Adams, Wm. Vitruvius Scoticus, &c., Edin. 1750. Adams, Wm., Surgeon, London. Disquisition on the Stone, Gravel, and the Diseases of the Bladder, Kidneys, &c., London, 1773. He Adams, Wm., D.D., 1707–1789, Master of Pembroke, Oxford, &c., author of a number of sermons, and an Answer to Hume's very absurd Essay on Miracles. Dr. Adams was a valued friend of Dr. Johnson's. Boswell tells us: "We then went to Pembroke College, and waited on his old friend Dr. Adams, the master of it, whom I found to be a most polite, pleasing, communicative man. He had distinguished himself by an able answer to David Hume's Essay on Miracles.' told me he had once dined in company with Hume in London; that Hume shook hands with him, and said, 'You have treated me much better than I deserve;' and that they exchanged visits." Adams, Wm. Political treatises, 1796-97. Adams, Sir Wm., Surgeon and Oculist Extraordinary to the Prince Regent. Among other professional works, this eminent oculist has published, A Practical Inquiry into the Causes of the frequent Failure of the Operations of Depression, and of the Extraction of the Cataract, as usually performed, &c., Lond., 1817. This work has been commended as one of great value to the chirurgical library. Adams, William, 1814-1848, Vicar of St. Peter's, Oxford, acquired considerable celebrity as a writer of religious works. See some notices of his life in A Remembrancer of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, the burial-place of the Rev. W. Adams, Lon., p. 8vo. 1. Sacred Allegories; 2d ed., 1844, 12mo; 3d ed., 1855, cr. 8vo; illustrated by Foster, 1855, sm. 4to: this is composed of Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6. 2. Shadow of the Cross, 1842, 12mo; 8th ed., 1849. 3. The Old Man's Home; 8th ed., 1853, 12mo. 4. Distant Hills; 4th ed., 1847, 12mo. 5. The Fall of Croesus, 1846, fp. 8vo. 6. The King's Messengers, 1847, 12mo; 2d ed., 1852, 12mo. 7. Warnings of the Holy Week; 3d ed., 1849, 12mo; 4th ed., 1852, 12mo. 8. Cherry-Stones; edited by H. C. Adams, 1851, fp. 8vo; 4th ed., 1855, 12mo. Adams, Žabdiel, 1730-1801, of Massachusetts, cousin to John Adams, second President of the United States of America, pub. some serms., 1771-88. Adamson. Poemata Sacra, &c., Lon., 1619. Adamson. A work upon Elect Sinners, Lon., 1768. Adamson, Henry. Muses Threnodie, Edin., 1638. Adamson, John. The Muse's Welcome to King James VI. at his return to Scotland, anno 1617, Edin., 1618. The speeches will be found in Nichols's Progress of King James. He published several other works. Adamson, John, M.A., Rector of Burton Coggles. 1. The Duty and Daily Frequenting of the Public Service of the Church; a Sermon on Matt. xxi. 13, 1698. 2. Funeral Serm., Rev. xiv. 13, 1707. Adamson, John, 1787-1855. 1. Memoir of Camoens, 1820. 2. History, Antiquities, and Literature of Portugal, vol. i., 1842, 8vo; vol. ii., 1846, Svo. Adamson, M. A Friendly Epistle to Neighbour John Taylor, of Norwich, Lon., n. d. Adamson, Patrick, 1543-1591, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, was born at Perth. He wrote a number of theological works in Latin. 1849, 2 vols. r. 8vo. 3. History of the Knights Templars, 8vo. 4. Journey to Damascus and Palmyra, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. Wrongs and their Remedies, Lon. and Phila., 1857. Addison, G. H., 1793–1815, author of Indian Reminiscences, or the Bengal Moofussul Miscellany, 1837. Addison, Joseph, 1672-1719, one of the most eminent of English authors, was the eldest son of Lancelot Addison, D.D., Dean of Lichfield, the author of some theological treatises noticed hereafter. Joseph was born at Milston, near Ambros-Bury, Wiltshire, May 1, 1672. After passing through his preliminary studies at Amesbury and Salisbury, he became an inmate of the Charter-house, where he made the acquaintance of a youth who subsequently became celebrated as his associate, and an important literary character:-the names of Richard Steele and Joseph Addison have become so closely united, that they must descend in unbroken partnership to the latest generations. At the age of fifteen he was entered at King's College, Oxford, where his father had preceded him. He here applied himself with such diligence to classical learning, that he "acquired an elegant Latin style before he arrived at that age in which lads usually begin to write good English." The excellence of his Latin poetry soon made him famous in both universities. At a later day these fruits of early scholarship were collected and published in the Musa Anglicana. "Our country owes it to him, that the famous Monsieur Boileau perusing the present he made him of the Musa Anglicanie." first conceived an opinion of the English genius for poetry, by TICKELL: Preface to Addison's Works. When about twenty-two years of age, he addressed some verses to Dryden, commending his translations, which were highly praised by the most eminent judges, and were so fortunate as to elicit the plaudits of Dryden himself. A translation of the greater part of the fourth book of Virgil's Georgies, confirmed the good opinion which the great poet was inclined to entertain of the abilities of this youthful follower. The excellent critical preface to Dryden's version of the Georgics, and many of the arguments, were from the pen of the new aspirant to poetical distinction. A running criticism in verse on some of the principal English poets, addressed to Sacheverell, and some other productions of merit, still further increased the reputation of the author. So far, all was most encouraging; but this "fancied life in others' breath," as one of the poets styles Fame, was an unsubstantial dependence for the everyday necessities of life. At this juncture, in 1695, a poem addressed to King William, on one of his campaigns, dedicated to Lord Keeper Somers, secured the favour of this nobleman, and a pension of £300 per annum. About this period he published his Latin poems, inscribed to another great man of the day, Mr. Montague, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, afterwards Lord Halifax. It is said to have been chiefly