£7000, and left an estate of £80,000. He endowed a seminary for young Quakers at Ackworth, near Leeds, assisted Sydney Parkinson in his account of his South Sea Voyage, and printed Anthony Purver's (a Quaker) trans. of the Bible from the Hebrew and Greek, at an expense of £2000. 1. Thesis de Emeticorum usu, in variis Morbis tractandis, Edin., 1738, 8vo. 2. Sore Throat with Ulcers, Lon., 1748, '54, 8vo. 3. Rules for the Preserv. of Health, 1762, 8vo. 4. Acct. of Dr. Collinson, 1770, 4to. Anon. 5. Explan. Remarks to the Pref. to Sydney Parkinson's Jour. of a Voy. to the South Seas. 1773, 4to. 6. Hydrophobia, 1778, 8vo. 7. Con. to Ed. Med. Ess., 1736. 8. Con. to Phil. Trans., 1744. 9. Con. to Med. Obs. and Inq., 1755, '67, '78, '84. His Works, edited by John Elliot, M.D., with Life and Notes, 1781, 8vo. By Gilbert Thompson, 1782, 8vo. By Dr. Lettsom, 1783, 2 vols. 8vo; 1784, 4to. Hortas Uptoniensis; or, A Cat. of Stove and Greenhouse Plants in Dr. Fothergill's Garden at Upton, at the time of his decease, 1784, 8vo.

"The person of Dr. Fothergill was of a delicate rather than extenuated make. His features were all expressive, and his eye had a peculiar brilliancy. His understanding was comprehensive and quick, and rarely embarrassed on the most sudden occasions. There was a charm in his conversation and address that conciliated the regard and confidence of all who employed him; and so discreet and uniform was his conduct, that he was not apt to forfeit the esteem which he had once acquired."

See authorities cited above; also Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes; Physic and Physicians; The Lives of Brit. Physicians; and for a list of his separate papers in Ed. Med. Ess., Phil. Trans., and Med. Obs. and Inq., refer to Bibl. Brit.

Fothergill, Samuel, d. 1773, an eminent Quaker preacher, brother of the preceding, travelled over England, Scotland, Ireland, and North America, holding religious meetings. He was greatly respected. 1. Remarks on an Address to the People called Quakers, and a Serm., &c. by M. Pilkington. In a Letter to the Author; with Observ. by Phipps, 1761, 8vo. 2. Reply to E. Owen on Water Baptism, 1763, 8vo. 3. Letters, 1816.

Fothergill, Samuel, M.D. Tic Douloureux, Lon., 1804, 8vo.

Fothergill, Thomas. Articles against Capt. Neidham, 1653, 4to.

Fothergill, Thomas, D.D. Provost of Queen's Coll., and Preb. of Durham. Serms., Oxf., 1749, '53, '56, '60, '62, '64.

Fouler. See FOWLER.

Fouler, Wm. Truth's Vindication of Election and Reprobation, Lon., 1652, 12mo.

Foulface, Philip. Bacchvs Bovntie, Describing the debonaire dietie of his bountiful godhead, in the royall obseruance of his great feast of Pentecost. Necessaire to be read and marked of all, for the eschuing of like enormities. By Philip Foulface of Ale-foord, student in good fellowship, Lon., 1594, 4to. Partly in verse and partly in prose; much in the style of Robert Greene. Three sheets only. Bibl. Anglo-Poet., 74, £6. It is reprinted in the Harleian Miscellany.

"The intention of this Pamphlet was to expose the sin of drunkenness, and the folly and danger of those who give themselves up to that chargeable, silly, and health-destroying vice: a vice, in which a man takes the utmost pains to drown his own reason, to commence a fool, the object of a sober man's resentment and reproach, and to ruin both his own estate and constitution."-OLDYS. To this "let all the people say, Amen!"

Foulis, or De Foliis, Henry, 1638?-1685, entered Queen's Coll., Oxf., 1654; Fellow of Lincoln's Coll., 1659; took holy orders, but devoted himself to historical studies. 1. Hist. of the Wicked Plots and Conspiracies of our blessed Saints, the Presbyterians, &c., Lon., 1662; Oxf., 1674, fol. "Which book, tho' full of notable girds against that party, yet it hath been so pleasing to the royalists, (who have found much wit and mirth therein,) that some of them have caused it to be chained to desks in public places, and in some country-churches, to be read by the vulgar. But as by the publishing of this book he hath much displeased the Presbyterians, of whom some have fallen foul upon him in their writings for so doing; so hath he more displeased another party for the writing of this book following:

"[2.] The History of the Romish Treasons and Usurpations, with an Account of many gross Corruptions and Impostures of the Church of Rome, &c., Lon., 1671 and '81, fol. Which book, had it not fallen into the hands of a knavish bookseller, might have been extant in the lifetime of the author, and so consequently more compleat and exact than it now is. At its first publication, I was informed by a letter written by a noted man of that party, that the papists did look upon the said book as a simple thing-That he (the author) fought against his own shadow, and that all sober Catholics did disallow much of what he combats against."-Athen. Oxon.

