after this it was arranged that the Lord Cobham should go to Spain and return by Jersey, where you were to meet him to consult about the distribution of the money, because Cobham had not so much policy or wickedness as you. Your intent was to set up the Lady Arabella as a titular Queen, and to depose our present rightful King, the lineal descendant of Edward IV. You pretend that this money was to forward the peace with Spain. Your jargon was peace, which meant Spanish invasion and Scottish subversion.

Sir Walter Raleigh. All this while you tell me news, Mr. Attorney.

Attorney-General. Sir Walter, I cannot blame you, though you be moved.

Sir Walter Raleigh. Nay, you fall out with yourself; I have said nothing to you; I am in no case to be angry. Attorney-General. I look to have good words from you, and purpose not to give you worse than the matter presses me unto; but if you provoke me, I will not spare you; and I have warrant for it. I will only add two or three circumstances and then come to my proofs. My Lord Cobham (for whom we all lament and rejoice,lament in that his ancient and noble house, which hath stood so long unspotted, is now ruinated ;—rejoice in that his treasons are revealed)—my Lord Cobham, as your Lordships all know, in his courses was never a politician nor swordsman; but to the invention of these treasonable schemes belonged a politician, and to the execution of them a swordsman. Sir W. Raleigh was a man fitting for both. Besides, Sir W. Raleigh was united in cause with the Lord Cobham, for both were discontented, and my Lord Cobham's discontent grew by Raleigh: and such was Raleigh's secrecy and Machiavelian policy in these courses, that he would never confer but with one at once. He would talk with none but Cobham, "because," saith he, "one witness can never condemn me." Since his first examination, he wrote to the Lord Cobham that he had been charged with many things, but had excused him in all; and let him know by his trusty Kemys, that by the law one witness cannot convict a man of treason, and therefore bad his Lordship be of good courage. Notwithstanding this, the Lord Cobham did once

charge Raleigh, but knowing afterwards that Raleigh had excused him, then he retracted. And now you shall see the most horrible practices that ever came out of the bottomless pit of the lowest hell; for after Raleigh had gotten understanding in the Tower, that Cobham had accused him, which he heard by young Sir John Peyton, (who had not purpose to tell it him, but to the error of his youth I impute it)

Sir Walter Raleigh. I knew from the Lords who examined me that Cobham had accused me; otherwise I had not been sent to the Tower.

Attorney-General. After Raleigh understood that he was accused by my Lord Cobham, it was contrived that the Lord Cobham should retract his accusation, and that he might make his retractation known and believed, the course was this: The Lord Cobham was to desire of the Lieutenant of the Tower to have a preacher sent him that he might confess. Doctor Andrews was the man to be named to Mr. Lieutenant, that no suspicion might arise; but the meaning was to have Mr. Patrick Galloway, a worthy and reverend preacher, who can do more with the King than any other; and it was intended that he having received Cobham's retractation of his accusation of Raleigh in solemn confession, might inform the King thereof. And this was to be done by the procurement of the Lord Cobham's wife, the Lady Kildare. Then in order to colour it that the Lord Cobham had no intent to travel at the time he is charged with a design to go to the King of Spain, a forgery is committed in this manner :-Cobham being in the Tower, writes a letter directed to my Lord Cecil about the end of October, and gives directions to his man, Mellows, to place it in a Spanish Bible, amongst his books at Cobham; to confirm the same thing, a letter is written by the Lord Cobham out of the Tower, the 16th of October, directed to Sir Thomas Fane, Lieutenant of Dover Castle; this letter is ante-dated as written the 4th of July, and purports to inform Sir Thomas Fane that Cobham had altered his intention of travelling; this letter he gives to Mellows, and desires him to send it to Sir Thomas Fane, and to entreat of him that he would write an answer, falsely dated, as of the 7th of July, signifying that he VOL. I.

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was glad to hear that he had changed his purpose of travelling. This answer, when he had procured it from Sir Thomas Fane, my Lord Cobham desired Mellows to lay in the Spanish Bible, with a copy of his own letter to Sir Thomas Fane, and the letter to the Lord Cecil, and to make as though he found them there by chance. Came this contrivance, think you, out of Cobham's quiver? No, but out of Raleigh's devilish and Machiavelian policy. You shall hear that it was after Cobham had had intelligence with this viper in the Tower, that he devised this false artifice. But Sir Thomas Fane would be no party in such a business, and sent the letter to the Council.

Sir Walter Raleigh. What is that to me? I do not hear yet that you have spoken one word against me; here is no treason of mine done; if my Lord Cobham be a traitor, what is that to me?

Attorney-General. All that he did was by thy instigation, thou viper, for I thou thee, thou traitor! I will prove thee the rankest traitor in all England.