owing to the discouragement of this eminent statesman, that Addison resigned his original intention of taking holy orders. Other accounts represent his own humility to have suggested to his mind distrust of his qualifications and fitness for a position so sacred and responsible. Whether the voice of ambition at this season of youthful triumph was permitted to drown the pleadings of conscience, it is impossible to decide; but there appear to us to be many intimations in the future writings of the Aday. A work upon Distilling, Lon. lay moralist, that the convictions of religious duty ever Addams, J. Reports of Cases determined in the Eccle- remained stronger than the arguments by which they wero siastical Courts, 1822-25, 2 vols. 8vo; Lon., 1823-25. overruled. About the end of the year 1699, Addison deAddenbrooke, J. Essay on Free-Thinking, Lon., 1714. termined to gratify an inclination which insufficient means Adderley, Thomas, Published a Sermon on Psalm had heretofore obliged him to postpone, and he left Engexxii. 6, Cambridge, 1676. land on a visit to the classic soil of Italy. Fortunately, we Addington, A., M.D. On Sea-Scurvy, &c., Lon., 1753. are not left to conjecture what must have been the effects Addington, Rt. Hon. Henry, (Lord Sidmouth,) of scenes so inspiring upon a mind so well educated to apson of the preceding. Political speeches, &c., 1799-1803. preciate their power. In his remarks on several parts of Addington, John. History of the Cow-Pox, 1801. Italy, in the years 1701, 2, 3, we have a record of his imAddington, Stephen, 1729–1796, a dissenting minis-pressions, which deserves more notice than it receives in ter, a native of Northampton, a pupil of the celebrated Dr. the present day, or indeed has secured in any preceding Doddridge. He was a schoolmaster of considerable repute. generation of readers. The death of King William, in He wrote a number of educational and theological works, 1702, brought a new set of statesmen in power, and the loss of Addison's pension awakened the young traveller from his classic dreams of past ages to the necessary provision for the day which was passing over him. He returned home, and found himself in England with no means of livelihood, and no prospects beyond the uncertain dependence of a literary hack. He was not allowed to remain long in this unenviable condition. The battle of Blenheim, fought August, 1704, had excited the attention of Europe to the conquerors, and the opportunity must not be lost to celebrate the event in the most august strains of which the poetic muse was capable. Lord Treasurer Godolphin inquired anxiously for a poet, and Lord Halifax named Adamson, W. Contrib. to Phil. Mag., i. 256, 1817. Adamthwaite, John, theological writer, Birmingham, 1771-78. 1757-83. Addington, Sir Wm., Author of Abridgment of Penal Statutes, &c., London, 1775. 6th. ed. 1812. Addison, Alexander, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 1759-1807. Reports of Cases in County Courts, High Court of Errors and Appeals in Pennsylvania, Washington, 1800, Obs. on Gallatin's Speech, 1798; Report of Committee, Virginia Assembly, 1800. Addison, Anthony, Vicar of St. Helen's, Abington, Berkshire. Sermon on Psalm lxviii. 28, Oxford, 1704. Addison, C. G. 1. Temple Church, Lon., 1843. 2. Law of Contracts, Lon., 1846; Phila., 1847; 2d ed., Lon., Addison as the proper person. Mr. Treasurer Boyle, afterwards Lord Carleton, was sent to prefer the request to the poet, who, as it will readily be believed, immediately undertook the duty. THE CAMPAIGN was written, and the successful bard became Commissioner of Appeals, and in 1706, Under-Secretary of State. There was much wisdom in this appointment. The aid of such a penman was not to be despised by any ministry, however powerful. The Present State of the War, an anonymous pamphlet, published in November, 1707, was credited to the new secretary. In 1709, our poet attended the Marquis of Wharton to Ireland as secretary. Whilst absent, Steele published the first number of The Tatler, April 12, 1709. He soon became a most useful contributor to his friend's paper. He also contributed five articles to a political pa- gayety to the aid of goodness; and, if I may use expressions yet more awful, of having turned many to righteousness.' "His sentences have neither studied amplitude, nor affected brevity; his periods, though not diligently rounded, are voluble and easy. Whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar, but not coarse, and elegant, but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to the study of Addison."-DR. JOHNSON, "Mr. Addison wrote very fluently; but he was sometimes very slow and scrupulous in correcting. He would show his verses to several friends; and would alter almost every thing that any of them hinted as wrong. He seemed to be too diffident of himself; and too much concerned about his character as a poet; or (as he worded it) too solicitous for that kind of praise which is but a little matter after all! Many of his Spectators he wrote very very fast; and sent them to the press as soon as they were written. It seems to have been best for him not to have had too much time to correct. Addison was perfectly good company with intimates; and had something more charming in his conversation than I ever knew in any other man: but with any mixture of strangers, and sometimes only with one, he seemed to preserve his dignity much, with a stiff sort of silence."