Godbold, N. Consumption, 1784, '87, 8vo. Godbolt, John, Justice. Rep. Cases in the Cts. of Record, 1575-1638. Ed. by Wm. Hughes, Lon., 1652, 4to. "Godbolt, Goldsborough, and March, mean reporters, but not to be rejected."-North's Stu. Law, 24.

Goddam, or Voddam, Adam, an Englishman. Super iv. libros Sententiarum, Par., ap. J. Barbier, 1512, fol. Goddard, Austin Parke, Knight of the Military Order of St. Stephen. The Hist. of Italy, 1490-1532. In 20 books. From the Italian of Guicciardini, Lon., 175559, 10 vols. 8vo. See FENTON, SIR GEOFFREY. For an account of the edits. of Guicciardini's Hist. of Italy, see Disraeli's Curiosities of Lit.; Roscoe's Leo the Tentl; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Brunet's Man., &c. This is supposed to be one of the works studied by Shakspeare. Guicciardini is high authority:

"The historical writings of Guicciardini have not only entitled their author to the indisputable precedence of all the historians of Italy, but have placed him at least on a level with those of any age or of any country."-Roscoe's Life of Leo the Tenth.

We have finished the twentieth and last book of Guicciardinf's history; the most authentick I believe (may I add, I fear) that ever was composed. I believe it, because the historian was an actor in his terrible drama, and personally knew the principal performers in it; and I fear it, because it exhibits the woful picture of society in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."-SIR WM. JONES.

"This work is unquestionably, in respect to the importance and authenticity of its matter, the most valuable part of the annals of Italy that has ever been written."-MILLS.

"I should not scruple to prefer Guicciardini to Thucydides in every respect."-LORD BOLINGBROKE.

"This historian represents man in his darkest colours. Their drama is terrific. The actors are monsters of perfidy, of inhumanity, and inventors of crimes which seem to want a name. They were all princes of darkness, and that age seemed to afford a

triumph to Manicheism. The worst passions were called in by all

Goddard, Thomas, Canon of Windsor. 1-4. Occas. Serms., 1703-10. 5. Six Serms., 1715. 6, 7. Letters, 1710, &c.

Goddard, Thomas, Rector of Swell, Somersetshire. Reformation of the Liturgy; a Serm. on Jno. xvii. 3, 1772, 8vo.

Goddard, Wm. 1. A Neaste of Waspes, Dort, 1615, 4to. 2. Dogs from the Antipodes, in 41 Satyrs, 4to. 3. A Mastif- Whelp. This consists of 126 Satyrs. Boswell, 975, £9 98. 4. A Satyricall Dialogue; or, a sharplye inuectiue Conference betweene Alexander the great and that trulye Woman-hater Diogynes. Imprinted in the Lowe Countryes for all such Gentlewomen as are not altogether idle nor yet well occupyed, 4to. In this work the ungallant author has the temerity to attack the gentler sex. It is not unlikely that he was a captious old bachelor, who deserved to remain so.

Goddard, Wm., d. 1817, at Providence, R. I., in his 78th year, was connected with the newspaper press in various parts of the United States. In 1762 he commenced the Providence, R. Island, Gazette; in 1767 he established the Pennsylvania Chronicle, Phila.; in 1773 he commenced the Maryland Journal at Baltimore, which he relinquished in 1792, and subsequently resided in Rhode Island. He was at one time connected with the publication of Parker's Journal in New York. An interesting account of Goddard will be found in Thomas's Hist. of Printing. His claim to a place in our volume is founded on the fact of his having pub. a Hist. of the Penn. Chronicle, 1770. He married a Miss Angell, of Providence, and the name of the lady suggested to a friend of the groom the bon mot that Goddard had "taken an angel for his wife." It would appear, therefore, that wit is not entirely a recent invention. Whether Mr. Goddard's facetious friend deserved the commendation of Barrow

"It seemeth to argue a rare quickness of parts, that one can fetch in remote conceits applicable; a notable skill, that he can dexterously accommodate them to the purpose before him”— we shall not stop to inquire.

