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the second impression, with additions and amendments. London, printed by J. D. for the assigns of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, at the sign of the King's Indulgence, on the south side of the Lake Leman; and sold by N. Ponder, in Chancery-lane, 1672, in 8vo." The title of this piece is taken in part from the Duke of Buckingham's comedy called The Rehearsal; and as Dryden is ridiculed in the play under the name of Bayes, so Marvell has borrowed the same name for Dr. Parker, whom he has exposed with much strength of argument, and still more wit and humour. Parker answered Marvell in a letter entitled "A Reproof to the Rehearsal transposed;" to which Marvell replied in "The Rehearsal transposed: the second part. Occasioned by two letters: the first printed by a nameless author, entitled 'A Reproof,' &c.; the second letter left for me at a friend's house, dated November 3, 1673, subscribed J. G., and concluding with these words: If thou darest to print any lie or libel against Dr. Parker, by the eternal God I will cut thy throat.' Answered by Andrew Marvell, London, 1673." Marvell did not confine himself in these pieces to Parker's principles as they appear in the Preface and the Reproof; but he exposed and confuted likewise several things which the doctor had advanced in his Ecclesiastical Polity, published in 1670, and in his Defence of it in 1671. Dr. Parker made no reply to Mr. Marvell's last piece. "He judged it more prudent," says Wood, an avowed enemy to Marvell, "to lay down the cudgels, than to enter the lists again with an untowardly combatant, so hugely well versed and experienced in the then but newly-refined art, though much in mode and fashion almost ever since, of sporting and jeering buffoonery. It was generally thought, however, by many of those who were otherwise favourers of Parker's cause, that the victory lay on Marvell's side; and it wrought this good effect on Parker, that for ever after it took down his high spirit." Several other writers fell with great fury and virulence upon Marvell; but Parker being considered as the principal, Marvell levelled his artillery chiefly at him, touching the others here and there occasionally only.

A few years after another divine fell under the strokes of Marvell's pen. In 1675 Dr. Herbert Croft, Bishop of Hereford, published, without his name, a discourse entitled "The Naked Truth; or, the True State of the Primitive Church. By an Humble Moderator." This was immediately answered by several persons, and among the rest by Dr. Francis Turner, Master of St. John's College in Cambridge, in a book called "Animadversions upon a late Pamphlet entitled The Naked Truth," &c. This animadverter being against moderation, which the author of "Naked Truth" had written his book to inculcate, provoked Marvell, who was a lover of it, to take him to task; and he did so in "Mr. Smirke, or the Divine in Mode; being certain Annotations upon the Animadversions on the Naked Truth, together with a short Historical Essay concerning General Councils, Creeds, and Impositions in matters of Religion. By Andreas Rivetus, junior anagrammatised, Res nuda veritas. 1676, 4to." The "Historical Essay was afterwards printed by itself in folio. The last work of our author's, which was published in his lifetime, was Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in

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ANDREW MARVELL REFUSING THE BRIBE OFFERED BY LORD DANBY.

England; more particularly from the long prorogation of November 1675, ending the 15th of February, 1676, till the last meeting of parliament the 16th of July, 1677 1678, folio ;" and reprinted in State Tracts in 1689. In this piece our author, having imputed the Dutch war to the corruption of the court, asserts, that the papists, and particularly the French, were the true springs of all the councils at this time; and these, and several other aspersions upon the king and ministry, occasioned the following advertisement to be published in the Gazette: "Whereas there have been lately printed and published several seditious and scandalous libels against the proceedings of both houses of parliament, and other his majesty's courts of justice, to the dishonour of his majesty's government and the hazard of public peace; these are to give notice, that what person soever shall discover unto one of the secretaries of state the printer, publisher, author, or hander to the press of any of the said libels, so that full evidence may be made thereof to a jury, without mentioning the informer (especially one libel entitled An Account of the Growth of Popery,' &c., and another called 'A Seasonable Argument to all the Grand Juries'), the discoverer shall be rewarded as follows: he shall have fifty pounds for such discovery as aforesaid of the printer or publisher of it from the press, and for the hander of it to the press one hundred pounds," &c.