Watt ascribes to Foulis (3) Cabala; or, the Hist. of the Conventicles Uncased, 1664, 4to; and Foulis left a MS.

Account of all Serms. preached before Parliament, 164048; in Wood's Collect., Ashmole's Museum, 8480, 18. Foulis, Sir James, Bart., d. 1791. 1. Lett. on Irish Affairs, Lon., 1805, Svo. 2. Catholic Emancip., 1812, 8vo. Foulis, Oliver. Under this name David Lloyd pub. his work Of Plots, &c., Lon., 1664, 4to.

Foulis, Robert, d. 1776, a celebrated printer, as was also Andrew, his brother, who d. 1774. Cat. of Robert Foulis's Pictures, by the most admired Masters, Lon., 1776, 3 vols. 8vo. Sold at a great sacrifice. The balance over the expenses amounted to only fifteen shillings. Respecting the brothers Foulis, see Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes; Lemoine's Hist. of Printing; Timperley's Dict. of Printers and Printing.

Foulkes, E. S., Fellow and Tutor of Jesus Coll., Oxf. Manual of Ecclesiastical History from the 1st to the 12th Cent. inclusive, Oxf., 1851, 8vo. Mr. Foulkes's principal authorities are-Spanheim, Spondanus, Mosheim, Fleury, Gieseler, and Döllinger.

"Mr. Foulkes writes in a spirit of manly faith."-Scottish Eccles. Jour., May, 1852.

Foulkes, Martin. See FOLKES.

Foulkes, Peter, D.D. Serm., Oxf., 1723, 4to. Foulkes, Robert. 1. Alarme for Sinners, Lon., 1679, 4to. 2. His Confession and Life, 1679, 4to. An Account of His Trial and Execution for Murder and Adultery was pub. in the same year.

Foulston, J. Public Buildings of the West of England, Lon., 1838, imp. 4to.

"The noble, elegant, and truly classical works of this eminent Architect furnish admirable examples both of taste and professional skill in grappling with and overcoming some of the difficulties of the art, namely, in arrangement and adaptation."-BRITTON and BRAYLEY.

Fountain, John. His Catechisme, trans. by T. W., (Tho. Wilcox,) 1578, 8vo.

Fountain, John. The Rewards of Vertue; a Comedie, Lon., 1661, 4to. Altered by Shadwell, and represented with success under the title of The Royal Shepherdess, T. C., 1669, 4to.

Fountain, or Fountayne, John, D.D., Dean of York. Fast Serm., Lon., 1756, 8vo.

Fountaine, Sir Andrew, d. 1753, an eminent antiquary, the friend of Dean Swift and other wits of the age, is commended for his antiquarian knowledge by Montfaucon in the preface to L'Antiquité Expliquée. Swift often mentions him in his Journal to Stella.

1. Numismata Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica reviter illustrata, Oxon., 1704, fol. Vide Hickes's Thesaurus. 2. Notes in Anglo-Saxonum Nummosa D. Andrea Fountaine editos, (ab Edv. Thwaites,) Oxon., 1708, 8vo. 3. His Case in relation to a Bill under the name of Sir Charles Holt, Bart., fol.

Fountaine, John. Letter to Dr. Turner concerning the Ch. and the Revenues thereof, Lon., 1647, 4to. Anon. Fountainhall, Lord. Chronol. Notes of Scot. Affairs, 1630-1701, taken chiefly from the Diary of Lord Fountainhall, Edin., 1822. 4to.

Fountainhall, Sir John Lauder, Lord. Decisions of the Lords of Council and Session, 1678-1712, Edin., 1759-61, 2 vols. fol.

Four, Du, W. See DUFOUR. Fourestier, James. The Pearle of Practise; or, Practiser's Pearle for Physicke and Chirurgerie; found out by J. H., (John Hester,) a Spagericke, or Distiller, amongst the learned obseruations and proued practices of many expert men in both faculties, Lon., 1594, 4to.

Fourestier, Paul. Serm., Lon., 1758, 8vo. Fournier, Daniel. Perspective, Lon., 1762, 4to. This is based on the principles laid down by Dr. Brook Taylor. Fovargue, Stephen. A new Cat. of Vulgar Errors, Lon., 1767, 8vo. Intended as a supplement to Dr. Thomas Browne's work of the same title.

Fowke, John. Account of his Enquiries for Extinguishing Fires, fol.

