to the dignity of Peer of France and Major General of the Army. After Waterloo, where he fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge at Malzieu (Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret, his former aid-de-camp. Being set down on the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf on the banks of the Rhine, until 1819, when a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to France. He then went to live with his family at St. Amand, his native place, and on his reiterated representations his marshal's baton, which had been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles X. treated Marshal Soult with favor, creating him knight of his orders, and afterward making him Peer of France. After the revolution of July, 1830, the declaration of the Chamber of Deputies of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but he was restored to it four days later by a special nomination of Louis Philippe, who soon after appointed him Minister of War. We shall not follow Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative career. He always showed himself devoted to the constitutive principles of the Government of July. He was twice named President of the Council of King Louis Philippe, who elevated him to the dignity of Marshal General, of which Turenne had been the last possessor. Since the revolution of February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate, in the midst of his family, and almost forgotten in our present political agitations.

KARL FRIEDERICH RUNGENHAGEN, late Royal Di

NICHOLAS GRAN DE DIEU SOULT, Marshal General of France, Duke of Dalmatia, &c., died on the 26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg, near the place where he was born. We have given in another part of this magazine an estimate of his character. The Paris Pays furnishes us a brief abstract of his history. He was born at St. Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His father, who was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his own profession, allowed him to enter the army. The future Marshal of France entered the Royal Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon remarked by his aptitude for the functions of instructor. He was made non-commissioned officer in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the intermediate grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General of the Staff, when General Lefebvre attached him to his own service with the grade of Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through the campaigns of 1794 and 1795 with the army of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as well as to his republican principles, a rapid promotion. Successively raised to the rank of General of Brigade, and then to that of General of Division, he took part in all the campaigns of Germany until 1799, when he followed Massena into Switzerland, and thence to Genoa, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after the battle of Marengo, and raised to the command of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels of the Guard of the Consuls. When the Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominat-rector of Music at Berlin, was born in that city on ed Marshal of France, and during the campaign which terminated in Austerlitz, held the command of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the conquest of Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal Soult solicited and obtained the command of the second corps of the army of Spain, with which he overran Galicia and the Austrians, and passed into Portugal, where he fought the memorable battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that city, when delivered up by treason to the English, he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous retreat, which did the greatest honor to his energy and presence of mind. Being named Commanderin-Chief of the army of Spain, he marched to the succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish army, and his movement was crowned with full success. He continued in this command until March, 1813, when he was appointed in Saxony to the command-in-chief of the Imperial Guard. The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to again confer on Marshal Soult the command of the French troops in Spain. The point then was to defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced to fall back on Toulouse, he there terminated by a brilliant engagement, due to most able strategic arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On DR. GRAEFE, one of the most eminent veterans the announcement of the event at Paris he signed of European philology, died suddenly at St. Pea suspension of arms, and adhered to the reestab-tersburg on November 30th. He was born at lishment of Louis XVIII, who presented him Chemnitz, in Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to with the Cross of St. Louis, and called him to the Russia in 1810, to assume the professorship of command of the 13th military division, and then Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg. to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March 8th, learning the landing from Elba, he published the order of the day which is so well known, and in which Napoleon is treated more than severely. On March 11th he resigned his portfolio as Minister of War, and declared for the Emperor, who, HERR MEINHOLD, author of the Amber Witch, passing over the famous proclamation, raised him died in Germany in December.

September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant. In 1801 he became member of the Singing Academy, and studied under Zetter. In 1814 he wrote the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful. In 1815 he became director of the Singing Academy, with Zetter; most of his religious music was composed after this time. In 1825 he was appointed to the post of Royal Music Director, and in 1833, after Zetter's death, he became sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence has been considerable upon the culture of music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber was his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils. He died at Berlin on the 22d of last December.

THE journals of Moscow announce the death of the Armenian Archbishop, MICHAEL SALLANTIAN, the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the present day. He was born at Constantinople in 1782, and educated at the Armenian monastery at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at Moscow, where he had been professor of theology and literature for sixteen years before his elevation to the Archbishopric.