Goddard, Wm. Giles, d. at Providence, R. I., 1846, aged 52, son of the preceding, was in 1825 appointed Prof. of Moral Philos. and Metaphysics in Brown University; the title of the Professorship was in 1834 changed to that of Belles-Lettres. Prof. G. resigned his post, in consequence of ill health, in 1842. He pub. an Address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown University, on The Value of Liberal Studies; a Sketch of the first president, Manning; an Address on the death of Wm. Henry Harrison, Pres. U. States; and a Discourse on the Change of the Civil Govt. of R. Island in 1843. From 1814 to 1825 he was proprietor and editor of The Rhode Island American, a paper pub. at Providence.

Goddard, Wm. Stanley, D.D., 1757-1845, Rector of Repton, Derby. 1. Serm. on the Visit. of the Bishop, Winches., 1811, 8vo. 2. Serm. at the Consec. of Bp. Howley, Lon., 1814, 4to.

Godden, Thos., D.D., Preb.-in-Ordinary to her Majesty. 1. Serms., 1686. 2. Serms., 1686, 4to. See Cath. Serms., 1741.

Godet, Gylles. Genealogie of the Kinges of England, 1560-62, fol. Kings from Brute to Elizabeth.

"Of this very rare and curious book no other copy is known, but that at Althorp."-Bibl. Grenvill., q. v.

came to his death-at the siege of Namur, in 1695, whilst on an official visit to King William-will be found in T. B. Macaulay's Hist. of England, vol. iv., just pub. The unfortunate Deputy-Governor was a brother of Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey,

"Whose sad mysterious death had, fifteen years before, produced a terrible outbreak of popular feeling. Michael was one of the

ablest, most upright, and most opulent of the merchant princes

of London. He was, as might have been expected from his near
connection with the martyr of the Protestant faith, a zealous Whig.
Some of his writings are still extant, and prove him to have had a
strong and clear mind."-MACAULAY, ubi supra.
Godfrey, Robert. Physic, Lon., 1673, 74, 8vo.
Godfrey, Robert. Serm. on Acts ii. 47.
Godfrey, Samuel. Bills of Exchange, 1791, 8vo.
Godfrey, Thomas. A Rich Storehouse; or, Trea-
sury for the Sicke full of Christian Counsailes and Godly
Meditation, 1758, 8vo.

Godfrey, Thomas, 1736–1763, a son of the inventor of "Hadley's Quadrant," was a native of Philadelphia, where for some time he was apprentice to a watchmaker. In 1758 he was made lieutenant in the Pennsylvania troops raised for the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. He was subsequently employed as a factor in North Carolina, and also as a supercargo in a voyage to the island of New Providence. His tragedy of The Prince of Parthia, which was offered to a company performing in Phila. in 1759, is supposed to be the first dramatic work written in America. The Court of Fancy, a Poem, Phila., 1763, 4to, was evidently written with an eye to Chaucer's House of Fame. A vol. of his Poems-many of which had already appeared in the American Mag. was pub. by Godfrey's friend, N. Evans, in 1767, 4to, pp. 224.

Godfridus. 1. The Book of Knowledge of Things Unknown, 8vo. 2. The same, with the Husbandman's Practice and the Shepherd's Prognostication, 1688, 8vo.

"The prognostications of the weather from astrological observations do not now attract any notice, and this book does not contain any practical matter."-Donaldson's Agricult. Biog.

Godkin, James, formerly a R. Catholic. 1. Apostolic Christianity; or, Antidote against Romanism and Puseyism, Lon., 1842, 8vo. 2. Touchstone of Orthodoxy, 1842, 12mo. 3. Guide to the Church of Christ; 3d ed., 1846, 8vo.

Godley, John Robert. Letters from Canada and the United States, Lon., 1844, 2 vols. p. 8vo.