Fowldes, Wm. The Strange and Wonderfull and bloudy Battell betweene Frogs and Mice; a Poem, 1603, 4to. Fowle, Fulmer Wm., Preb. of Salisbury. 1. Twelve Serms., Lon., 1835, '36, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. Serms. on Faith, 1845, 12mo. 3. Memoranda of 1846, '47, fp. 8vo, 1848. Fowle, Thomas. Almanacks, 1681, 84, 12mo. Fowle, Wm., M.D. 1. Hurricanes, &c. in W. Indies, Lon., 1781, 8vo. 2. Mercury in the Small-Pox, 1793, 8vo. 3. Fevers of the W. Indies, 1800, 8vo.

Fowler. Serm. on Luke xxiii. 19, 1699, 4to. Fowler, Christopher, 1611-1676, a clergyman of the Church of England, joined the Presbyterians in 1641, and became a noted preacher, as we shall presently see.

pp. 883-886.

expected in a work devoted to authors and their productions. It is sufficient that we indicate the works where fuller information can be had. The student is therefore referred to-1. Hist. of the Political Life and public Services as a Senator and a Statesman of the Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox, Lon., 1783, 8vo. 2. Memoirs of the Life of R. B. Sheridan, 1799, 8vo. 3. Recollec. of the Life of C. J. F., by B. C. Walpole, 1806, 8vo. 4. Gent. Mag., Sept. 1806, 5. Memoirs of the Public Life of C. J. F., by R. Fell, 1808, 4to. 6. Lord Holland's (his nephew) Introduc. to C. J. F.'s Hist. of the Early Part of the Reign of James II., 1808, 4to. 7. Characters of the late C. J. F., selected and in part written by Philopatris Varricensis, 1809, 8vo. This work, principally a collection of eulogies upon Fox, is by Dr. Samuel Parr. See a review of it by the Rev. Sydney Smith, Edin. Rev., xiv. 353. 8. Memoirs of the latter years of C. J. F., 1811, 8vo. Appendix, same year, by J. B. Trotter. This gentleman was Mr. Fox's private secretary. 9. Sir S. E. Brydges's ed. of Collins's Peerage, 1812. 10. Corresp. of C. J. F. with Gilbert Wakefield, 1796-1801, 1813, 8vo. See end of this article.

11. Speeches in the H. of Commons, with an Introduc. by Lord Erskine, 1815, 6 vols. 8vo. 12. Rees's Cyclopædia, 1819. 13. Occasional Speeches, etc., 1782-1803. 14. Article Fox, Charles James, in Watt's Bibl. Brit., vol. iii., 1824. 15. Field's Memoirs of Parr, 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. 16. His

Speeches, (Modern Orator, vol. ii.,) 1847, r. 8vo; 3d ed., 1853. 17. Select British Eloquence, by C. A. Goodrich, D.D., N. York, 1852, 8vo. 18. Memoirs and Corresp. of Francis Horner, 1853, 2 vols. 8vo. 19. Memorials and Corresp. of C. J. F., edited by Lord John Russell, vols. i., ii., iii., pub. to Dec. 1854. 20. Hist. Sketches of the most

eminent Orators and Statesmen of ancient and modern

time, N. York, 1855, 8vo. 21. Article BURKE, EDMUND, in Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature and Eng. and Amer. Authors, Phila., 1859, imp. 8vo.

To these many other works might be added; such as Wraxall's Memoirs, Wilberforce's Life, &c., but our list is sufficiently long for most readers. In addition to the Speeches, &c. already referred to, Mr. Fox is the author of some juvenile Latin and Greek compositions, some pieces in the New Foundling Hospital for Wit, an Essay on Wind, of which 50 copies were privately printed, political pamphlets, the 14th, 16th, and perhaps some other numbers of the "Englishman," pub. in 1779, and a History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II., pub. in 1808, 4to, by his nephew, Lord Holland. This is an unfinished production, written with great accuracy, but with such pharasaical punctiliousness of style, that the absence of the Rerum copia verborum of Cicero is painfully felt.

"He once assured me, says Lord Holland, that he would admit no word into his book for which he had not the authority of Dryden."

This remark reminds us of the elegant, the truly classical, compliment paid by Mr. Prescott to Washington Irving in the Preface to the History of Ferdinand and Isabella. The eloquent historian, who has performed his task in that masterly manner which forbids all regret at the selection of his theme, remarks that had Mr. Irving persevered in a design once entertained by him of occupying the same ground, he should have abandoned the field,

"If not from courtesy, at least from policy: for, though armed with the weapons of Achilles, this could give me no hope of suecess in a competition with Achilles himself."