-POPE: Spence's Anecdotes. "There is a grove at Magdalen College which retains the name of Addison's Walk, where still the student will linger.... Never, not even by Dryden, not even by Temple, had the English language been written with such sweetness, grace, and facility. But this was the smallest part of Addison's praise. Had he clothed his thoughts in the half-French style of Horace Walpole, or in the half-Latin style of Dr. Johnson, or in the half-German jargon of the present day, his genius would have triumphed over all faults of manner. As a moral satirist he stands unrivalled. If ever the best Tatlers and Spectators were equalled in their own kind, we should be inclined to guess that it must have been by the lost comedies of Menander. In wit. properly so called. Addison was not inferior to Cowley or Butler. No single ode of Cowley contains so many happy analogies as are crowded into the lines to Sir Godfrey Kneller; and we would undertake to collect from the Spectators as great a number of ingenious illustrations as can be found in ‘Hudibras.' The still higher faculty of invention Addison possessed in still larger measure. . . . But what shall we say of Addison's humour?... We own that the humour of Addison is, in our opinion, of a more delicious flavour than the humour of either Swift or Voltaire."-T. B. MACAULAY. Pope's character of Addison is one of the truest, as well as one of the best, things he ever wrote. Addison deserved that In 1716, he married the dowager Countess of Warwick: of this match Dr. Johnson remarks:-"This marriage, if uncontradicted report can be credited, made no addition to his happiness; it neither found nor made them equal. She always remembered her own rank, and thought herself entitled to treat with very little ceremony the tutor of her son." He breathed his last at Holland-house on the 17th June, 1719, when just entering the 48th year of his age. "Before he expired, he sent for his step-son, the Earl of Warwick, then in his 21st year, and while the young nobleman stood at his bedside to receive his commands, grasping his hand, he said he had called him that he might Mr. Pope suggested the alteration as it stands at present: see with what peace a Christian could die. He left an only daughter by the countess." character the most of any man. Yet how charming are his prose writings! He was as much a master of humour as he was an indifferent poet."-DR. LOCKIER, Dean of Peterborough. "Mr. Addison did not go any depth in the study of medals: all the knowledge he had of that kind, I believe he had from me; and I did not give him above twenty lessons upon that subject.”—F. "Mr. Addison would never alter any thing after a poem was once printed; and was ready to alter almost every thing that was found fault with before. I believe he did not leave a word unchanged that I might have any scruple against in his Cato."-P. "The last line in that tragedy originally was— Sir Richard Steele acknowledges himself indebted to Addison for a considerable part of his comedy of the Tender Husband, which appeared in 1704; and he is also known to be the author of the Drummer, or The Haunted House. Some papers in a continuation of The Spectator, which was attempted, but soon dropped, and one or two in a publication of a similar nature, entitled The Lover, were contributed by him during the years 1713 and 1714. It is well known that Addison has always laboured under the suspicion, not only of envying his great literary rival, Pope, but also of exhibiting that envy in the most unjustifiable manner. We have not space to enter upon this question at length. How far he may have prompted the virulence of Philips and the slander of Gildon, is not likely to be satisfactorily ascertained at this late hour. We refer the curious reader to Sir William Blackstone's able paper in the Biographia Britannica, and to the article Addison, in Rose's New Biog. Dict. Blackstone, certainly a competent judge of evidence, considers that Addison's memory has been much calumniated, although he admits that the publication of Tickell's (?) version of the Iliad just at the moment of the appearance of Pope's translation was "indiscreet and ill-timed." The literary merits of Addison have been discussed at length by Dr. Johnson in his Lives of the Poets. Perhaps we cannot better please and edify our readers than by quoting some opinions of the great critic, together with those of other authors, upon the writings and character of one who must always occupy the first rank in the list of English classics: "If any judgment be made from his books, of his moral character, nothing will be found but purity and excellence. It is justly observed by Tickell, that he employed wit on the side of virtue and religion. He not only made the proper use of wit himself, but taught it to others, and from his time it has been generally subservient to the cause of reason and of truth. No greater felicity can genius attain than that of having purified intellectual pleasure, separated mirth from indecency, and wit from licentiousness; of having taught a succession of writers to bring elegance and, And, oh, 'twas this that ended Cato's life.' And robs the guilty world of Cato's life.' Mr. Addison stayed about a year at Blois. He would rise as early "The Spectators, though there are so many bad ones among them, make themselves read still. All Addison's are allowed to be good."-ABBÉ B. "Old Jacob Tonson did not like Mr. Addison. He had a quarrel with him: and after his quitting the secretaryship used frequently to say of him, 'One day or other you'll see that man a bishop! I'm sure he looks that way; and, indeed, I ever thought him a priest in his heart.' "-P. "It was my fate to be much with the wits. My father was acworld."-LADY M. W. MONTAGU. quainted with all of them. Addison was the best company in the "Addison usually studied all the morning, then met his party at Button's; dined there, and stayed five or six hours, and sometimes far into the night. I was of the company for about a year, but found it was too much for me, and so I quitted it."-POPE: Spence's Anecdotes. To the keenest perception of the beautiful and sublime in composition, he added a taste pre-eminently delicate and correct, and the most engaging and fascinating style that this country had ever witnessed; with these were combined the most unrivalled humour, a morality lovely and interesting as it was pure and philanthropic, and a fancy whose effusions were peculiarly sweet, rich, and varied."