"The production of a sensible and enlightened traveller, who is evidently concerned to do justice to the people whom he describes, and to furnish useful information."-Lon. Eclectic Rev.

"For the impartiality which he everywhere exhibits, he deserves all the credit that he claims. Here, then, is at least one English book of which the Americans cannot reasonably complain."-Lon. Athenæum.

"The farming or emigration prospects and practicabilities of Canada are what most deeply interest English readers; and they will find here a good deal of information that bears every mark of being well considered and judicious."-Tait's Edin. Mag.

Godman, John D., 1794-1830, a native of Annapolis, Maryland, was in his youth employed first as a printer, and subsequently as a sailor in the navy. In 1815 he commenced the study of medicine, and attained a high rank in his profession, especially in the department of anatomy. He was also distinguished for his knowledge of natural history and the ancient and modern languages. After receiving his medical degree, he practised for some time in Philadelphia and other places, and in 1821 was

See also Herbert's Ames, 1314, and Dibdin's Edes Al-appointed Prof. of Anatomy in the Medical College of Cin

thorpianæ, i. 180-184.

Godfrey of Winchester, d. 1107, prior of St. Swithin's at Winchester, was the author of a number of

Epistles, epigrams, verses, &c. The two last-named, all that are known to exist, are preserved in a MS. in the Cot

tonian Library, and in two MSS. in the Bodleian Library. See Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit., and authorities there cited. "Godfrey of Winchester was the first and best of the AngloNorman writers of Latin verse; in such of his works as are now extant, he rises more successfully than any other poet of his own or the succeeding age above the barbarisms of medieval style, and in some of his epigrams he approaches nearly to the purity of Martial, who was his model."-Biog. Brit. Lit.

Godfrey, Amb. and John. Elements of Water, Lon., 1747, 4to.

Godfrey, Boyly. 1. Fires, 1724. 2. Experiments,

1757.

Godfrey, C. B. Treat. on V. Disease, 1797, 8vo. Godfrey, Capt. John. Back-sword, 1747, 4to. Godfrey, Michael, d. 1695. A Short Account of the intended Bank of England, Lon., 1694, 4to.

"This tract was written by Michael Godfrey, Esq., first DeputyGovernor of the Bank, and one of the most active coadjutors of Paterson in its formation."-McCulloch's Lit. of Polit. Econ.

An interesting account of the manner in which Godfrey

cinnati. In 1822 he removed to Phila., and four years later accepted a call to the Professorship of Anatomy in Rutgers Medical College, New York. Obliged by failing health to embark on a voyage to the West Indies, where he remained for a winter, he settled, on his return, at Germantown, Penna., where he died of consumption, April 17, 1830.

In addition to his work on American Natural History, Dr. Godman's principal works are-Anatomical Investigations; American Natural History, commenced in 1823 and completed in 1828, pub. in 3 vols. 8vo; Acct. of some Irregularities of Structure and Morbid Anatomy; Rambles of a Naturalist; an edit. of Bell's Anatomy, with Notes; Trans. of Levasseur's Acct. of La Fayette's Progress through the United States. He pub. many Addresses, delivered on various public occasions, contributed a number of articles to the American Quarterly Review and other periodicals, and wrote the articles in the Encyc.

Americana to end of the letter C. He established the Western Quarterly Reporter, projected by Dr. Drake, and for some time assisted in Dr. Chapman's Medical Journal, pub. in Philadelphia.

For further particulars we must refer the reader to the

friends were united by marriage. Mrs. Godwin died in September, 1797, leaving an infant daughter, who became the wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley.

In addition to the works noticed above, Mrs. Godwin pub. A Moral and Historical Relation of the French Revolution-one vol. only appeared;-Letters from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, 1796; Young Grandison; a trans. of Necker on the Importance of Religious Opinions. After her death Mr. Godwin pub. her Miscellanies, Letters, and an unfinished novel, with a Life of the author, 1798, 4 vols. 12mo, and 1 vol. 8vo.