Had Dryden's vocabulary been at the command of the historian of the Reign of James II., we should still have lacked the magical charm which captivates the reader of the Essay on Dramatic Poesy. We may truly apply to him what he declares of Shakspeare:

"Dryden's magic could not copied be, Within that circle none durst walk but he." In the House of Commons, indeed, Fox could display the force and beauties of the English tongue in a manner which Dryden would have gladly copied; but he needed the excitement of opposition or the stimulus of immediate applause, and sank in the socket when there was no one to admire his brilliancy. Dr. Parr, whose admiration of Fox was excessive, and who would have commended the history of Tom Thumb, if recorded by the leader of the New Whigs, is glad to have a legitimate occasion for the expression of his devout veneration.

"Nothing," says he, referring to Fox's History of James II., "can exceed his anxious endeavour to discover the truth of facts for himself, nor his scrupulous care to present it fairly and fully to his readers. In this respect, all must own he discharged his trust with ability rarely equalled, and with fidelity never surpassed."

Yet the work elicited Some Observations, by the Rt. Hon. George Rose, 1809, 4to, which were answered in a Vindi

cation of Fox's History, by Sergeant Samuel Heywood, 1811, 4to. There was also pub., in 8vo, a work entitled Remarks on Fox's History of James II. We should not omit to state that, of the History of James, some copies were pub. on large paper, 4to, and some of elephant folio size. "It was also during the early progress of printing the first volume of these [Typographical] Antiquities, at Mr. Savage's, in Bedfordbury, Covent-Garden, that I used to see the sheets of Mr. Fox's Historical Work hanging up in every direction through the dwelling-house and adjacent yard. It will be naturally supposed that five thousand copies of a quarto volume, with five hundred more upon a larger paper, and yet another two hundred and fifty of an elephantine size, were not likely to be carried through the press where the premises were small, without seeming to suffocate every passage and corridor of the building. . [Note] It was doubtless the boldest experiment ever made with a large paper speculation: but it succeeded. In due course, what at first came forth as a rapid and overboiling torrent, at a high price, subsided into a quiet channel, and became obtainable on very moderate terms. Yet, consider ing the extraordinary number of copies printed, I do not consider this book of the commonest possible occurrence. As the work of an AUTHOR whose name can never perish, it must necessarily form part and parcel' of every well-ordered library. Why is it not classed in rank and file with the octavo HUMES, ROBERTSONS, and

...

GIBBONS?"-Dibdin's Reminiscences of a Lit. Life, vol. i.. 277. "The topmost step [of Authorship] may be considered as the tender of the leading booksellers of the day to become purchasers (and of course publishers) of Mr. Fox's Historical Work, when Mr. Miller was the fortunate adventurer at the price of FOUR THOUSAND GUINEAS.”—Ibid., vol. i., 185.

The octavo size, for which Dibdin, the Bibliomaniac, sighed, can now be obtained. Fox's History was pub. in an octavo vol. by Bogue of London, in 1846, bound with Armand Carrel's Revolution in England; again, 1854. See CARREL, ARMAND.

late Mr. Gray of Harringay Park, at an expense of 36 A copy of the elephant quarto size was illustrated by the It fell into the hands guineas. It is bound in 2 vols. 4to. of Mr. H. G. Bohn of London, who offered it at the trifling price of £8 88.

This article is already longer than we can well justify, yet we feel unwilling to conclude without quoting a few lines of tribute to the eloquence of this great orator. This subject is ably treated by our learned and excellent correspondent, Dr. C. A. Goodrich, in his admirable work, already volume, which should be in every collection of any prereferred to, entitled Select British Eloquence. In this tensions, will also be found six of Mr. Fox's best speeches. Undoubtedly Fox owed much of his success as an orator to the most careful and elaborate cultivation of his great natural genius. He proposed to himself, as the first object length reached the summit. of life, oratorical distinction; and by gradual ascents he at We by no means rank him with Pitt in vigour, or with Burke in fervour; but in promptness, lucidity, and fulness, Fox knew no superior.

Burke describes him exactly, in those graphic lines which excited the bitter indignation of meddling, pompous little Dr. Parr:

"I knew him when he was nineteen: since which time he has risen by slow degrees to be the most brilliant and accomplished debater the world ever saw."

He had on ordinary occasions far greater power over his This is it: he was a brilliant and accomplished debater. auditors than either of his great contemporaries and rivals. He lacked the moral elevation and the commanding sway of Pitt, but he knew better how to touch the passions. He had less philosophy than Burke, but he possessed far more tact. In the knowledge of man he was inferior to either, but in the knowledge of men he left both far in the rear. Their respective influence over their auditors illustrated our distinction. When Pitt thundered his anathemas, they hung their heads with confusion; when Burke exhorted them by their love of virtue and truth, they were half persuaded to make an alliance with virtue; but when Fox arose, full of blandishments of voice and manner, and instructed and amused them by turns, they forgot their terror and their repentance, and gave him their hearts and their votes.

