seems to have been written by Raleigh rather to arm 'Cobham for that which might be to come, than to instruct him for that which was passed; since there was, in truth, no ground for such a speed. Again, it was urged that, a month before Cobham's accusation, 'Brooke had delivered it, as out of Cobham's mouth, 'that Cobham and Raleigh were upon the main,

and that it would never be well till the King and his issue were made away with. To this was answered, Brooke was his known enemy, and therefore cared not 'what he uttered to endanger Raleigh; and besides, that Cobham had never confessed that under his hand. To the other point of Raleigh's letter, the weakness of 'his answer made it strong; for he denied it improbably. But, however, the main evidence was Cobham's accusation, which, all things considered, was no more to be weighed than the barking of a dog. I would not for 'much have been of the Jury to have found him guilty. A little before the Jury was going forth, Raleigh had put himself upon this-that Cobham had never thoroughly departed from his retractation, and that if he would, viva voce, accuse him of any part, he 'would confess the whole Indictment. The Attorney read a Letter from Cobham to the Lords, bearing date the 16th of this month (November), wherein he did again generally accuse Raleigh as before, and particularly that he had promised to become a pensioner to 'the King of Spain for 15007. by the year, for which he 'would discover to him all the secrets that he could come by; and withal confessed that Raleigh had pro'cured him, eight or ten days before, to justify him by letter; which though he had done by importunity, yet 'this last Letter to the Lords he protested was true. To 'which Raleigh answered, confessing that Cobham had offered him such a pension, but that he not only ac'cepted it not (though Cobham told him of divers great Councillors, as, namely, the Lord Cecil and the Lord ' of Marre, should have been offered the like for furtherance of the peace), but so dissuaded Cobham from thinking of the like, as that he believed never to hear more of it. And as for the Letter which Cobham confessed to have written in Raleigh's justification, "it

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was true," said Raleigh, "and there it was;" desiring the Lord Cecil to read it (which he did), and praying 'the Jury to mark how much more protestingly and particularly that was written to acquit him than the other to condemn him. For mine own part, I never heard anything so religiously asseverated, as thus:-" Lest ' he should be guilty of the blood of an innocent, which 'he did continually hear crying to God for vengeancetherefore he had said thus much for the innocency of Raleigh, which, upon the hope that he had of salvation in the word of a Christian (and I know not how many of the most serious protestations), was true; so that he might conclude now with Daniel-Purus sum a sanguine hujus*"

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The arraignment of the Lords is put off till Friday; 'it is doubtful who shall die, and who not; but most 'doubtful of Raleigh. The Lord Cecil carried himself favourably to him that day; the Attorney most insolently.

Notwithstanding there were many occasions given, 'Raleigh took no hold to purge himself from the imputations that lie upon him by reason of his carriage 'towards my Lord of Essex, nor yet from atheism, which the Chief Justice and the Attorney did extreme bitterly ' remember of him. On the other hand, the learned 'Counsel urged not the least word against him by reason ' of the guilty blow he gave himself in the Tower.'

The two following Letters, written by Sir Dudley Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, are taken from the Hardwicke State Papers. They are inserted here as giving a full account of the transactions connected with the several Trials, in a more lively and interesting form than that of an historical narrative.

SIR DUDLEY CARLETON TO MR. JOHN CHAMBERLAIN.

Sir, I was taking care how to send unto you, and little looked for so good a means as your man, who came

"I am pure from the blood of this man." These words are quoted as those of Daniel, both in this Letter and in the Trial. It is probable that the passage alluded to is Matthew, chap. xxvii. verse 24, where Pilate uses similar words respecting the delivery of our Saviour to the Jews for crucifixion.

'to me this morning; and though he would in all haste be gone, I have stayed him this night, to have time to discourse unto you these tragical proceedings. I was ⚫ not present at the first or second arraignment, wherein Brooke, Markham, Brookesby, Copley, and the two priests were condemned for practising the surprise of the King's person, the taking of the Tower, the de'posing of Counsellors, and proclaiming liberty of religion. They were all condemned upon their own confessions, which were set down under their own hands as Declarations, and compiled with such labour and care, to make the matter they undertook seem very feasible, as if they had feared they should not say enough to hang themselves. Parham was acquitted, being only ' drawn in by the priests as an assistant, without knowing the purpose; yet had he gone the same way as the rest (as it is thought), save for a word the Lord Cecil cast in the way as his cause was in handling, "That the King's glory consisted as much in freeing the innocent as condemning the guilty."