"Mr. Godwin wrote and published the Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft, a work disreputable to his name, as well as that of his wife; she appears to have been grossly irreligious, indelicate, and dissolute."-Lon. Gent. Mag., June, 1836.

Lawrence's Empire of the Nairs; or, the Rights of Woman; an Utopian Romance, 1813, 4 vols. 12mo, adopts the anti-marriage theory of Mrs. Godwin. Such speculations would provoke ridicule, were they not too mischievous to be laughed at.

"No woman (with the exception of the greatest woman, Madame

de Staël) has made any impression on the public mind during the last fifty years, to be compared with Mrs. Godwin. This was perhaps more especially true in the provinces, where her new and startling doctrines were seized with avidity, and acted upon in some particulars to considerable extent, particularly by married women.... She was, I have been told by an intimate friend, very pretty and feminine in manners and person; much attached to those very observances she decries in her works; so that if any gentleman did not fly to open the door as she approached it, or take up the handkerchief she dropped, she showered on him the full weight of reproach and displeasure; an inconsistency she would have doubtless despised in a disciple. I have heard the late Miss Jewsbury express an intention of so remodelling the Rights of Women, that it would not fail to become attractive, and she thought useful."-Communication in Mrs. Elwood's Literary Ladies of Eng.

"He [Coleridge] asked me if I had ever seen Mary Wollstonecraft, and I said, I had once for a few moments, and that she seemed to me to turn off Godwin's objection to something she advanced with quite a playful, easy air. He replied that this was only one instance of the ascendency which people of imagination exercised over those of mere intellect. He did not rate Godwin high, (this was caprice, or prejudice real or affected.) but he had a great idea of Mrs. Wollstonecraft's powers of conversation; none at all of her talent for book-making."-HAZLITT: My First Acquaintance with

Poets.

Godwin, Morgan, d. 1645, Archdeacon of Shropshire, a son of Francis Godwin, D.D., trans., as we have noticed, his father's Annales. He was ejected by the Parliamentary Commissioners, and his family reduced to distress.

Godwin, Morgan, son of the preceding, became a minister of Virginia under the administration of Sir Wm. Berkeley. 1. The Negroes' and Indians' Advocate suing for their admission to the Church, Lon., 1680, 8vo. 2. Supplet., 1681, 8vo. 3. Serm. rel. to the Plantations; on Jer. ii. 34, 1685, 4to.

1. Ro

work on The History of France, to which he has devoted
many years, one on the Nineteenth Century, with its Lead-
ing Men and Movements, and a book of Travels, to be en-
titled A Winter Harvest, giving an account of interviews
with a number of French and English political reformers.
Godwin, Richard. Religious Zeal, Lon., 1780.
Godwin, Thomas, 1587-1643, a native of Somerset-
shire, entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxf., 1602; chief master
of the Free School at Abingdon, 1609; became Rector of
Brightwell, Berkshire, and resigned his school.
manæ Historiæ Anthologia; an Eng. Expos. of the Roman
Antiquities, Oxf., 1613, '23, '25, '33, 4to; Lon., 1658, '68,
'85; 16th ed., 1686, 4to; 1668, '86, 8vo. A valuable work
in its day. 2. Moses and Aaron, or the Civil and Eccle-
siastical Rites used among the Ancient Hebrews observed
throughout the whole Scripture, Lon., 1614, 4to; Oxf.,
and at large opened for the clearing of many obscure Texts
1616, 22, 25, 28, 4to; Lon., 1655, '62, '68, '72; 12th ed.,
1685, 4to; in Latin, Ultraj., 1690, '98, 8vo; Franeker, 1710,
12mo; Francf., 1716, 12mo; Lugd. Bat., 1723, '24, 8vo.