The discussion of the question, how far the eloquence of Fox may properly be compared with the ancient model, to which doubtless he laboured to conform his style, has elicited opinions so contradictory, from two great critics, that we may well decline to enter the lists.

"He certainly possessed, above all moderns, that union of reason, simplicity, and vehemence, which formed the prince of orators. He was the most Demosthenean speaker since Demosthenes."-SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH,

But, says Lord Brougham, in reference to this dictum,— "There never was a greater mistake than the fancying a close resemblance between his eloquence and that of Demosthenes," In reviewing these rather antagonistic opinions, Dr. Goodrich points out ten characteristics of the oratory of Fox which bear a striking resemblance to the well-known

peculiarities of Demosthenes, and instances other points in which the dissimilarity is quite as obvious. The clearness of intellect which distinguished the great English orator did not lack that prevailing influence which can only be lent by the warmth of the passions.

"His feeling," says Coleridge, "was all intellect, and his intellect was all feeling." "I have seen his countenance," says Godwin, "lighten up with more than mortal ardour and goodness; I have been present when

his voice was suffocated with tears."

In kindliness of temper and geniality of disposition in private life no man surpassed the indignant "Thunderer" of the Commons of England. He knew no animosities outside of the lines of party entrenchments.

"He was," said Mr. Burke, shortly after their separation, "a man who was made to be loved."

Dr. Franklin, a close observer of men and manners, was most favourably impressed with the appearance of sincerity and warmth which pervaded his whole character. In a letter to David Hartley, dated "Passy, 6th Sept., 1783," he remarks:

"Enclosed is my letter to Mr. Fox. I beg you would assure him that my expressions of esteem for him are not mere professions. I really think him a great man, and I should not think so, if I did not believe he was at bottom, and would prove himself, a good one." -Sparks's Works of Franklin, vol. x. 1, 2.

But alas! that period never arrived; a great man and an eloquent orator Fox certainly was; but to that highest title which can be proposed to man's loftiest ambition-a GOOD MAN-the great English statesman could lay no claim. Two articles on Fox, by the Rt. Hon. John Hookham Frere, will be found in the Lon. Quar. Rev., ii. 375, and vi. 518. See, also, articles by the Rev. Sydney Smith, in Edin. Rev., xiv. 490, and xviii. 325; and a review of Fox's Corresp. with Gilbert Wakefield, by the Earl of Dudley, in Lon. Quar. Rev., ix. 313. See also a review of Fox's James II., by Lord Jeffrey, in Edin. Rev., xii. 271; and a notice by Francis Horner of the French trans. of this work, in Edin. Rev., xv. 190.

We have referred to Dr. Parr's enthusiastic admiration for Mr. Fox. We quote an amusing exemplification:

"When I pronounced the words Mr. Fox arose,' Parr would roar out stop!' and, after shaking the ashes out of his pipe, and filling it afresh, he would add, Now, you dog, do your best?'

"In the course of the speech, he would often interrupt me, in a tone of triumphant exultation, with exclamations such as the following: Capital! Answer that, if you can, Master Pitt and at the conclusion, 'That is the speech of the orator and statesman.”— New Month. Mag., Aug. 1826, where will be found many interesting recollections of Dr. Parr.

"If I were to be asked what was the nature of Mr. Fox's eloquence, I should answer that it was only asking me in other words what I understood to be the character of eloquence itself, when applied to the transactions of British Government and Laws."ERSKINE.

Fox, C. J. Guide to Officers of Towns, Concord, New Hamp., 1843, 12mo.

Fox, Edmund. Enthusiasm; a Poem, with Notes variorum, &c., Lon., 1758, 8vo.

Fox, Edward, d. 1538, Bishop of Hereford, and Almoner to Henry VIII., wrote De Vera Differentia Regiæ Potestatis et Ecclesiasticæ, &c., 1534, 38, (trans. into English by Henry, Lord Stafford,) Annotations upon the Mantuan Poet, and an Oration. See Biog. Brit.; Lloyd's State Worthies; Strype's Cranmer; Dodd's Church Hist. Fox, Edward. Formulæ Medicamentorum Selectæ, Lon., 1777, 8vo.

Fox, Francis. Serm., Lon., 1683, 4to.

3.

Fox, Francis, d. 1738, Vicar of Pottern, Wiltshire, and Preb. of Salisbury; Vicar of St. Mary's, Reading, 1726. 1. Serms., 1705, '15, '27. 2. Oaths, 1710, 8vo. Duty of Public Worship, 1713, 12mo; 4th ed., 1727. 4. N. Testament Explained, 1722, 2 vols. 8vo. New ed., 1742. "In this work the references are all given, in words at full length, under the text; so that the parallel texts may be all seen at one view. . . . It contains also a few notes on some difficult passages."-Orme's Bibl. Brit.