The Commissioners for this trial were the Lord 'Chamberlain, Lord of Devon, Lord Henry Howard, Lord Cecil, Lord Wotton, the Vice-Chamberlain, the two 'Chief Justices, Justice Gawdy and Justice Warburton. 'Of the King's Counsel none were employed in that or "the arraignment but the Attorney (Coke), Heale, and Philips; and, in effect, none but the Attorney. Sir 'Walter Raleigh served for a whole act, and played all 'the parts himself. His cause was disjoined from the 'priests, as being a practice only between himself and the Lord Cobham to have brought in the Spaniard, to have raised rebellion in the realm, by fastening money upon discontents; to have set up the Lady Arabella, ' and to have tied her to certain conditions; as to have a perpetual peace with Spain; not to have bestowed ⚫ herself in marriage, but at the direction of the Spaniard; ' and to have granted liberty of religion. The evidence against him was only Cobham's Confession, which was 'judged sufficient to condemn him; and a Letter was produced, written by Cobham the day before, by which 'he accused Raleigh as the first practiser of the treason * betwixt them, which served to turn against him; though

* he showed, to countervail this, a Letter written by Cobham, and delivered to him in the Tower, by which he was clearly acquitted. After sentence given, his request ' was to have his answers related to the King, and pardon begged; of which if there were no hope, then that Cobham might die first. He answered with that temper, wit, learning, courage, and judgment, that, save that it ⚫ went with the hazard of his life, it was the happiest day he ever spent. And so well he shifted all advantages 'that were taken against him, that were not fama malum gravius quam res, and an ill name, half-hanged in the opinion of all men, he had been acquitted. The two 'first that brought the news to the King were Roger ⚫ Ashton and a Scotchman; whereof one affirmed, "That never any man spoke so well in times past, nor would 'do in the world to come;" and the other said, "That ' whereas when he saw him first, he was so led with the common hatred, that he would have gone a hundred 'miles to have seen him hanged-he would, ere he parted, have gone a thousand to have saved his life." In one word, never was man so hated and so popular in so short a time.

'It was thought the Lords should have been arraigned ' on Tuesday last, but they were put off till Friday and Saturday; and had their trials apart before the Lord 'Chancellor (Ellesmere, as Lord Steward for both those days), eleven Earls, nineteen Barons. The Duke, the Earl of Mar, and many Scottish Lords, stood as spec'tators; and of our ladies, the greatest part, as the Lady Nottingham, the Lady Suffolk, and the Lady Arabella, 'who heard herself much spoken of in those days. But, ⚫ the arraignment before, she was more particularly remembered, as by Sir Walter Raleigh, for a woman with whom he had no acquaintance, and one, whom of all 'that he ever saw, he never liked; and by Serjeant Heale, as one that had no more right to the Crown than himself; and for any claim that he had to it, he utterly I disavowed it. Cobham led the way on Friday, and 'made such a fasting day's piece of work of it, that he discredited the place to which he was called; never was seen so poor and abject a spirit. He heard his indictment with much fear and trembling, and would

'sometimes interrupt it, by forswearing what he thought 'to be wrongly inserted; so as, by his fashion, it was 'known ere he spake what he would confess or deny. In his first answer, he said he had changed his mind 'since he came to the bar; for whereas he came with an ⚫ intention to have made his confession, without denying anything, now seeing many things inserted in this in'dictment with which he could not be charged, being not ⚫able in one word to make distinction of many parts, he 'must plead to all not guilty. For anything that belonged to the Lady Arabella, he denied the whole accu'sation; only said, she had sought his friendship, and 'his brother Brooke had sought her's. For the other 'purposes, he said, he had hammered in his brains some 'such imaginations, but never had purposed to bring them to effect. Upon Raleigh, he exclaimed as one 'who had stirred him up to discontent, and thereby over'thrown his fortunes. Against him he said, that he had once propounded to him a means for the Spaniard to invade England, which was to bring down an army to 'the Groyne, under pretence to send them into the Low Countries, and land them at Milford Haven; that he ' had made himself a pensioner to Spain for 1500 crowns " by the year, to give intelligence; and, for an earnest of his diligence, had already related to the Count d'Aremberg the particularities of what passed in the States audiences at Greenwich. His brother's confession was 'read against him, wherein he accused him of a contract 'made with Aremberg for 500,000 crowns to bestow amongst discontents, whereof Raleigh was to have had 10,000, Grey as much, and Brooke 1000; the rest as they should find fit men to bestow it on. He excepted ' against his brother as an incompetent accuser, baptizing him with the name of a viper. A letter was produced which he wrote to Aremberg for so much money; and Aremberg's answer, consenting for the furnishing of that sum. He then flew to his former retreat, that in this likewise he had no ill meaning, and excused Aremberg as one that meant only thereby to further the peace. When particularities were farther 'urged, that, in his intended travel, he meant to have 'gone into the Low Countries to the Archduke, from