"It was also translated into Latin by Reiz, and published with his notes in 1679. It was edited in 1694, by the celebrated Witsius, who added two dissertations, one on the theocracy of Israel, and another on the Rechabites. Hottinger published it with considerable additions and improvements in 1710. Carpzov's Apparatus of Hebrew Antiquities [The most elaborate system of Jewish antiquities, perhaps, that is extant.-Horne's Bibl. Bib.'] is a learned commentary on it; and Jenning's work on Jewish Antiquities is of the same nature. It is, on the whole, a valuable and accurate work. There is often bound up with it a work on Roman Antiquities, by the same writer, and another on Grecian Antiquities, by Francis Rous, the four last chapters of which were written by the learned Zachary Bogan. The whole form a useful and not expensive body of antiquities."-Orme's Bibl. Bib.

Moses and Aaron is recommended by the celebrated Witsius.

3. Synopsis Antiquitatum Hebraicarum, in iii. lib., Oxon., 1616, 4to. 4. Florilegium Phrasicon; or, A Survey of the Latin Tongue, for the use of his School. 5. Three Arguments to prove Election upon Foresight by Faith. This occasioned a controversy with Dr. Wm. Twisse, of Newbury, Berkshire, in which Godwin is thought to have been confuted.

"The presbyterian writers [Geo. Kendal and Dr. Saml. Clarke] say that tho' Dr. Godwin was a very learned man in the antiquities of the Hebrews, Greeks, and Latins, yet he was fitter to instruct Grammarians than deal with logicians, and had more power as master of a school at Abingdon than as a doctor of divinity. They further add, also, that Twisse did, by his writings and disputes, whip this old schoolmaster, and wrested that ferula out of his hands which he had enough used with pride, and expos'd him to be derided by boys."-Athen. Oxon.

Godwin, Thomas. 1. Catholics no Idolaters; against Dr. Stillingfleet's charge of idolatry against the Ch. of Rome, Lon., 1672, 8vo. 2. Discharge to Dr. Stillingfleet's charge of Idolatry against the Ch.of Rome, Paris, 1677, 8vo.

Godwin, Timothy, Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh. 1. Serms. on Ps. xcviii. 1. 2. Serms. on Ezek. xvii. 19, 1716, 4to. 3. Serms. on Heb. xiii. 16, 1724, 4to.

Godwin, William, 1756–1836, a native of Wisebeach, Cambridgeshire, where his father was a dissenting minister, was educated at the Dissenting College, Hoxton, where he remained for above five years, under the tuition of Doctors Rees and Kippis. In 1778 Godwin became

Godwin, Parke, b. February 25, 1816, at Paterson, New Jersey, is a son of General Godwin, an officer of the war of 1812, and a grandson of a soldier of the American Revolution. After graduating at Princeton College in 1834, Mr. G. studied law and was admitted to practice, but found a stronger charm in the cultivation of letters. From 1837 to 1853 he assisted his celebrated father-in-law, William C. Bryant, in the editorial duties connected with the New York Evening Post. In Feb. 1843, he commenced the publica-minister to a dissenting congregation near London, and tion of a weekly periodical entitled The Pathfinder. The title proved to be a misnomer, for, although admitted to be admirably conducted, it failed to find the path to public favour, and, after a brief existence of three months and fifteen numbers, it expired. Mr. G. has pub. Goethe's Autobiography, trans. and edited; Zschokke's Tales, trans.; a Popular View of the Doctrines of Fourier; Vala, a Mythological Tale; Hand-Book of Universal Biography, compiled from Maunder and other authorities; pub. as one of the vols. of Putnam's Home Cyclopædia; Constructive Democracy; articles in the Democratic Review: on Shelley; Democracy; Edward Livingston; Jeremy Bentham; Goethe; Free Trade; William Leggett; Political Economy; Washington Irving; Downing's Landscape Gardening; Carlyle's Chartism; England and China; Journalism; The Loggerheads; Bryant's Poems; American Poetry, &c.; also articles in Putuam's Monthly Mag.: on American Authors; The Works of American Statesmen; Our New President; Parties and Politics; Annexation; What impression do we make abroad? The Pacific Railroad; The Know Nothings; How they manage in Europe; Comte's Philosophy; A Few Days in Vienna; From Venice to Vienna; A Day on the Danube; French Almanacs; A Letter to John Bull; The Eastern Question, &c.; and most of the editorial notes.