-DR. DRAKE. Dr. Blair censures Addison for occasional redundancies, and gives some instances from Nos. 412 and 413 of the Spectator. He proceeds to remark: "Although the free and flowing manner of such an author as Mr. Addison, and the graceful harmony of his periods, may palliate such negligences; yet, in general, it holds that style freed from this prolixity appears both more strong, and more beautiful. The attention becomes remiss, the mind falls into inaction, when words are multiplied without a corresponding multiplication of ideas."-Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres. "When this man looks from the world whose weakness he describes so benevolently, up to the heaven which shines over us all, I can hardly fancy a human face lighted up with a more serene rapture; a human intellect thrilling with a purer love and adoration, than Joseph Addison's! Listen to him: from your childhood you have known the verses, but who can hear their sacred music without love and awe? 'Soon as the evening shades prevail, The moon takes up the wondrous tale,' &c. It seems to me those verses shine like the stars. They shine out of a great, deep calm. When he turns to heaven, a Sabbath comes over that man's mind: and his face lights up from it with a glory of thanks and prayer. . . . If Swift's life was the most wretched, I think Addison's was one of the most enviable. A life prosperous and beautiful-a calm death-an immense fame, and affection af terwards for his happy and spotless name."-Thackeray's English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century. "We must remember that, however narrow, and prejudiced, and exclusive may seem to us the dogmas of Addison's literary criticisms, yet that these were the first popular essays in English towards the investigation of the grounds and axioms of æsthetic science, and that even here, in innumerable instances, (as, for example, in the celebrated reviews of Paradise Lost, and of the old national ballad of Chevy Chase,) we find the author's natural and delicate sense of the beautiful and sublime triumphing over the accumulated errors and false judgment of his own artificial age, and the author of Cato doing unconscious homage to the nature and pathos of the rude old Border ballad-maker."-PROF. T. B. SHAW. "In a word, one may justly apply to him what Plato, in his allegorical language, says of Aristophanes; that the Graces, having searched all the world for a temple wherein they might forever dwell, settled at last in the breast of Mr. Addison."-MELMOTH. "Addison wrote little in verse, much in sweet, elegant, Virgilian prose; so let me call it, since Longinus calls Herodotus most Homeric; and Thucydides is said to have formed his style on Pindar. Addison's compositions are built with the finest materials, in the taste of the ancients. I never read him, but I am struck with such a disheartening idea of perfection, that I drop my pen. And, indeed, far superior writers should forget his compositions, if they would be greatly pleased with their own."-DR. YOUNG. “In refined and delicate humour Addison has no superior, if he has any equal, in English prose literature. . . Who can set limits to the influence which such a mind has exerted? And what a lesson should it read to the conductors of our periodic press, from the stately quarterly to the daily newspaper! What untold gain would it be to the world if they would think less of party, and more of TRUTH: if they would ever be found the firm advocates of every thing that tends to elevate and bless man, and the steadfast, out-spoken opponents of all that tends to degrade, debase, and brutalize him!"-PROF. C. D. CLEVELAND. "In Addison the reader will find a rich but chaste vein of humour and satire; lessons of morality and religion, divested of all austerity and gloom; criticism at once pleasing and profound; and pictures of national character and manners that must ever charm from their vivacity and truth."-DR. HURD. "Greater energy of character, or a more determined hatred of vice and tyranny, would have curtailed his usefulness as a public censor. He led the nation insensibly to a love of virtue and constitutional freedom, to a purer taste in morals and literature, and to the importance of those everlasting truths which so warmly engaged his heart and imagination."-ROBERT CHAMBERS. "It is praise enough to say of a writer, that, in a high department of literature, in which many eminent writers have distinguished themselves, he has no equal; and this may, with strict justice, be said of Addison. He is entitled to be considered not only as the greatest of the English essayists, but as the forerunner of the great English novelists. His best essays approach near to absolute perfection; nor is their excellence more wonderful than their variety. His invention never seems to fag; nor is he ever under the necessity of repeating himself, or of wearing out a subject."-MACAULAY. "He was not only the ornament of his age and country, but he reflects dignity on the nature of man. He has divested vice of its meretricious ornaments, and planted religion and virtue in the modest and graceful attire which charm and elevate the heart."-DR. ANDERSON. "Of Addison's numerous and well-known writings, it may be affirmed that they rest on the solid basis of real excellence, in moral tendency as well as literary merit. Vice and folly are satirized, virtue and decorum are rendered attractive; and while polished diction and Attic wit abound, the purest ethics are incul cated."-MAUNDER. "As a writer, as a man, and as a Christian, the merit of Addison cannot be too highly extolled. His style has been always esteemed a model of excellence by men of taste. His humour has a charm which cannot be described; his philosophy is rational, and his morality is pure."-Athenæum. The Life of Addison, by Lucy Aikin, 2 vols., London, 1843, post 8vo, with Portrait. "Miss Aikin has not left a stone unturned, that her monument to one of our most polished writers and complete minds may be fair, upright, and symmetrical. Her book contains the first complete life of Addison ever put forth. As a literary biography it is a model; and its pages are besides enriched by many hitherto unpublished letters of Addison."