"The editor of this useful publication has given, for the most part, all the references in the last and fullest edition of the Bible, together with a great number collected by himself: and has further added the chronology of Bishop Usher, the marginal renderings, and several good notes on really difficult passages, together with a copious index. The work is now only to be procured at a very high price."-Horne's Bibl. Bib.

four years later he became an itinerant preacher, rebuking sharply whatever he deemed worthy of reprehension, and often "holding forth," without invitation, to congregations assembled for regular service. These "breaches of the peace" led to frequent imprisonments, involving great hardships and privations, which were patiently submitted to by one who was always ready to lay down his life in defence of what he believed to be the truth. About 1669 he was married to Margaret Fell, the widow of Thomas Fell, a Welsh Judge. It will not be expected that we should follow him in his arduous and unremitting efforts for the benefit of his fellow-beings. The reader will find ample sources of information in the works indicated below. In the course of his public ministrations he twice visited the continent, spent two years in assiduous labours among the American colonies, and repeatedly visited different portions of Great Britain. He died in London in 1690, continuing his public addresses until within a few days of his death. A list of his separate publications will be found in Bibl. Brit. His writings were published in three vols. fol., viz.: 1. Journal of his Life, Travels, &c., 1694, fol.; 1709, 2 vols. 8vo; 1765, fol. 2. Collection of many Select and Christian Epistles, Letters, and Testimonies written by George Fox, 1698. 3. Gospel Truth Demonstrated in a collection of doctrinal books given forth by George Fox; containing principles essential to Christianity and Salvation held among the people called Quakers, 1706. A new ed. of his works has been pub. in Phila., 8 vols. 8vo. See Sewel's Hist. of the Quakers; Neal's Puritans; Rees's Cyclopædia; Jonah Marsh's Life of Fox, 1848, 12mo; Samuel M. Janney's Life of Fox, with Dissertations on his Views concerning the Doctrines, Testimonies, and Discipline of the Christian Church, Phila., 1853, 8vo.

Fox's Journal is a volume of great interest, and has been highly commended even by those who felt little sympathy for the author's religious peculiarities.

"It is one of the most extraordinary and instructive narratives in the world; which no reader of competent judgment can peruse without revering the virtue of the writer."-SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH. "I have read through the ponderous folio of George Fox. Pray how may I return it to Mr. Skewell, at Ipswich? I fear to send such a treasure by a stage-coach; not that I am afraid of the coachman or the guard reading it, but it might be lost. Can you put me in a way of sending it safely? The kind-hearted owner trusted it to me for six months; I think I was about as many days in get ting through it, and I do not think that I skipped a word of it."Charles Lamb to Bernard Barton, Feb. 1823.

The reader will find a brief notice of Fox's labours in Scotland in this Dictionary, article BARCLAY, ROBERT. We have quoted, in the article referred to, William Penn's opinion of Robert Barclay, and it is but fitting that we should record the testimony of the same eminent authority to the excellence of the character of George Fox. He mentions in terms of warm commendation his meekness, humility, and moderation; tells us that he was

"Civil beyond all forms of breeding; in his behaviour very temperate, eating little, and sleeping less, though a bulky person.... He had an extraordinary gift in opening the Scriptures, but, above and behaviour, and the ferventness and fulness of his words, often all, excelled in prayer. The reverence and solemnity of his address struck strangers with admiration."

1769, 12mo. Fox, Henry. 1. New Dict. in French and Eng., Lon., 2. View of Univ. Mod. Hist., 476-1648, trans. from the French of Chev. Mehegan, 1779, 3 vols. 8vo. "Eloquent and animated style, and philosophical and impartial spirit."

Fox, Henry Richard, third Lord Holland, nephew of Charles James Fox. 1. Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio, Lon., 1806, 8vo; 2d ed., with a Life of Guillen de Castro, 1817, 2 vols. 8vo. "This is evidently the work of a person of taste and intelligence, not much accustomed to write with a view to publication. It is composed in an easy conversational style, with very little of the getting up of authorship, or the parade of literary accomplishments. It is written, however, in a very pleasing and lively manner, and indicates great good sense and liberality of sentiment; although the want of pretension is sometimes carried the length of carelessness, and the want of method is sometimes productive of considerable embarrassment."-LORD JEFFREY: Edin. Rev., ix. 224-242.