Mr. Godwin has in preparation (we are glad to state) a

soon afterwards took charge of a meeting-house at Stowmarket, Suffolk. In 1782 he determined to relinquish the ministry and seek a livelihood by the use of his pen, and accordingly he removed to London as a permanent residence. For the particulars of his social life, we must refer the reader to the detailed account pub. in the London Gent. Mag. for June, 1836, shortly after his decease. This account is principally derived from a sketch, biographical and critical, prefixed to the novel of Caleb Williams, pub. in Bentley's Standard Novels. We need only remark, here, that in 1797 he became the husband of a woman of notoriously bad character-Mary Wollstonecraft (see ante)-with whom he had previously lived on disreputable terms, and after her death was again married. He was once principal conductor of the New Annual Register, for a time a bookseller, frequently a member of distinguished literary circles, and always a lover of letters. His few last years were rendered independent by an appointment to the sinecure office of Yeoman Usher of the Exchequer. He had considerable abilities, little judgment, and less wisdom; and in his efforts for reform lacked that foundation without which all such attempts are hopeless-a recognition of man's moral depravity, and the necessity of maintaining a constant sense of strict accountability to his Maker. We proceed to notice his publications:

1. Sketches of History, in Six Serms., Lon., 1784, 12mo. 2. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness, 1793, 2 vols. 4to; 3d ed., 1797, 2 vols. 8vo. For this work he received £700. It at once attracted the public attention, but has long been neglected.

"No work in our time gave such a blow to the philosophical mind of the country as the celebrated Enquiry concerning Politi cal Justice. Tom Paine was considered for the time as a Tom Fool to him; Paley an old woman; Edmund Burke a flashy sophist. Truth, moral truth, it was supposed. had here taken up its abode; and these were the oracles of thought. Throw aside your books of Chemistry,' said Wordsworth to a young man, a student in the Temple, and read Godwin on Necessity."-Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age. "This was a bold and astounding piece of writing, a very master-stroke of levelization, pardonable only as having been conceived in the madness of a distracting period in the history and affairs of Europe. We are told it became so popular, that the poorest mechanics were known to club subscriptions for its pur chase, and thus was it directed to mine and eat away contentment from a nation's roots. In a very short time the author himself saw he had transgressed the bounds of prudence, and in what was called a second edition recanted many of the most erroneous and alarming doctrines of the first."-Biog. Notice in Lon. Gent. Mug., June, 1836, 666-670.

"You supped upon Godwin and oysters with Carlisle. Have you, then, read Godwin with attention? Give me your thoughts of his book; for, faulty as it is in many parts, there is a mass of truth in it that must make every man think. Godwin, as a man, is very contemptible. I am afraid that most public characters will ill endure examination in their private lives. . . . Do not despise Godwin too much. . . . He will do good by defending Atheism in print, because when the arguments are known they may be easily and satisfactorily answered."-Robert Southey to G. C. Bedford, 1795-96. In another place Southey calls Godwin "the Goliath of the philosophical Canaanites."

"His Political Justice, with all the extravagance of its first edition, or with all the inconsistencies of its last, is a noble work, replete with lofty principle and thought, and often leading to the most striking results by a process of the severest reasoning."-SIR T. N. TALFOURD: Lon. New Month. Mag., and in his Crit. and Miscell. Writings.

"I cannot but consider the author of Political Justice as a philosophical reasoner of no ordinary stamp or pretensions. That work, whatever its defects may be, is distinguished by the most acute and severe logic, and by the utmost boldness of thinking, founded on a love and conviction of truth."-Hazlitt on the English Novelists.