Ma Marvell, by thus opposing the ministry and their measures, created for himself many enemies, as we have already observed, and made himself very obnoxious to the government; notwithstanding which, King Charles II. took great delight in his conversation, and tried all means to win him over to his side, but in vain, nothing being ever sufficient to shake his resolution. There were many instances of his firmness in resisting the offers of the court; but he was proof against all temptations. The king having one night entertained him, sent the Lord Treasurer Danby the next morning to find out his lodgings, which were then up two pair of stairs in one of the little courts in the Strand. He was busy writing when the treasurer opened the door abruptly upon him; upon which, surprised at so unexpected a visitor, Marvell told his lordship, "he believed he had mistaken his way." Lord Danby replied, "Not now I have found Marvell;" telling him, that he came with a message from his majesty, which was to know what his majesty could do to serve him; to which Marvell replied, that "it was not in his majesty's power to serve him." Coming to a serious explanation, our author told the treasurer, "that he knew full well the nature of courts, having been in many, and that whoever is distinguished by the favour of the prince is always expected to vote in his interest." Lord Danby told him," that his majesty, from the just sense he had of his merit alone, desired to know whether there was any place at court he could be pleased with." To which Mr. Marvell replied, "that he could not with honour accept the offer; since if he did, he must either be ungrateful to the king in voting against him, or false to his country in giving in to the measures of the court. The only favour therefore which he begged of his majesty was, that he would esteem him as faithful a subject as any he had, and more truly in his interest by refusing his offers, than he could have been by embracing them."

He humorously illustrated his independence by calling his servant to bear witness that he had dined three days successively on a shoulder of mutton. The Lord Danby finding no arguments would make the least impression, told him, "that the king had ordered him one thousand pounds, which he hoped he would receive, till he could think of something farther to ask his majesty." This last offer he rejected with the same steadiness of mind as the first; though, as soon as the treasurer was gone, he was forced to borrow a guinea of a friend. As the most powerful allurements of riches and honour could never seduce him to relinquish the interest of his country, so not even the greatest dangers could deter him from pursuing it. In a private letter to a friend from Highgate, in which he mentions the insuperable hatred of his foes to him, and their design of murdering him, he has these words: "Præterea magis occidere metuo quam occidi, non quod vitam tanti æstimem, sed ne imparatus moriar." (Besides, I am more apprehensive of killing than of being killed; not that I value life so much, but that I may not die unprepared.)

Mr. Marvell died in the fifty-eighth year of his age, on the 16th of August, 1678, not without the strongest suspicions of being poisoned; for he was always very temperate, and of an healthful and strong constitution to the last. He was interred in the church of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields; and ten years after, the town of Kingston-uponHull, to testify its grateful remembrance of his honest services, collected a sum of money to erect a monument over him, and had an epitaph drawn up to be engraved on it; but the clergyman of the parish forbad both the inscription and monument to be placed in that church. Mr. Wood tells us, that in his conversation Marvell was very modest, and of few words; and Mr. Cooke, his biographer, observes, that he was very reserved among those whom he did not well know, but a most delightful and improving companion among his friends.

The completest edition we have of Marvell's works is that edited by Captain Thompson (1776), in three quarto volumes; but (says Campbell) "a better edition of his writings is due to his literary and patriotic character. He was the champion of Milton's living reputation, and the victorious supporter of free principles against Bishop Parker, when that venal apostate to bigotry promulgated in his Ecclesiastical Polity, that it is more necessary to set a severe government over men's consciences or religious persuasions, than over their vices and immoralities.' The humour and eloquence of Marvell's prose tracts were admired, and probably imitated, by Swift. In playful exuberance of figure he sometimes resembles Burke. For consistency of principles it is not easy to find his parallel."

GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.

(1627-1687.)

George Villiers was the son of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and little more than an infant when his father was murdered.

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