"It is a pleasant book, and contains a good notice of both its subjects, and judicious criticisms on their works; but it is quite as interesting for the glimpses it gives of the fine accomplishments and generous spirit of its author, who spent some time in Spain when he was about thirty years old, and never afterwards ceased

to take an interest in its affairs and literature. . . . An excellent abstract of it [in the play of The Star of Seville] in its original state, and faithful translations of parts of it, are to be found in Lord Holland's Life of Lope. . . . For notices of him [Jovenalles] see.... Lord Holland's Life of Lope de Vega, 1817, Tom. II., where is a beautiful tribute to him, worthy of Mr. Fox's nephew." -Ticknor's Hist. of Spanish Lit., 2d ed., ii. 121, 205; iii. 304. But whoever would understand the Life and Times of

must consult the invaluable volumes of Mr. Ticknor himself. See TICKNOR, George.

2. Three Comedies from the Spanish, 1807, 8vo. And see article Fox, RT. HON. CHARLES JAMES, No. 6, and HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VARRALL, third LORD. Fox, J. 1. Tancred; a Tale of Ancient Times, Lon., 1791, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. Sancta Maria; a Romance, 1787. Fox, or Foxe, John, 1517-1587, the Martyrologist, a native of Boston, Lincolnshire, was educated at Brasenose Coll., Oxf., where he attained great distinction by his extraordinary acquisitions. His love of study he retained after he had left college; for we are assured by his son that before he was thirty years of age he had read over all the Greek and Latin fathers, the schoolmen, and the proceedings of councils and consistories. He received the degree of B.A. in 1538, and in 1543 was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. In 1545 he was accused of heresy, and, boldly proclaiming his opinions to be in favour of the Protestant Reformation, he was expelled from his college. After supporting himself for some time as a tutor in the family of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Warwickshire, and subsequently in the household of the Duke of Norfolk, he found himself in danger from the vigilance of Gardiner, and escaped with difficulty to the continent. He here meditated his great work-the Acts and Monuments of the Church, or Book of Martyrs. The first draft of it was an octavo volume, pub. at Strasbourg, 1554, in Latin, entitled, Commentarii rerum in Ecclesiæ Gestarum, maximarumque per totem Europam persecutionem à Wiclavi temporibus ad hanc usque ætatam descriptarum; in one book. Reprinted, with 5 other books, at Basil, 1559, fol. On the accession of Elizabeth he returned home, was pensioned by his former pupil, now fourth Duke of Norfolk, and through Secretary Cecil received a prebend in the Church of Salisbury. No office in the church would have been thought too good for him, had he been willing to forget scruples to which he adhered with self-denying pertinacity. He refused to subscribe to some of the canons, and boldly petitioned the Queen on behalf of the German Anabaptists. He spent the rest of his days in great esteem for his profound learning, sincere piety, and unfeigned humility, and died, amidst the blessings of the nation, in 1587, in his 70th year. He pub. a number of theolog. treatises, tables of Grammar, the Latin play of De Christo triumphante, &c., an account of which will be found in the authorities cited below; but he is best known by the great work already mentioned-the Acts and Monuments of these latter and perilous dayes, touching matters of the Churche; wherein are comprehended and described, the great persecutions and horrible troubles that have been wrought and practised by the Romish Prelates, speciallye in this Realme of England and Scotlande, from the year of our Lord 1000, unto the tyme now present. Gathered and collected accordyng to the true copies and wrytinges certificatorie, as well of the parties themselves that suffered, as also out of the Bishops' Registers, which were the doers thereof, Lon., 1563, fol.; 1583, fol. Enlarged, 1570, 2 vols. fol.; 1576, 2 vols. fol.; 1612, '32, '43, 3 vols. fol.; 1650, 2 vols. fol.; 9th ed., 1684, 3 vols. fol.

Respecting the new editions of this valuable work, we can give nothing more to the purpose than the following extract from a letter before us, written by an eminent bibliographer, who, having instructed our grandfathers in his youth, continues in his advanced age to enlighten their descendants with the results of his pains-taking researches. It would indeed be difficult to estimate the value of this gentleman's thirty-five years' service in the British Museum. "A new edition, superintended by the Rev. S. A. Cattley, M.A., was published at London, 1836-41, in 8 vols. 8vo; to which was prefixed a Life of Foxe, including a vindication of his work from the attacks of Romanists, by the Rev. George Townsend, D.D., of Durham, This edition having been severely criticised, (and not without reason.) a carefully-revised and considerably-improved edition was published between the years 1846 and 1849. But the best edition of Foxe's Acts and Monuments will be found in the Reformation Series of the Ecclesiastical Historians of England, published at London, also in 8 vols. 8vo, in 1853 and following years. The editors (the Rev. R. R. Mendham, M.A., and Josiah Pratt, Jun., M.A.) have most carefully corrected the whole work, and have verified the documents consulted by Foxe. This edition is beautifully and accurately printed, and is enriched with a valuable Appendix of Documents. Dr. Townsend's Life and Vindication of Foxe are retained, with some corrections."-Thomas Hartwell Horne, D.D., to S. Austin Allibone, British Museum, London, April 25, 1856.