THE Russian General, KIEL, has died in Paris. He was employed by the Emperor Nicholas in directing works of art in the Russian empire.

singular and even nervous attention to the most trifling details. But this volume was only the precursor of an immense series of drawings and sketches, embracing the topography of this country in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern Coast"-the scenery of the Alps, of Italy, and great part of Europe-and the ideal creations of our greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers, all imbued with the brilliancy of a genius which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to the world at large when it adopted the popular form of engraving. These drawings are now widely diffused in England, and form the basis of several important collections, such as those of Petworth, of Mr. Windus, Mr. Fawkes, and Mr. Munro. So great is the value of them that 120 guineas have not unfrequently been paid for a small sketch in water-colors; and a sketch-book, containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner's river tours on the continent, has lately fetched the enor mous sum of 600 guineas. The prices of his more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last few years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas All his works may now be said to have acquired triple or quadruple the value originally paid for them. Mr. Turner undoubtedly realized a very large fortune, and great curiosity will be felt to ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it. His personal habits were peculiar, and even pennrious, but in all that related to his art he was generous to munificence; and we are not without hope that his last intentions were for the benefit of the nation, and the preservation of his own fame. He was never married, he was not known to have any relations, and his wants were limited to the strictest simplicity. The only ornaments of his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures by his own hand, which he had constantly refused to part with at any price, among which the "Rise and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the Brook," rank among the choicest specimens of his finest manner.

J. W. M. TURNER, the greatest of English artists, and the hero of Mr. Ruskin's brilliant book entitled The Modern Painters, died in London on the 20th of December, at the age of 27. He had always a reluctance to have his portrait taken, but the engraving accompanying this article -from a sketch made without his knowledge-is said, by the Illustrated London News to be remarkably like him. It is understood that by his will he has left a million dollars (£200,000) for the purpose of founding an institution for the relief of of decayed artists, and has given it also the chief part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is to be occupied by it. The Times says, "although it would be out of place to revive the discussions occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner's style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient proofs of the variety and fertility of his genius to establish an undoubted claim to a prominent rank among the painters of England. His life had been extended to the verge of human existence; for although he was fond of throwing a mystery over his precise age, we believe that he was born in Maiden-lane, Covent-garden, in the year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or 77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of a barber), he enjoyed the advantages of an accurate rather than a liberal education. His first studies, some of which are still in existence, were in architectural design; and few of those who have been astonished or enchanted by the profusion and caprice of form and color in his mature pictures, would have guessed the minute and scientific precision with which he had cultivated the arts of linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood was spent partly on the coast, where he imbibed his inexhaustible attachment for marine scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and varied aspect of the ocean. Somewhat later he repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for several years the drawing to the University Almanac. But his genius was rapidly breaking through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of "Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society, public opinion; for before he had completed his and only displayed in the closest intimacy the 30th year he was on the high road to fame. As shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water- of his wit. Every where he kept back much of colored drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at what was in him, and while the keenest intellithe exhibition of the Academy; and in 1793 his gence, mingled with a strong tinge of satire, anifirst oil painting. In November, 1799, he was mated his brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse elected an associate, and in February, 1802, he at-him to be but half understood. His nearest social tained the rank of a Royal Academician. We shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of his paintings from his earlier productions, such as the "Wreck," in Lord Yarborough's collection, the "Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the pendant to Lord Ellesmere's Vanderwelde," or Mr. Munro's "Venus and Adonis," in the Titianesque manner, to the more obscure, original, and, as some think, unapproachable productions of his later years, such as the "Rome," the "Venice," the "Golden Bough," the "Téméraire," and the "Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded rapidly from his palette, his powers of design were no less actively engaged in the exquisite water-colored drawings that have "We hope that the Society of Arts or the Britformed the basis of the modern school of "illus-ish Gallery will take an early opportunity of com tration." The "Liber studiorum" had been com- memorating the genius of this great artist, and of menced in 1807, in imitation of Claude's "Liber reminding the public of the prodigious range of veritatis," and was etched, if we are not mistaken, his pencil, by forming a general exhibition of his by Turner's own hand. The title-page was en principal works, if, indeed, they are not permagraved and altered half-a-dozen times, from his nently gathered in a nobler repository. Such an

ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of which he was by far the oldest member, and to whose interests he was most warmly attached. He filled at one time the chair of Professor of Perspective, but without conspicuous success, and that science has since been taught in the Academy by means better suited to promote it than a course of lectures. In the composition and execution of his works, Mr. Turner was jealously sensitive of all interference or supervision. He loved to deal in the secrets and mysteries of his art, and many of his peculiar effects are produced by means which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.

