualities, are in a great measure the direct results of an imperfect attention to hygienic rules; less the product, in other words, of a bad disposition, than of a confined atmosphere, and indolence, bodily and mental.” -(British and Foreign Medical Review, vol. i., pp. 360, 368.)

Consider now the effects of confining, as the old Puritan clergy endeavoured to do (see ante, p. 149, and Note F.), the whole inhabitants of Edinburgh, men, women, and children, to their houses on Sunday, except in going to and returning from church. Those who know the dark and filthy "closes" of Edinburgh, as they are even in these days of sanitary reform, may judge how far the laws of hygiène could be observed by persons confined all day, with no better recreation than theological reading and Sunday "tasks," to dark, ill-aired houses, in localities so filthy. Above all, think of the imprisoned children, thus trained to glorify God and to delight in his service!-impatient wretches, deprived of the lively exercise to which Nature impels the young for their good; withdrawn from the solar light, so conducive to their healthy growth; and reduced by indigestion, ennui, discontent, and the horrors of the Catechism, to an extremity of peevishness and disobedience, which their tormented parents deplore as unquestionable symptoms of the corruption of human nature brought into the world by the fall, and of the evil instigations of the arch-enemy of mankind! On the strength of Solomon's adage, applications of the rod are

The uniform lesson of experience in the case of labouring men and

added to sharp words; but the peevishness, whining, and insubordination are not to be repressed-the pious father almost loses confidence in the wise King of Israel, and wonders for what impiety the curse of disobedient children is inflicted on him by the Almighty. At length the youngsters are banished to bed; but in vain the good man attempts to reanimate his devotional feelings by social prayer and praise.-In all this is seen the operation of an important principle already more than once adverted to (particularly at p. 72); I mean the natural tendency of happiness to increase virtue, and of misery to engender vice. When children are thus cooped up on Sundays, and forced to engage in distasteful (because unsuitable) employments, the course of events is plain: the digestive organs, probably overloaded for want of better amusement than eating, are deranged by gluttony and want of exercise in the open air; bad digestion, and the prevailing gloomy constraint, give rise to restless uneasiness; compulsory tasks, uninteresting at the best, and not to be easily performed by children whose stomach and nervous system are out of order, increase the unhappiness; and this, agreeably to the law referred to, extinguishes the moral feel-' ings of the sufferers, at the same time exciting those lower propensities which are the sources of peevishness, quarrelsomeness, anger, disobedience, and obstinacy. In the last edition of Dr Combe's Physiology applied to Health and Education, it is well remarked as a thing which "deserves to be seriously considered, whether young people who are busily occupied during six days of the week with study, should be burdened so much as they frequently are in Scotland, with Sunday tasks,' demanding such painful efforts in committing to memory the prescribed portions of abstruse theological works and ill-understood hymns, that the day of rest and refreshment, in place of being a delight,' as it ought to be, is looked forward to with a feeling of aversion which is apt to extend to religion itself."-(P. 264, 14th ed.) Pretty much to the same purpose, Principal Lee recommends that parents and masters should on the Sundays "exercise their authority over their children and dependents, so as to restrain them from every invasion on the serenity and sanctity of the Lord's Day, and to engage them in the due observance of this reasonable service, not by repulsive strictness or harsh reproofs, or the execution of difficult tasks, but rather by associating religious exercises with peaceful enjoṛments, and giving practical proofs of their pleasantness and profitableness, as contributing at once to temporal comfort, and to the eternal safety of the soul."—(Report of Sir A. Agnew's Committee, p. 288.) Here Dr Lee gives utterance to the spirit of humanity which is a feature of his character.

We learn from the Memoirs of Mrs William Veitch, an eminent Scottish Puri-. tan of the seventeenth century, that she made a solemn covenant with God that her sons should be devoted to his service as ministers of the Gospel; but that when they grew up, they refused to act according to this agreement, and, in spite of her earnest intreaties, and extreme perplexity to account for the failure of the Almighty to perform his part of the covenant, persisted in their own design to enter military service abroad. It is hardly to be doubted that the austerity of their early religious education gave them a lasting disgust at everything connected with Puritanism. The deplorably fanatical autobiography of their mother has lately been reprinted (Edin., 1846), for the edification of Christians in the nineteenth century, by "the Committee of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland for the publication of the works of Scottish Reformers and Divines."

As to the law that misery breeds vice, and happiness virtue, see the final paragraph of a paper on Benevolence, by Grove, in the Spectator, No. 601; The Adventurer, No. 46, by Dr Hawkesworth; Gaubius on The Passions, pp. 68, 91, of the English translation; Sterne's Sermons, Serm. v. (Works, ed. 1783, vol. iv., p. 73); Archbishop Whately's Charge on The Right Use of National Aflictions, p. 8; Miss Martineau's Life in the Sick-Room, p. 150; Bulwer's Student, vol. i., pp. 58-60, ed. 1835; the Edinburgh Review, vol. xlvii., p. 2; Wade's History of the Middle and Working Classes, p. 325, 2d ed.; Dr Combe on Digestion and Diet, p. 107, 9th ed.; and an article on "Material Prosperity" in Chambers's Journal, 15th Feb. 1851,