-London Athenæum. In concluding our sketch of this eminent author, we may observe, that perhaps no English writer has been so fortunate as Addison in uniting so many discordant tastes in a unanimous verdict of approbation. Browne nas been thought pedantic, Johnson inflated, Taylor conceited, and Burke exuberant; but the graceful simplicity of Addison delights alike the rude taste of the uneducated, and the classic judgment of the learned. His exquisite humour charms our youth, and his affectionate admonitions impress upon our hearts those religious verities which can alone confer dignity upon age. We subjoin a list of Addison's works: 1. Remarks on several parts of Italy in the years 1701, 1702, 1703, London, 1705, 1718, 1761. The same translated into Latin, under the title of Addisoni Epistola Missa ex Italia, ad illustrem Dominum Halifax, anno 1701. Auctore A. Murphy, 1799. 2. Campaign; a Poem with a Latin version. 3. Poems, 1712. 4. The Five Whig Examiners, 1712. 5. Cato; a tragedy, 1713. The same in Italian and French, 1715. In Latin, under the following title: Cato Tragædia, Auctore Clarissimo Viro Josepho Addison inter Anglia nostræ Principes Poetas, jure nemerando, omissis Amotoriis Scenis. Latino Carmine Versa, 1763. This translation has been commended as "In general elegant, and executed with great spirit. The style approaches that of Seneca, the tragedian." 10. 6. Essay concerning the Error in Distributing Modern Medals, 1715. 7. A Poem to the Princess of Wales; another to Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1716. 8. Freeholder, 1716. 9. The Drummer, or the Haunted House, 1716. Freethinker, 1722. 11. Dissertations on the most celebrated Roman Poets; Englished by Charles Hayes, 1718. 12. Notes upon the Twelve Books of Paradise Lost, collected 1719. 13. Dialogues upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, especially in relation to the Latin and Greek poets, 1726. 14. Ode to Dr. Thomas Burnet, 1727. 15. Divine Poems, 1728. 16. On the Evidences of the Christian Religion, 1730. 17. Discourses on Ancient and Modern Learning. His papers contributed to The Tatler, Spectator, Guardian, and Freeholder, together with his Treatise on the Christian Religion, were collected into 4 vols., Edinburgh, 1790. In the Tatler his papers have no signature; in the Spectator, as we have remarked, they are either C. L. I. or O. (Clio.) In the Guardian, they are marked by a hand. Addison's works, portrait and plates, 4 vols. 4to. Baskerville's splendid edition, Birmingham, 1761. "He who hath the Baskerville edition hath a good and even a glorious performance. It is pleasant (and, of course, profitable) to turn over the pages of these lovely tones at one's Tusculum, on a day of oppression from heat or of confinement from rain."DIBDIN. Addison's Complete Works, the first complete edition ever published, including all of Bishop Hurd's edition, with numerous pieces now first collected, and copious notes, by Prof. G. W. Greene. A new issue, in 6 vols., 12mo, with Vignettes, &c., N. York, 1854; ed., with additions by H. G. Bohn, 6 vols. "Nothing stamps the literary reading of the present day with a more exalted character than the fact of the profitable republishment of the old English classics. We congratulate the public upon having it in their power to purchase an edition of Addison's works, so complete as this promises to be, such an ornament to the library as it will prove, and edited with so much tact. undertake to praise the writings of Joseph Addison is a work of supererogation. It is sufficient to say, that more persons have formed their style on his prose writings than on those of any other English writer." Te Addison, Lancelot, D.D., 1632-1703, father of the preceding, was born at Crosby Ravensworth, in Westmoreland. He was the son of a clergyman, and adopted the same profession. He was noted at college for his acquirements. Not being in favour with the rulers of the day, he obtained no preferment until the Restoration. His first post was that of chaplain at Dunkirk. pointed king's chaplain in 1670. Dr. Addison wrote a number of works, which met with a moderate share of approbation. They relate principally to the early history and to the sacraments of the Christian church, published of Mohammedanism, to the present state of the Jews, 1671-98. He was ap Addison, William, M.D. Healthy and Diseased Structure, Consumption, &c., Lon., 8vo. "A work deserving the perusal of every one interested in the late rapid advance of physiology and pathology."—Medico-Chirur gical Review. 2. Malvern Waters in Cases of Consumption, 8vo. 3. Cell Therapeutics, 12mo, 1856. Addy, William. Stenographia, Lon., 1695. "More remarkable for the accuracy and elegance of its graphical execution, than for any considerable improvement in the art."LowNDES. Adee, Herbert. Sermon on 1 Cor. ii. 14, Lond., 1712. Adee, Nicholas. Sermon on Luke xx. 41, Lond., 1685. Adee, S. Con.to Phil. Tran. and to Archæol., 1755, &c. Adey, author of Sermons, pub. London, 1755–60. Adhelm. See ALDHELM. Adis, Henry. Sermon on 2 Chron. xxxii. 25, London, 1660. Adkin, L. Serms. pub. 1782-86 and 1806. Adkins, W. The Hortorian Miscellany, &c., 1768. Adler, George J., b. 1821, in Germany; came to U. States, 1833; grad. N. York Univ., 1844; Prof. German Language in same institution, 1846-54. 1. German Grammar, 1846. 2. German Reader, 1847. 3. German and English Dictionary, 1848, N. York, 8vo: the most complete work of the kind pub. in the U. S. 4. Abridgment of same, 12mo, 1851. 5. Manual of German Literature, 1853. 6. Latin Grammar, 1858. Adolphus, John, 1766-1845, b. in London, barristerat-law. 1. Hist. of England from the Accession of George III. to 1783, 3 vols., 1802; new ed., 7 vols. 8vo. "We have no hesitation in recommending the volume before us as a useful and interesting work. The future historian will recur to it as a valuable magazine of facts which will tend much to diminish the labour of his investigations."-Edin. Rev. 2. Biog. Memoirs of French Revolution, 2 vols., 1799. "A work in which, with great ability, collecting everywhere from the most authentic sources, and subjoining uniformly a full reference to his authorities, he gives the only accurate history yet extant of those tremendous times and the principal agents in them."British Critic. He pub. other works, and assisted Archdeacon Coxe in preparing for the press his Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole. Adolphus, John Leycester, son of the preceding. 