"Whatever may be its mistakes, which we shall be the last to underrate, it is certain that works in which errors equally dangerous are maintained with far less ingenuity, have obtained for their authors a conspicuous place in the philosophical history of the eighteenth century."-SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH: Edin. Rev., 488, and in his Misc. Works.

"Seldom has so bold, powerful and collected a thinker investigated questions of this nature. His Inquiry is scarcely tinged with the atmosphere of ordinary life. He takes up the subject like a new-comer to our planet, unswayed either by habit or association. His work may be described as the application of intellect to life. The result was, that he proved that reason is not the only guide, and, in doing this, he fulfilled a vast though negative service; besides incidentally contributing new impulse and information to the cause of individual culture and social progress.”—H. T. TUCKERMAN: Characteristics of Literature: The Reformer: Godwin. "The influence of the work I can myself remember. In any ordinary state of the world it must have fallen lifeless from the press: highly metaphysical, continually running into general abstractions, into disquisitions, never ending still beginning, nothing was ever less fitted to attract a reader than this repulsive Inquiry concerning Political Justice; and if the state had not been out of joint, most assuredly scarce a reader would have been found. Some years after, when the success of the work had been established, Mr. Burke was asked whether he had seen it. Why, yes, I have seen it,' was the answer, and a mighty stupid-looking book it is.' No two words could better have described it. The late excellent Sir Samuel Romilly, who had then leisure to read every thing, told a friend who had never heard of it, that there had just appeared a book, by far the most absurd that had ever come within his knowledge, (this was the work of Godwin;) and Mrs. Barbauld, who at length, by the progress of its doctrines, was compelled to look at it, declared, that what was good in the book was chiefly taken from Hume; and that it was borrowed sense, and original nonsense.'. . . It is no longer possible, I think, to read the book: the world is now in a more settled state, and people no longer make inquiries concerning political justice, and its influence on morals and happiness,' according to the title of his book. I will therefore endeavour to give you some general notion of the leading principles of the work, in the most concise manner I am able.

"This sentence was written many years ago, like the rest of the lectures I am now delivering; but, as I mentioned in my introductory lecture to this course, I have lived to see all the doctrines of Godwin revived. They are the same as those which now infest the world and disgrace the human understanding, delivered by Mr. Owen, by the Chartists, the St. Simonians, &c. &c., and by many other political theorists, in these kingdoms, in France, on the continent, and the Workees,' as they call themselves, in America.... Books like Mr. Godwin's (and I have therefore called your attention to his work, merely as a specimen of all other revolutionary works and reasonings) have a fatal tendency to animate and exasperate men of sanguine and benevolent minds with false ideas of the perfectibility of human nature, and erroneous estimates of the evils they see existing; they create in

them a hasty, unreasonable impatience and scorn for the more humble and unassuming principles upon which those who would meliorate the condition of their fellow-creatures must proceed; they prepare the way for the appearance and success of daring and bad men; of revolutionists of the worst description; and while they profess to further the great cause of liberty, and the improvement of mankind, they bring into suspicion and contempt some of the noblest and best virtues of the human character; they make patriotism useless, and benevolence ridiculous."-Prof. Smyth's Lects. on the Hist. of the French Revolution. See Green's Examination of Godwin's Political Justice, &c., Lon., 1798, 8vo.

Sir Walter Scott, who had the same difficulty in "sparing or passing by a jest," when writing, that Lord Bacon had when speaking, thus pleasantly rallies Godwin upon the maxims of property contained in his Political Justice. The remark occurs in Scott's review of Godwin's Life of Chaucer, and refers to the biographer's complaint that the owners of libraries refused to lend him the books which he required for consultation:

"We cannot help remarking that the principles of a modern philosopher continue to charm the public after the good man himself has abandoned them; just as the very truest tale will sometimes be distrusted from the habitual falsehood of the narrator. We fear this may have incommoded Mr. Godwin in his antiquarian researches, more than he seems to be aware of. When he complains that private collectors decline to part with their treasures for a short time out of their own hands,' did it never occur to Mr. Godwin that the maxims concerning property, contained in his Political Justice, were not altogether calculated to conciliate confidence in the author?"-Edin. Rev., iii. 437-452.