BASIL MONTAGU, an eminent philosophical and the Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three legal writer, was the illegitimate son of the well-editions, and brought him into immediate notice known statesman, John fourth Earl of Sandwich, and considerable practice; and, some time aftermany years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the wards, he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts' Cerunfortunate Miss Margaret Reay, who was assas-tificates. His fame in this branch of forensic learnsinated, in 1779, by her affianced lover, the Rev. ing procured him the appointment of a ComMr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited missioner of Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote immense interest at the time, and which gave rise also on philosophical subjects. Among his produc to various romantic stories, is to be found in most tions of this tendency were Thoughts of Divines series of judicial investigations, and especially in and Philosophers; Selections from Taylor, Hooka collection of celebrated trials recently published. er, Bishop Hall, and Bacon. He edited an edi It appears that Margaret Reay was the daughter tion of Lord Bacon's works, in seventeen volumes, of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her Another bent which his mind took, placed him by apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having at the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the cause tracted the attention of Lord Sandwich, he treated of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorher from that period until her assassination, with rence of depriving any living thing of life, and the greatest tenderness and affection. He intro- with regard to his own diet he totally abstained duced to her a young ensign of the 68th Regi- from animal food. This led him to bestow his acment, then in command of a recruiting party at tive attention towards putting a stop to capital Huntingdon, in the neighborhood of the mansion punishment. In 1809 he published Opinions of of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the first Different Authors on the Punishment of Death. moment was desperately in love with her, and his The work was so well received, that he added a passion increased with the daily opportunities af- a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when forded by invitations he received to Lord Sand- the important question occupied Parliament, he wich's table. With the object of continuing his edited The Debates on a Bill for Abolishing the attentions, and the hope of ultimately engaging Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling her affections, he quitted the army, and, taking or- House. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally ders, obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk. published in 1801, called Hanging not Punishment That Miss Reay had given him some encourage-enough for Murderers. Mr. Basil Montagu, who ment, is proved by the tenor of their correspondence; but prudential motives induced her afterwards to refuse the offer of his hand, and to intimate a necessity for discontinuing his visits. Stung by this unexpected termination of his long-cherish- REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY GAGE MORRIS, entered ed expectations, Hackman's mind became unset- the navy at the early age of twelve, and served tled; on the 7th of April, 1779, he was occupied as midshipman throughout the French and Ameriall the morning in reading Blair's Sermons; but in can wars. He was promoted to the rank of lieuthe evening, as he was walking towards the Ad-tenant, April 2, 1793. He was engaged at the miralty, he saw Miss Reay pass in her coach, ac- capture of the French frigate Sybille, in 1783, and companied by Signora Galli. He followed, and at the attack on Martinique, in 1793. He was discovered that she alighted at Covent-garden promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and was Theatre, where she went to witness Love in a Vil-made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley, lage. He returned to his lodgings, armed himself with a brace of pistols, went back to the theatre, and when the performance was over, as Miss Reay was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in each hand, one of which he discharged at her, and killed her on the spot, and the other at himself, but it did not take effect. He then beat his head with the butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but was, after a struggle, secured and carried before Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell, and he was shortly after tried at the Old Bailey, before the celebrated Justice Blackstone, found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th of the month.

It was,

Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received his education at the Charter House. He was called to the English bar by the Society of Gray's Inn, the 19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained considerable practice as a conveyancer. however, by his legal authorship and reporting that he became particularly distinguished in the profession. His various works and reports on the subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy, were of high estimation and lasting utility. In 1801, he produced his Summary of the Law of Set Off, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined in the Courts of Law and Equity, in one volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four volumes, A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws, with a Collection of

had some years ago been made a Queen's counsel, died at Boulogne on the 27th of November, in the eighty-second year of his age.

24th ult., aged eighty-two. Admiral Morris was younger brother of the late Captain Amherst Mor ris, being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a member of the Governor's Council at New-York, by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, of this city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity, deriving its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a famed chieftain of Wales in the eleventh century.

MR. SAPIO, the once celebrated tenor singer, was born in London, in 1792. In his early life he was page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He made his first appearance on the metropolitan stage at Drury Lane, the 1st December, 1824, as the Seraskier, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and be soon attained and long preserved a high vocal reputation. He died in obscurity, in London, about the end of November.