1. Letters to Richard Heber, 1821. This work was written to prove that Sir Walter Scott was the author of the Waverley Novels. "From its appearance Sir Walter felt that his incognito was ended, and thenceforth he wore his mask loosely." 2. In connexion with T. F. Ellis, Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of King's Bench 4 Wm. IV., 1834-40, 12 vols. r. 8vo; Lon., 1835-42; new series, 184147, 8 vols. r. 8vo; 1842-48. Adorno, J. N. Harmony of the Universe, Svo, Lon. Adrian IV., d. 1159, was the only Englishman who ever attained the papal throne. His name originally was Nicholas Breakspear; his native place, Langley, near St. Alban's. He wrote an account of his legation, a treatise on the Miraculous Conception, and some sermons. Adrian, Robert, LL.D., 1775-1843. Improved ed. of Hutton's Mathematics, &c., Scientific papers, &c. Ady, J. The Harmony of the Divine Will, Lond., 1811. Ady, T., a writer upon Witchcraft, Lond., 1656-61. Adye, R. W. Bombardier and P. Gunner, Lond., 1813. Adye, S. P. Treatise on Ct. Martials, &c., Lond., 1778. Ery, T., M.D., a medical writer, Whitehaven, 1774, &c. Eton. A treatise on the Church, Edinburgh, 1730. Affleck, Capt. Agitation of the Sea, &c., Phil. Trans. Agar, W. Fourteen Sermons, &c., London, 1756-59. Agard, Arthur, 1540-1615, a learned antiquary, born at Foston, Derbyshire. He wrote a number of treatises upon the High Court of Parliament, the Antiquity of Shires, of the Houses or Inns of Court, and Chancery, and upon Doomsday Book. Agas. See AGGAS. Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, born 1807, at Motiers, Canton of Freyburg, in Switzerland. His ancestors were of French origin, and were among the number of those Protestants who, in 1685, at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, were forced to fly from France. His father, who was a Protestant minister, intended him for the church; but, owing to an intuitive love for Natural History, he preferred the study of Medicine, as affording a fuller scope for the bent of his genius. To carry out this design, he entered the Medical School of Zurich, but completed his professional studies at the University of Heidelberg, where he particularly devoted his attention to anatomy, under the direction of Professor Tiedemann. As a student and anatomist, he gained a reputation far above his compeers. About this time he acquired some celebrity among his fellow-students as a lecturer on Natural History; but very soon his extensive knowledge and accurate discrimination attracted the notice of men of science. From Heidelberg he entered the University of Munich, where he remained four years. His rare attainments induced Martius to employ him to prepare the ichthyological department of the Natural History of Brazil, which added greatly to his scientific fame. His parents remonstrated against this devotion to science, and, finding persuasion ineffectual, determined to reduce his regular stipend; but his unmitigated ardour, and indomitable perseverance in the pursuit of his favourite studies, attracted the notice of the great German publisher, Cotta, who advanced him such sums as he required. After taking the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy, he repaired to Vienna, where he entered upon the study of fossil fishes. Through the liberality of a friend, he visited Paris, where he gained the friendship of Cuvier, which continued till his death. At Paris he became intimately acquainted with Humboldt. Agassiz was appointed Professor of Natural History in the College of Neufchâtel, on his return to Switzerland. Here he remained until 1846, when he embarked for America, and soon after was appointed Professor of Zoology and Geology in the Lawrence Scientific School. At thirty, he was a member of nearly every scientific academy of Europe, besides having the degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on him by the Universities of Edinburgh and Dublin. He first promulgated the Glacial Theory in 1837. To collect facts relating to this subject, he spent eight sum mers upon the glacier of the Aar, 8000 feet above the level of the sea, and twelve miles from any human habitation. The following are his chief scientific works: "Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles, 5 vols. 4to, and 400 plates, folio, Neufchâtel, 1834-44. Histoire naturelle des Poissons d'eau douce, 1 vol. 8vo, and 2 portfolios of plates, Neufchâtel, 1839. Etudes sur les glaciers, 1 vol. 8vo, d'atlas in folio, Neufchâtel, 1840. Systeme Monographies glacier, 1 vol. 8vo, d'atlas in folio, Paris, 1847. d'Echinodermes, 4 parts, 4to, Neufchâtel, 1838-42. Etudes critiques sur les Mollesques fossiles, 5 parts. 4to, Neufchâtel, 1840-45. Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1 vol. 4to, Joloduri, 1842-46. Bibliographia Zoologie et Geologia, London, 3 vols. 8vo, Ray Soc., 1848. Lake Twelve Lectures on Comparative Embryology, 8vo, 1849. In conSuperior: its physical character, &c.. plates and maps, Svo, 1850. nection with Dr. A. A. Gould, Principles of Zoology, 2d ed., 1851. Contributed many valuable articles in Trans. Lond. Zool. Soc.; Brit. Assoc.; Silliman's Jour.: Edin. New. Phil. Jour.; Proc. Lond. Geol. Soc.; Phil. Mag.; Bibl. Univ.; L. u. Br. N. Jahrb. Proc. Am. Assoc.; Trans. Amer. Acad. Science and Arts; Smithsonian Contrib., &c. Contributions to the Natural History of the U. States, Bost., 1857, 2 vols. 4to,—to be complete in 10 vols. "There are 2500 subscribers to this work in the United States. A magnificent support of a purely scientific undertaking, executed on a grand and expensive scale; a tribute to the worth of science, and an appreciation of the labours of a great original investigator, such as has never before been exhibited to the world."