All the other so-called Foxe's Book of Martyrs, edited respectively by Milner, Buckley, Pratt, Clarke, Cobbin, Cumming, Kennedy, Seymour, Mrs. Tonna, or any one else, are merely abridgments,-of more or less value. The first abridgment, by Rev. Timothy Bright, M.D., (q. v.,)

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pub. in 1581, and again in 1589, 4to, is now a rare book, but is little valued. We have already referred under the appropriate head to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bray's Martyrology, or Papal Usurpation and Persecution, 1712, fol., intended as a supplement to the Acts and Monuments.

The Acts and Monuments received the approbation of the first three Archbishops of the Reformed Church of England, viz.: Parker, Grindal, (who assisted Fox in the work,) and Whitgift. It was ordered to be set up in every one of the parish churches in England, as well as in the common halls of archbishops, bishops, deans, archdeacons, and heads of colleges; and its influence in keeping alive the Protestant feeling in Great Britain and North America is too well known to be disputed.

Without entering at large into the merits of the work, it certainly would appear that, as regards conscientiousness of performance and adherence to records, the faithfulness of the Book of Martyrs cannot intelligently be questioned. For the same reason-abundant testimony-that we believe Sir Thomas More, the Roman Catholic Chancellor, to have been one of the best of men, do we believe John Fox, the Protestant chronicler, to have been one of the most veracious of historians. As regards the credit accruing to their respective communions from the adherence of these two great men, it is to be remembered that More simply retained the bias of education and habit, whilst Fox had to overcome both of these before he could be a Protestant. Both were honest as the sun; and had Sir Thomas More presented us with Roman Catholic Acts and Monuments as well attested as those of John Fox, we should have considered them entitled to equal credence. It has been confidently declared that

"All the popish writers from Harpsfield to Milner have not proved, and it never will be proved, that John Fox is not one of

the most faithful and authentic of all historians."

The testimony of the two eminent authorities subjoined must have great weight with those who can appreciate the value of evidence:

"Mr. Fox must not go without the commendation of a most painful searcher into records, archives, and repositories of original acts and letters of state, and a great collector of MSS. All the world is infinitely beholden to him for abundance of extracts thence communicated to us in his volumes. And as he hath been found most diligent, so most strictly true and faithful in his transcriptions."-STRYPE: Annals of the Reformation.

"Mr. Fox hath very diligently and faithfully laboured in this matter, [of Archbishops and Metropolitans,] and searched out the truth of it as learnedly as I knowe any man to have done."ARCHBISHOP WHITGIFT, after he "bad read over his Acts and Monuments from the one end to the other." See Defence of the Answer

to the Admonition, p. 333.

The great Camden thus refers to the Martyrologist and his work:

"Ex eruditorum numero obiit Johannes Foxus Oxoniensis, qui Ecclesiasticam Anglia Historiam sive Martyrologiam indefesso veritatis studio, primum latine postea anglice auetius, magna cum laude contexuit.”—Annales Elizabeth, p. 558, edit. 8vo.

Bishop Burnet, a most pains-taking searcher into original papers, thus sets his seal to Fox's conscientiousness as a historian:

"Having compared these Acts and Monuments with the records, I have never been able to discover any errors or prevarications in the Reformation. them, but the utmost fidelity and exactness."-Pref. to Hist. of

But faithfulness in a historian is one thing; infallibility is quite another thing; and we doubt not at all that, as Wood and Collier among Protestants, and many Roman Catholic commentators, affirm, Fox has, without any intention to deceive, admitted exaggerations, and even sometimes fictions, which diminish the value, whilst they add to the bulk, of a book of great learning, research, and historical as well as theological value.

But for critics, who lived long after the historian and the historian's opportunities, to pretend to know the contents of records which they never saw, is a little more than absurd: it is foolish and impertinent, and places the offender beyond the lines of polite and intelligent controversy. Undoubtedly John Fox was not an infallible chronicler nor a perfect man; and if any modern Quixote seek for a religionist without zeal, an advocate without partialities, a partisan without prejudice, and a man without passions, he must needs go altogether out of the world for his Phoenix.

It is much to be said of any man, in the absence of all perfection, which is recorded by Fuller of our historian: "Although the richest mitre in England would have counted itself preferred by being placed upon his head, he contented himself with a prebend of Salisbury. How learnedly he wrote, how constantly he preached, how piously he lived, and how cheerfully Church History. he died, may be seen at large in the life prefixed to his book."