ONE of the most distinguished chiefs of the war of Greek independence, General JATRAKO, is just dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for many generations back been famous for their hereditary medical talents, and the tradition exists among them that a branch of their family formerly passed from Sparta to Italy, translated their name into Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated family of that name.

MR. HENRY LUTTRELL, one of the ornaments of a society of what may be termed conversational wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion, haud impari passu, of Jeckyll, Mackintosh, Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry, Rogers, Moore, and but a few others, are still left. A correspondent of the Times says: "He charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance of his wit, the appropriateness and felicity of illustration, the shrewdness of his remarks, and the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Livebreeding and great kindness of disposition; and one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse and delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent sallies, without wounding the feelings of any one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature.'

PRIESSNITZ, the celebrated founder of hydropathy, died at Graefenberg on the 26th of Nov mber, at the age of fifty-two. In the morning f that day Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early hour, but complained of the cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy of the chest, and at their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming all the while, "It's of no use!" He would see no physician, but remained to the last true to his profession. About four o'clock in the afternoon of the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he expired! In early life he re-liness of fancy was tempered in him with good ceived serious injury in the chest from an accident, and he used to say himself that his constitution was bad; that nothing but his own mode of life and his own "cure" would have sustained him. It is not known what attempts will be made to carry on the establishment at Graefenberg, which was in full activity at the moment of his death. The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest daughter and her husband (a Hungarian of property) will carry it on, with the aid of some physician who has studied Priessnitz's method. This may succeed to a certain extent, for the place and neighborhood are admirably adapted for taking the water-cure, and the prestige of Priessnitz's name, as well as the tradition of his practice, will long survive him; but the attraction which brought patients, not only from the neighboring cities, but from the remotest parts of the world, is gone. It is not exactly known what amount of property Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly £100,000. When it is considered how small, compared to that given to other physicians, was the remuneration he received from his patients, and that thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant, this fortune gives some measure of his im

mense success.

ENGLISH journals notice with expressions of regret the death in Philadelphia of R. C. TAYLOR, on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr. Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously well known as a Fellow both of the Antiquarian and of the Geological Societies. He had published a work of great care and research while resident in his native county, Norfolk, Index Monasticus for East Anglia; and had made some useful explorations into the fossil remains on the coast of Norfolk. In America he wrote for various philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he was much known to the public of this country.

THE Royal University of Berlin has lost by death since Christmas, MM. Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi, Erman, and Dr. CHARLES THEODORE FRANZ, who died at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely age of forty-five. For eleven years Dr. Franc occupied the chair of Classical Philology in the University of Berlin. He is the author of a variety of works: in the first rank of which stand his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions before unpublished. The London Morning Chronicle remarks that the continent never before lost so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.

WILLIAM JACOB, F. R. S., a profound writer on science and agriculture, was born in 1762. His work, An Inquiry into the Precious Metals, has been held in high estimation. His other principal productions were Considerations on the Price of Corn; Tracts on Corn-Laws; and a View of Agriculture in Germany. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly Comptroller of Corn Returns in the Board of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his residence in London, aged eighty-eight.

GEORGE DUNBAR, the distinguished Professor of Greek Literature in the University of Edinburgh, died on the 6th of December, at his residence in that city. The natural decay attending even an otherwise green old age has been for some years aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which at the commencement of the present season compelled him to relinquish his academic duties. He was born at the village of Caldingham, in Berwickshire, in 1774. In early life he labored as a gardener, but an accidental lameness, which lasted throughout his subsequent life, incapacitated him from active bodily employment. His attention was then devoted to literature. He soon became a scholar, and in truth a ripe and good one. Going to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of his acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord Provost Fettes. Having been shortly after selected as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was appointed, on that professor's death, to the Greek MR. PAUL BARRAS, died in Paris from wounds chair in the Edinburgh University, in 1805. The received in the contests between the people and duties of this responsible position he discharged the military, on the second day of the usurpation nost zealously and ably. The published works of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in Newof Professor Dunbar are well known. The Col-York about twenty years, and was engaged here lectanea Minora, the Collectanea Majora, and the as a teacher of his native language, and as a corGreek Grammar, have all had great reputation. respondent of one of the Parisian journals. He His chief production-massive in every sense-the main object of his life of learned toil, was his Greek Lexicon, which was given to the world with his name in 1840.

was an amiable man, of considerable talents, and enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism. He wrote several articles on American subjects in the Revue de Paris.