-PROF. C. C FELTON: Appleton's New Amer. Cyc. Agate, John. Theological Treatise, Oxford, 1708. Agate, W. Sermons, published 1750-58. Agg, John, a novelist. Published Lon., 1808-13. Aggas, Ralph, a surveyor and engraver. "This celebrated surveyor published the first map of London in 1560, republished in 1618 and likewise in 1637."-LOWNDES. Aglionby, E. Latin Poem in Wilson's Epigram., 1552. Aglionby, John, D. D., 1566-1609, originally De Aguilon, educated at Queen's College, Oxford, was chaplain to James I., and one of the divines engaged in the version of the Scriptures set forth by that monarch. Aglionby, W. Works upon Painting, Lond., 1685, &c. Aguilar, Grace, was born at Hackney, England, June, 1816. Her father was Emanuel Aguilar, a merchant, descended from the Jews of Spain. She went abroad for her health, and died in Frankfort, in 1847. She could not speak for some time before her decease; but having learned to use her fingers in the manner of the deaf and dumb, almost the last time they moved, it was to spell upon them feebly," Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him." She wrote The Magic Wreath, a little poetical work; Home Influence, Mother's Recompense, Jewish Faith, its Consolation, &c., Records of Israel, Women of Israel, Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Days of Bruce, and Home Scenes and Heart Studies. Several of these were published after her death. Home Influence, a Tale for Mothers and Daughters, second edition, in 1 vol., with a Memoir of the Author. Agutter, Wm. Sundry Sermons, Lond., 1796-1808. Ahlers, C. Woman of Godalming, London, 1726. Aickin, J. On Grammar, 1693; Counterfeiting, 1696. Aickin, J. Sermon, published Dublin, 1705. Aiken. Sermons, Edinburgh, 1767. Aikin, Anna L. See BARBAULD. Aikin, Arthur, was one of the editors of the Annals of Philosophy, and a voluminous writer upon Mineralogy and Chemistry. He edited The Annual Review, 1803, &c., 7 vols. His Journal of a Tour through North Wales, &c., 1797, Stevenson praises as "an admirable specimen of a mineralogical and geological tour." Aikin, C. R., surgeon, London, in conjunction with the above published a Dictionary of Chemistry, 1807-14. He was the author of several other professional works. Aikin, E. Architectural works, London, 1808-1810. Aikin, J., contributor to Phil. Trans., 1774. Aikin, John, M. D., 1747-1822, born at Kibworth, Harcourt, was the only son of Rev. J. Aikin, LL.D., and brother of Anna Letitia Aikin, afterwards Mrs. Barbauld. He attended the lectures of Dr. John Hunter in 1770, and took the degree of M. D. at Leyden. His first publications were professional, and very favourably received. In 1772 he published his vol. of Essays on Song Writing, which has been commended as "a much esteemed and elegant collec- | begins with an account of David, King of Scotland, which tion." In 1775 he published A Specimen of the Medical Biography of Great Britain, which was sufficiently approved to induce him to prepare a volume of Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain, from the revival of Literature to the time of Hervey, London, 1780. About the year 1792, in conjunction with his sister, he commenced the Evenings at Home, completed in 6 volumes in 1795. Almost the whole of the matter was the production of the doctor's pen. "These little books are too well known to require any comment; and they have led the way to many others of a similar nature, and been translated into almost every European language." He next published the Letters from a Father to a Son. From 1796-1807 he was literary editor of the Monthly Magazine. In January, 1807, he started the Athenæum, which was discontinued in 1809. He commenced, in 1796, a General Biography, in which Mr. Nicholson, Drs. Enfield and Morgan, and others, assisted him. This work extended to ten quarto volumes, and was published 17991815, having employed the doctor nearly twenty years; yet time was found by him for various other literary works. -Rose's New Biog. Dict. Widely different opinions have been entertained as to the merit of Aikin's Biographical Dictionary. Mr. Gifford calls it a "worthless compilation," whilst Roscoe, in his Life of Leo X., praises it as "a work which does not implicitly adopt prescriptive errors, but evinces a sound judgment, a manly freedom of sentiment, and a correct taste." Here is a vast difference of opinion! We find some reference to this work in Mr. Southey's Correspondence: "Did I tell you," he writes to his brother, "that I have promised to supply the lives of the Spanish and Portuguese authors in the remaining volumes of Dr. Aikin's great General Biography?" In 1807, he tells Longman & Co., “At Dr. Aikin's request, I have undertaken (long since) the Spanish and Portuguese literary part of his biography. Some articles appeared in the last volume, and few as they are, I suppose they entitle me to it. Will you ask Dr. A. if this be the case?" From 1811-15, he edited Dodsley's Annual Register. In 1820, his last publication, the Select Works of the British Poets, (Johnson to Beattie,) made its appearance. A continuation of the series by other hands has been published. Dr. Aikin died December 7, 1822. He was emphatically a literary man. Dr. Watt gives a list of about fifty publications of this industrious and useful writer. Aikin, Lucy, daughter of the preceding, authoress of several historical and other works. Epistles. Juvenile Correspondence. Memoirs of the Court of James I., Lon., 1822, 2 vols. 8vo. "An admirable historical work, nearly as entertaining as a novel, and far more instructive than most histories.”