3. Things as they are, or the Adventures of Caleb Williams; a Novel, 1794, 3 vols. 12mo; 1796, 3 vols. 12mo; 1816, 3 vols. 12mo; 1832, 12mo; 1849, 12mo; 1854, fp. 8vo. This work has also a political tendency:

"A general review of the modes of domestic despotism, by which man becomes the destroyer of man."

The author received for it the small sum of £84. "A master-piece, both as to invention and execution. The romantic and chivalrous principle of the love of personal fame is embodied in the finest possible manner in the character of Falkland; as in Caleb Williams, (who is not the first, but the second character in the piece,) we see the very demon of curiosity personi fied. Perhaps the art with which these two characters are contrived to relieve and set off each other has never been surpassed in any work of fiction, with the exception of the immortal satire of Cervantes."-Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age.

"There is not a moment's pause in the action or sentiment; the breath is suspended, the faculties are wound up to the highest pitch as we read. Page after page is greedily devoured. There is no laying down the book till we come to the end, and even then the words still ring in our ears, nor do the mental apparitions ever pass away from the eye of memory."-Edin. Rev.

"Caleb Williams, the earliest, is also the most popular, of our author's romances, not because his latter works have been less rich in sentiment and passion, but because they are, for the most part, confined to the development of single characters; while in this there is the opposition and death-grapple of two beings, each endowed with poignant sensibilities and quenchless energy. There is no work of fiction which more rivets the attention-no tragedy which exhibits a struggle more sublime or sufferings more intense than this; yet to produce the effect, no complicated machinery is employed, but the springs of action are few and simple. The motives are at once common and elevated, and are purely intellectual, without appearing for an instant inadequate to their mighty issues."-SIR T. N. TALFOURD: New Month. Mag., and in his Crit. and Miscell. Writings.

Mr. Gilfillan also commends Caleb Williams in the most eulogistic terms, and is taken to task for his enthusiasm by Mr. De Quincey, who remarks:

"It happens, however, that other men of talent have raised Caleb Williams to a station in the first rank of novels: whilst many more, amongst whom I am compelled to class myself, can see in it no merit of any kind."

Read this article, which is sufficiently amusing, in De Quincey's Essays on the Poets and other English Writers.

"Few there are who do not enter into and understand the workings of the mind of Caleb Williams, where the demon of curiosity, finding a youth of an active and speculative disposition, without guide to advise, or business to occupy him, engages his thoughts and his time upon the task of prying into a mystery which noway concerned him, and which from the beginning he had a wellfounded conviction might prove fatal to him should he ever penetrate it. The chivalrous frenzy of Falkland, in the same piece, though perhaps awkwardly united with the character of an assas sin, that love of fame to which he sacrifices honour and virtue, is another instance of a humour, or turn of mind, which, like stained glass, colours with its own peculiar tinge every object beheld by the party."-SIR WALTER SCOTT: Blackwood's Mag., xx. 53.

"Caleb Williams is the cream of his mind, the rest are the skimmed milk; yet in that wondrous novel all must be offended with the unnatural and improbable character of Falkland: the most accomplished, the most heroical and lofty-minded of men murders one who had affronted him, allows others to hang for the deed, and persecutes to the brink of ruin a man whose sole sin was a desire to penetrate through the mystery in which this prodigy of vice and virtue had wrapped himself. Williams suffers merely because it was necessary for the story that he should: & single word would have set all right and saved him from much unnatural terror. In short, the fault is, that the actions which the dramatis persona perform are not in keeping with their characters."ALLAN CUNNINGHAM: Biog, and Crit. Hist. of the Lit. of the last Fifty Years. See No. 18.