Sir Walter Raleigh. No, no, Mr. Attorney, I am no traitor. Whether I live or die, I shall stand as true a subject as any the King hath; you may call me traitor at your pleasure; yet it becomes not a man of quality and virtue to do so; but I take comfort in it, it is all that you can do, for I do not yet hear that you charge me with any treason.

Lord Chief Justice. Sir Walter Raleigh, Mr. Attorney speaks out of the zeal of his duty for the service of the King; and you for your life; be patient* on both sides.

Attorney-General. I charge Sir Walter Raleigh with contriving and conspiring all this that I have recited: and now I will read my proofs for it.

Then was read the Declaration of Lord Cobham, dated the 20th July:—

*This word is "valiant" in the Report of the Trial appended to Oldys's Life of Raleigh, and has been copied from thence in all subsequent editions. The word is, however, as stated in the text in all the manuscripts, and must have been the word used by the Chief Justice.

This Examination is unfortunately not to be found. Examinations of the 16th and 19th of July are in the State-Paper Office;

'He confesseth that he had conference with the Count C Aremberg about procuring 500 or 600,000 crowns, from the King of Spain, and a passport to go into Spain, and that he intended to go into Flanders to confer with the Archduke there about these practices; and that as he knew the Archduke had not money enough to pay his own army, he meant to go from thence into Spain to deal with the King for the 500 or 600,000 crowns, ' and to return by Jersey; and that nothing should be 'done until he had spoken with Sir Walter Raleigh for 'distribution of the money to them which were discon'tented in England. Being showed a note under Raleigh's hand, Examinate, when he had perused the same, brake forth, saying, "O traitor! O villain! I I will now tell you all the truth." And then said, that he I had never entered into these courses but by Raleigh's 'instigation, and that he would never let him alone.' [Here Mr. Attorney willed the Clerk of the Crown to read over these last words again, "He would never let him alone."] Besides, Raleigh spoke of plots and invasions, of the particulars of which he can give no ' account, but saith that he and Raleigh had conferred of 'them.'

Sir W. Raleigh. Now, Gentlemen of the Jury, I beseech you hear me. This is absolutely all the evidence that can be brought against me. This is that which must either condemn me or give me life, which must free me or send my wife and children to beg their bread about the streets. This is that must prove whether I am a notorious traitor, or a true subject to the King. But first let me see my Accusation, that I may make my answer. Then the Declaration of Lord Cobham was shown to him.

the latter of these is not signed by Lord Cobham, and the circumstance of his refusal to sign is stated upon it. In both these Examinations he positively denies all knowledge of plots or treasonable designs of any kind. On the 20th of July he appears to have been again examined, and being then shown the letter from Raleigh to Lord Cecil, informing him of the suspicions he entertained of Cobham's intrigues with Count Aremberg, he bursts out into vehement exclamations against Raleigh, and then makes a statement, the substance of which is very imperfectly given in the Reports of the Trial.

Sir W. Raleigh. I will show you my answer to this, and how this accusation of my Lord Cobham arises. I was examined before my Lords of the Privy Council at Windsor, touching the "Surprising Treason," and also of the Lord Cobham's practices with the Count Aremberg, from all which God knows I was free, for I never was privy to any of them. And as concerning plotting for the Lady Arabella, I protest before God that at that time I never heard one word of it. It is true, that in that Examination, I told the Lords that I knew of no plots between Aremberg and Lord Cobham; but afterwards I wrote to my Lord Cecil that I suspected the Lord Cobham had intelligence with Aremberg; and my reason for suspecting him was that long since, in the late Queen's time, I knew that he held that course with him in the Low Countries, as was well known also to my Lord Treasurer and my Lord Cecil. Besides, I suspected his visiting Aremberg from this: for after he departed from me at Durham-house, I saw him pass by his own stairs and go over to St. Mary Saviours, where I knew that La Rensy lay, who was a follower of Count Aremberg. I gave intimation thereof by letter to the Lords, but I was willed by my Lord Cecil not to speak of this, because the King, at the first coming of Count Aremberg, would not give him occasion of suspicion. Wherefore I wrote to the Lord Cecil that if La Rensy were not secured the matter would not be discovered, for he would fly; yet if he were then apprehended, it would give matter of suspicion to the Lord Cobham. This letter of mine being afterwards showed to the Lord Cohham, he thought that I had discovered his dealing with Aremberg, and presently entered into a rage against me, and spake bitterly and railingly of me; yet ere he came to the stair-foot he repented him, and, as I heard, acknowledged he had done me wrong. And, Mr. Attorney, you said this arrow never came out of Lord Cobham's quiver, for he is a simple man; but whether to favour or disable my Lord Cobham, you may speak as you will of him, yet he is not such a babe as you make him, but hath dispositions of his own, and passions of such violence that his best friends could never temper them. But 'tis very strange that I, at this