—Edinburgh Review. Miss Aikin has also given to the world, Mem. of the Court of Queen Eliz., 1818, 2 vols. 8vo; of the Court of Charles I., 1833, 2 vols. 8vo; Life of Addison, 1843, 2 vols. 8vo. Aikman, Jas. Poems, chiefly lyrical, Edin., 1816. Ailmer, John. See AYLMER. Ailred of Rievaux, 1109-1166. The name of this eminent writer, which was properly Ethelred, is variously spelt in old manuscripts, Äilred, Aelred, Alred, Ealred, Alured, &c. Ailred, the most usual form, appears to be merely a north-country abbreviation of Ethelred. He was born in 1109, and was educated in company with Henry, son of David, King of Scotland, whose friendship, as well as that of his father, he continued long to enjoy; and the latter would have raised him to a bishopric, but he preferred entering himself as a Cistercian monk in the Abbey of Rievaux, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Here his virtues and abilities were soon acknowledged by his fellowmonks, and he was made master of the novices. His monkish biographer tells us that his extraordinary sanctity was exhibited by miracles which he performed almost in his childhood. After remaining some time at Rievaux, Ailred was removed to be made abbot of the monastery of Revesby in Lincolnshire, which was a more recent foundation of the Cistercian order. He died on the 12th of January, 1166, at the age of fifty-seven. As an historical writer, Ailred has little importance in comparison even with the ordinary chroniclers of his age, for he too generally prefers improbable legends to sober truth. His historical works are not very numerous. They consist of, 1. The Life of Edward the Confessor, which has been frequently printed. 2. An account of the Battle of the Standard, printed by Twysden. 3. A work entitled in the old catalogue of Rievaux, De Generositate et Moribus et Morte regis David, which also has been printed by Twysden, who gives it the title Genealogia regum Anglorum. This book, dedicated to Henry II. before his accession to the throne, is followed by a brief history of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman kings. The old bibliographers have made more than one book out of this tract. 4. The Life of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland, which is only preserved in an abridged form. 5. The Story of a Nun of Watton in Yorkshire, who was seduced and afterwards repented. 6, 7. The early catalogue of the library of Rievaux, printed in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, enumerates, among Ailred's writings, a Vita Sancti Niniani Episcopi, and a treatise De Miraculis Hagustaldensis Ecclesiæ. The Life of St. Ninianus was formerly in MS., Cotton. Tiberius D. 3, now nearly destroyed. The Miracles of the Church of Hexham are preserved in the Bodleian Library. John of Peterborough, under the date 1153, observes, "Here ends the chronicle of Ailred." Ailred's theological writings are more numerous, and consist of, 8. Thirty-three homilies or sermons, De Onere Babylonis, on the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth chapters of Isaiah, addressed to Gilbert, Bishop of London, and therefore written after 1161. 9. The Speculum, or Mirror of Divine Love. 10. A Compendium Speculi Charitatis. 11. A dialogue De Spirituali Amicitia, the plan of which arose from the perusal of the treatise De Amicitia of Cicero. 12. A tract on the words of the evangelist, Cum factus esset Jesus annorum duodecimo anno Christi, which is sometimes entitled De duodecimo anno Christi. This work, and the four preceding, were collected and printed at Douai early in the seventeenth century, by Richard Gibbons, a Jesuit, and were reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum. 13. Liber de Institutione Inclusarum, or the Rule of Nuns. This, being found without the name of the author, was printed among the works of St. Augustine, but it was given under Ailred's name in the collection of monastic rules published by Lucas Holstenius. It is enumerated among Ailred's works in the early catalogue of the Rievaux library. 14. He wrote a considerable number of homilies and sermons, some of which have been printed. Thirty-two of his sermons are intermixed with those of St. Bernard in a manuscript at Lambeth, and twenty-five inedited sermons of the same writer were printed in the Bibliotheca Cisterciensium. 15. A large collection of epistles by Ailred appear to be entirely lost. 16. His dialogue De Natura Animæ is preserved in the Bodleian Library, MS. Bodl. Mus. 52. 17. The old catalogue of Rievaux mentions a work by Ailred, entitled Fasciculus Frondium. His rhythmical prose in honour of St. Cuthbert, as well as his "Epitaph on the Kings of Scotland," is lost, unless the latter be the prosaic Chronicon Rhythmicum printed at the end of the Chronicon of Mailros, in the edition by Mr. Stevenson. Among the manuscripts of Caius College, Cambridge, according to Tanner, there is a version of the Life of St. Edward in Leonine Latin Elegiacs, ascribed to Ailred, and commencing with the line, Cum tibi, Laurenti, cogor parere jubenti. On account of this poem, Leyser admits Ailred into his list of medieval Latin poets.-Abbreviated from Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. Ainslie, Alex., M.D. Medical writer, Edin., 1753, &c. Ainslie, Hew., b. 1792, Ayrshire, Scot., settled in America, 1822. 1. Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns. 2. Scottish Songs, Ballads, and Poems, 1855, N. York, 12mo. Ainslie, J. Treatise on Surveying, Edinburgh, 1812. Tables for computing Weights of Hay, &c., London, 1806. Farmer's Pocket Companion, Edinburgh, 1812. Treatise on Land Surveying. A new and enlarged Edition, embracing Railway, Military, Marine, and Geodetical Surveying. Edited by W. Galbraith, M.A., F.R.A.S. In 8vo, with a quarto volume of plates, price 21s. "The best book on surveying with which I am acquainted."WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Ainslie, Robert. Blindness and Indifference of Men to Futurity; a Discourse occasioned by the Death of George the Fourth, London, 1830. "It is rich in practical and pointed reflections upon the thoughtlessness of men in reference to their eternal destiny. The discourse is very creditable to the author, both as a literary and theological composition."-Evan. Mag., 1830. Reasons for the Hope that is in us. A Series of Essays on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, the Immortality of the Soul, &c., London, 1838. Ainslie, Sir Robert. Views in Egypt, Palestine, and the Ottoman Empire, London, 2 vols. fol. Ainslie, W., M.D., A. Smith and M. Christie, M.D. Medical, Geographical, and Agricultural Report by them, on the Causes of the Epidemical Fever, which prevailed |